O objetivo deste experimento foi investigar se um treino com palavras monossilábicas que produziria leitura combinatória em um procedimento inicial geraria a aquisição de unidades mínimas e leitura recombinativa em um treino e teste posterior com palavras dissílabas. Participaram do experimento 10 crianças típicas com idades entre quatro e cinco anos. O procedimento consistiu em 12 fases subdivididas em pré-testes, treinos, testes, anagramas e pós-testes às quais os participantes foram expostos duas vezes em seqüência: Etapas I e II. Em cada etapa foi apresentado um conjunto distinto de estímulos de treino e teste. Na Etapa I os estímulos foram divididos entre duas condições experimentais, cada uma com cinco participantes: Condição M (Treino com Palavras Monossilábicas) e Condição D (Treino com Palavras Dissílabas). As palavras de testes foram as mesmas palavras dissílabas para ambas as condições. A diferença foi que para os participantes da Condição M era medida a Leitura Combinatória e para os da Condição D era medida a Leitura Recombinativa. Na Etapa II todos os participantes foram expostos ao mesmo conjunto de treino e teste de palavras dissílabas. Em ambas as etapas foram treinadas relações auditivo-visuais entre palavras oralmente apresentadas (conjunto A), impressas (conjunto C) e suas respectivas figuras (conjunto B). Posteriormente, foi testada a leitura oral e com compreensão das palavras de treino e das palavras de teste formadas pela combinação (Condição M na Etapa I) ou recombinação das unidades menores que compunham as palavras de treino (Condição D na Etapa I e todos os participantes na Etapa II). Os resultados mostraram que apenas os participantes que passaram pela Condição M na Etapa I apresentaram leitura recombinativa na Etapa II. Assim, o responder diferencial às unidades silábicas produzido pelo treino com palavras monossilábicas e emergência de leitura combinatória na Etapa I facilitou a aquisição das unidades menores e leitura recombinativa oral na Etapa II. Os dados sugerem que o processo comportamental envolvido na leitura combinatória e recombinativa é o mesmo: discriminação de estímulos. Em função disto, observou-se que uma história prévia de responder diferencialmente às unidades silábicas (leitura combinatória) pode favorecer o responder diferencial aos elementos componentes das palavras, quaisquer que sejam (propriedade silábica da língua portuguesa) aumentando a velocidade de aquisição do desempenho recombinativo / The objective of this study was to investigate if the combinatorial reading emergence, from an initial direct training with syllables, via monosyllables words, would produce the discrimination of smaller units in an ulterior training (with others disyllables words) promoting the identification of syllables units and posterior emergence of recombinative reading under control of this components. Participated 10 typical children aged 4 to 5 years. The procedure consisted in 12 phases subdivided in pre-tests; training, tests, constructedresponse tasks and post-tests in which the participants were exposed twice in sequence: Stage I and II. Each stage presented a distinct set of training and tests stimuli. In the Stage I the stimuli were divided in two experimental conditions each with five participants: Condition M (training of Monosyllable words) and Condition D (training of Dissyllable words). The test words were the same for both conditions. The difference was that participants of Condition M had the combinatorial reading measured while the participants of Condition D participants had the recombinative reading measured. In the Stage II all the participants were exposed to the same training and test sets of the disyllables words. Auditory-visual relations between dictated words (Set A), print words (Set C) and their respective pictures (Set B) were trained. Subsequently, oral and comprehension reading of the training and the test words was tested. The latter were formed by combination (Condition M in Stage I) and recombination (Condition D in Stage I and all participants at the Stage II) of the minimal units of the training words. The results showed that only that participants exposed to Condition M, presented recombinative reading in the Stage II. Thus, the differential response to syllabic units produced by monosyllabic words training and the emergence of combinatorial reading in the Stage I facilitated the acquisition of minimal units and recombinative oral reading at the Stage II. Data suggest that behavioral process involved in Combinatorial and Recombinative Reading is the same: stimuli discrimination. Consequently, it was observed that a previous history in differentially respond to syllabic units (combinatorial reading) could favor the differential respond to elements that composed the words whatever the elements are (syllabic propriety of portuguese language) increasing the speed of acquisition of recombinative performance

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A presente pesquisa objetivou investigar as estratÃgias de reformulaÃÃo de constituintes silÃbicos complexos na interlÃngua de brasileiros aprendizes do AlemÃo como LÃngua Estrangeira (ALE). Nossa hipÃtese bÃsica prevà que estes aprendizes possuem dificuldades na produÃÃo de ataques iniciais e codas finais do ALE, desenvolvendo diferentes estratÃgias para acomodar estas estruturas ao molde silÃbico do PB. Pressupondo a estrutura da sÃlaba em constituintes (SELKIRK, 1987), comparamos as fonotÃticas do alemÃo e do PB, constatando que o alemÃo aceita constituintes silÃbicos complexos com atà quatro consoantes (HALL, 1992a, 1992b, 2000; RAMERS e VATER, 1995; WIESE 1996 e YU 1992a, 1992b); e que o PB apresenta mais restriÃÃes e uma estrutura menos complexa, com ataques constituÃdos por atà dois segmentos e por codas simples (BISOL 1999, MATEUS e dâANDRADE, 1998 e 2000). Neste contexto, a InterlÃngua (SELINKER, 1972) se apresenta como conceito-chave, a qual entendemos como uma lÃngua natural, sistemÃtica e emergente de um processo complexo e dinÃmico, que se desenvolve autonomamente por falantes nÃo-nativos de uma LE em seu processo de aquisiÃÃo/aprendizagem, objetiva a comunicaÃÃo estratÃgica e sofre adaptaÃÃes a partir da testagem de hipÃteses acerca da LE e eventos de interaÃÃo (CORDER, 1978; MUCKAY, 2012 e RUTHERFORD, 1984). Investigamos a IL de dezoito brasileiros adultos em trÃs experimentos. Analisamos transversalmente cinco tipos de ataque e nove de coda, constituÃdos por atà quatro consoantes, e elegemos como variÃveis o nÃvel de proficiÃncia dos aprendizes, a mudanÃa de estilo (LIN, 2001, 2003) e a marcaÃÃo do constituinte (GREENBERG, 1966b; TROPF, 1987). Discutimos os resultados baseados no Modelo OntogÃnico-FilogÃnico (MAJOR, 2001), em achados de pesquisas acerca da aquisiÃÃo da estrutura silÃbica do InglÃs por brasileiros, e do ALE por espanhÃis (TROPF, 1987; TRUJILLO, 2001). Os resultados revelaram que a frequÃncia de modificaÃÃo de clusters apresenta correlaÃÃo com os fatores tarefa e nÃvel de proficiÃncia: quanto mais formal a tarefa e avanÃado o aprendiz, menos modificaÃÃes ocorrem. A influÃncia da marcaÃÃo silÃbica e dos universais linguÃsticos foi constatada para a coda, tipologicamente marcada, sendo mais frequentemente modificada que o ataque. Algumas hipÃteses foram corroboradas somente para o ataque: houve uma maior frequÃncia de modificaÃÃes na estrutura mais longa que na curta; e as estruturas que violam o princÃpio de sonoridade foram mais frequentemente reformuladas que aquelas que o obedecem. Nestes casos, as diferenÃas percentuais na coda nÃo sÃo estatisticamente relevantes. Exploramos, ainda, a correlaÃÃo dos mesmos fatores na seleÃÃo de trÃs tipos de estratÃgia: o apagamento de segmentos, a vocalizaÃÃo da lateral e a epÃntese por prÃtese, anaptixe e paragoge. Confirmamos que o nÃvel de proficiÃncia tem influÃncia na seleÃÃo da estratÃgia de modificaÃÃo, com a epÃntese sendo mais selecionada por iniciantes que por intermediÃrio-avanÃados. Na lista de palavras, foram produzidas mais epÃnteses que na lista de frases; o ataque à especialmente modificado atravÃs da epÃntese por prÃtese, mostrando a coda maior correlaÃÃo com a proficiÃncia: iniciantes usam paragoge e intermediÃrio-avanÃados o apagamento ou o paragoge.

O objetivo deste experimento foi investigar se um treino com palavras monossilábicas que produziria leitura combinatória em um procedimento inicial geraria a aquisição de unidades mínimas e leitura recombinativa em um treino e teste posterior com palavras dissílabas. Participaram do experimento 10 crianças típicas com idades entre quatro e cinco anos. O procedimento consistiu em 12 fases subdivididas em pré-testes, treinos, testes, anagramas e pós-testes às quais os participantes foram expostos duas vezes em seqüência: Etapas I e II. Em cada etapa foi apresentado um conjunto distinto de estímulos de treino e teste. Na Etapa I os estímulos foram divididos entre duas condições experimentais, cada uma com cinco participantes: Condição M (Treino com Palavras Monossilábicas) e Condição D (Treino com Palavras Dissílabas). As palavras de testes foram as mesmas palavras dissílabas para ambas as condições. A diferença foi que para os participantes da Condição M era medida a Leitura Combinatória e para os da Condição D era medida a Leitura Recombinativa. Na Etapa II todos os participantes foram expostos ao mesmo conjunto de treino e teste de palavras dissílabas. Em ambas as etapas foram treinadas relações auditivo-visuais entre palavras oralmente apresentadas (conjunto A), impressas (conjunto C) e suas respectivas figuras (conjunto B). Posteriormente, foi testada a leitura oral e com compreensão das palavras de treino e das palavras de teste formadas pela combinação (Condição M na Etapa I) ou recombinação das unidades menores que compunham as palavras de treino (Condição D na Etapa I e todos os participantes na Etapa II). Os resultados mostraram que apenas os participantes que passaram pela Condição M na Etapa I apresentaram leitura recombinativa na Etapa II. Assim, o responder diferencial às unidades silábicas produzido pelo treino com palavras monossilábicas e emergência de leitura combinatória na Etapa I facilitou a aquisição das unidades menores e leitura recombinativa oral na Etapa II. Os dados sugerem que o processo comportamental envolvido na leitura combinatória e recombinativa é o mesmo: discriminação de estímulos. Em função disto, observou-se que uma história prévia de responder diferencialmente às unidades silábicas (leitura combinatória) pode favorecer o responder diferencial aos elementos componentes das palavras, quaisquer que sejam (propriedade silábica da língua portuguesa) aumentando a velocidade de aquisição do desempenho recombinativo / The objective of this study was to investigate if the combinatorial reading emergence, from an initial direct training with syllables, via monosyllables words, would produce the discrimination of smaller units in an ulterior training (with others disyllables words) promoting the identification of syllables units and posterior emergence of recombinative reading under control of this components. Participated 10 typical children aged 4 to 5 years. The procedure consisted in 12 phases subdivided in pre-tests; training, tests, constructedresponse tasks and post-tests in which the participants were exposed twice in sequence: Stage I and II. Each stage presented a distinct set of training and tests stimuli. In the Stage I the stimuli were divided in two experimental conditions each with five participants: Condition M (training of Monosyllable words) and Condition D (training of Dissyllable words). The test words were the same for both conditions. The difference was that participants of Condition M had the combinatorial reading measured while the participants of Condition D participants had the recombinative reading measured. In the Stage II all the participants were exposed to the same training and test sets of the disyllables words. Auditory-visual relations between dictated words (Set A), print words (Set C) and their respective pictures (Set B) were trained. Subsequently, oral and comprehension reading of the training and the test words was tested. The latter were formed by combination (Condition M in Stage I) and recombination (Condition D in Stage I and all participants at the Stage II) of the minimal units of the training words. The results showed that only that participants exposed to Condition M, presented recombinative reading in the Stage II. Thus, the differential response to syllabic units produced by monosyllabic words training and the emergence of combinatorial reading in the Stage I facilitated the acquisition of minimal units and recombinative oral reading at the Stage II. Data suggest that behavioral process involved in Combinatorial and Recombinative Reading is the same: stimuli discrimination. Consequently, it was observed that a previous history in differentially respond to syllabic units (combinatorial reading) could favor the differential respond to elements that composed the words whatever the elements are (syllabic propriety of portuguese language) increasing the speed of acquisition of recombinative performance

Les modèles actuels de perception de la parole suggèrent un couplage étroit entre les rythmes cérébraux, caractérisés par les oscillations neuronales, et le rythme de la parole, permettant de segmenter le flux verbal continu en unités linguistiques pertinentes pour la reconnaissance. En particulier, les modulations lentes d’amplitude de l’enveloppe temporelle de la parole, véhiculant l’information syllabique et prosodique, sont capables d’« entrainer » les oscillations corticales auditives dans la bande de fréquence thêta (4-7 Hz), échantillonnant le signal verbal en unités syllabiques. L’information temporelle qui caractérise la parole joue un rôle fondamental dans l’acquisition et le développement du langage ; un déficit de traitement des indices rythmiques de la parole a d’ailleurs été décrit dans les troubles développementaux du langage. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était de mieux comprendre les processus neurocognitifs sous-tendant la perception du rythme de la parole naturelle chez l’enfant présentant un développement langagier typique ou atypique (dysphasie) dans trois études. Une première étude en magnétoencéphalographie (MEG) a permis de dévoiler la dynamique corticale oscillatoire chez des enfants francophones neurotypiques (8-13 ans) lors de l’écoute de phrases naturellement produites à un débit normal ou rapide. Nos résultats suggèrent l’existence de deux phénomènes d’« entrainment » des oscillations sur l’enveloppe temporelle de la parole à débit normal, l’un dans la bande thêta au sein des régions auditives droites, l’autre dans une bande centrée sur le débit syllabique moyen des stimuli dans les régions temporales antérieures gauches. Dans la condition de parole rapide, une synchronisation cortico-acoustique a été mise en évidence dans la bande thêta au sein des régions (pré)motrices gauches, reflétant le rôle de la voie dorsale d’intégration sensori-motrice dans les conditions d’écoute difficiles mais aussi dans le développement du langage oral. Les deux études suivantes ont été réalisées chez des enfants présentant une dysphasie expressive (8-13 ans) afin de tester l’hypothèse d’un trouble de traitement du rythme syllabique chez ces enfants, potentiellement sous-tendu par une dynamique corticale oscillatoire atypique. Dans une étude comportementale, nous avons évalué les capacités des enfants dysphasiques à décoder de la parole naturellement produite à débit normal ou rapide, ou accélérée artificiellement. Nous avons montré des performances réduites chez ces enfants, en regard d’enfants neurotypiques, pour traiter des phrases accélérées naturellement et artificiellement, suggérant un déficit d’extraction du rythme de la parole lorsque la fréquence des modulations de l’enveloppe temporelle augmente. Une étude en MEG, identique à celle réalisée chez les enfants neurotypiques, nous a permis d’apporter de premiers éléments en faveur de cette interprétation en révélant un traitement cortical atypique de l’information syllabique dans la dysphasie, qui pourrait rendre compte des troubles phonologiques et morpho-syntaxiques souvent décrits dans ce trouble neuro-développemental. Une synchronisation réduite des oscillations thêta du cortex auditif a ainsi été mise en évidence chez les enfants dysphasiques par rapport à leurs pairs lors de la perception de parole à débit normal. L’absence d’alignement de l’activité oscillatoire des régions prémotrices sur l’enveloppe temporelle des phrases à débit rapide nous a en outre conduit à émettre l’hypothèse d’un dysfonctionnement de la voie dorsale chez ces enfants. Dans l’ensemble, ce travail de thèse fournit donc, pour la première fois à notre connaissance, des preuves expérimentales (i) de la synchronisation entre rythmes corticaux et rythme de la parole naturelle chez les enfants à développement langagier typique et (ii) d’une dynamique oscillatoire atypique lors de la perception de parole à débit normal et rapide chez les enfants dysphasiques. / Current models of speech perception suggest a close correspondence between brain rhythms, characterized by neuronal oscillations, and speech rhythm, which would allow the brain to parse the incoming speech signal into relevant linguistic units for decoding. Slow amplitude modulations in speech temporal envelope, which convey syllabic and prosodic information, have been shown to entrain oscillatory activity of auditory cortex in the theta frequency band (4-7 Hz), sampling the acoustic signal into syllable-sized units. Temporal information in speech is a foundation for oral language acquisition and development; accordingly, deficits in processing speech rhythmic cues have been described in developmental language disorders. This thesis sought to throw light on the neurocognitive processes underlying the perception of natural speech in children with typical and atypical language development (Specific Language Impairment – SLI – or Developmental Language Disorder – DLD) in three experimental studies. In a first magnetoencephalography (MEG) study, we unraveled the oscillatory dynamics in a group of French-speaking typically-developing children aged 8 to 13 years old during listening to naturally-produced sentences either at a normal or fast rate. Our results suggested two types of entrainment of cortical oscillations on the temporal envelope of normal rate speech: the first one occurred in the theta band in right auditory cortex whereas the second one was found in a frequency band centered on the mean syllabic rate of our stimuli in left anterior temporal regions. As to the fast rate condition, we showed cortico-acoustic coupling in the theta band in left (pre)motor areas, reflecting the role of the sensorimotor dorsal pathway in challenging listening conditions as well as in language development. In two other studies, we tested the hypothesis of an impairment to process speech syllabic rhythm, potentially underpinned by atypical oscillatory cortical dynamics, in children with developmental language disorders mainly at the expressive level. In a behavioral study, we examined how French-speaking children with expressive DLD (8-13 years old) processed speech naturally produced at a normal or fast rate, or artificially accelerated. Our results showed poorer performance to decode fast sentences, either accelerated naturally or artificially, in these children as compared to their typically-developing peers, which suggests a deficit in extracting speech syllabic information with increased modulation frequency in the amplitude envelope. The last study, identical to the first one in MEG conducted in typically-developing children, provided the first piece of evidence in favor of this interpretation by showing atypical cortical processing of syllabic information in children with DLD, which may account for the phonological and morpho-syntactic deficits frequently described in this developmental disorder. Reduced alignment of theta oscillatory activity in auditory cortex to normal rate speech has indeed been evidenced in children with DLD as compared to typically-developing children. Lack of synchronization of oscillations in left (pre)motor regions to amplitude envelope of fast rate sentences was also observed, which we interpreted as potential dysfunction of the dorsal stream in this population. To the best of our knowledge, the findings obtained in this thesis therefore provide first experimental evidence for (i) coupling between brain rhythms and rhythm of naturally produced speech in typically-developing children and (ii) atypical oscillatory cortical dynamics underlying normal and fast rate speech in children with developmental language disorders.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T13:13:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 2055522 bytes, checksum: fc9ebdc72a3c83d2e7dce3ad4e1fd31b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:13:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 2055522 bytes, checksum: fc9ebdc72a3c83d2e7dce3ad4e1fd31b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-16 / Reading acquisition is a complex process, which includes several concepts from the simplest and primary such as decoding signs, to the fullest, as we see Martins (2012), Fernandes (2010), who consider reading much more than the simple action of translating language codes. This research used the qualitative method in order to be exploratory, aiming to provide greater familiarity with the problem in order to make it explicit or build hypotheses, involving literature review and analysis of the activities, which encouraged understanding the phenomenon under study. The research also used the technique of observation and systematization of data collection, in order to identify the determinants of the phenomenon, which favor the occurrence of the same.Fieldwork was in a municipal public school in the city of Recife, in Pernambuco. At first there were, initially, six students in this research, but as appropriate to what the research proposed, the number changed to four, this enabled a transformation of the students’ role in the reading classes. The weak points in the learning of the reading process were identified, and the activities with specific reading strategies, that were used as a support to remedy the difficulties presented by the students of the third grade of elementary school 1. Production was analyzed in order to verify whether or not there is the deletion of the coda in /r/, /s/ and /l/medial and final, for language deletion of syllable codas performed in readings. After the intervention process it was found that with the application of consistent reading strategies, participants developed a production of syllabic coda in /r/, /s/ and /l/ medial and final. And identify the degree of complexity of the reading of the focus on students and the reading of the focus on students and the reading level of each student was at the beginning during the process and the final phase of the development of research. / A aquisição da leitura é um processo complexo, o qual contempla várias concepções desde a mais simples e primária como, decodificar signos, até as mais complexas, conforme vemos Martins (2012), Fernandes (2010), que consideram a leitura muito mais do que uma simples ação de tradução da escrita dos códigos linguísticos. Essa pesquisa usou o método qualitativo com objetivo de ser exploratória, visando a proporcionar maior familiaridade com o problema com vistas a torná-lo explícito ou a construir hipóteses, envolvendo também levantamento bibliográfico e análise das atividades, as quais estimularam a compreensão no fenômeno em estudo. A pesquisa usou também a técnica da observação e sistematização de coleta de dados, visando a identificar os determinantes do fenômeno, os quais favorecem para a ocorrência dos mesmos, bem como verificar a questão da variação na pronúncia das Codas silábicas /R/, /L/ e /S/ em palavras, frases, imagens e textos , especificamente nas questões de produção e apagamento. A pesquisa de campo foi em uma Escola Municipal da Rede pública da cidade do Recife, em PE. Participaram desta pesquisa seis estudantes. A mesma possibilitou uma transformação na atuação dos alunos nas aulas de leitura. Foram identificados os pontos de fragilidade na aprendizagem do processo de leitura, bem como ofereceu atividades com específicas estratégias de leitura, que serviram de suporte para sanar as dificuldades apresentadas pelos estudantes do 3º ano do Ensino Fundamental I. A escolha dessa temática emergiu da nossa inquietação enquanto profissionais da área de educação, pois como educadores sentíamos incomodados com a falta da produção das Codas silábicas nas leituras realizadas pelos estudantes, fato que motivou o presente estudo. Nesta pesquisa, utilizamos os aportes teóricos de autores que focam na definição do ato de ler e nas suas especificidades - Fernandes (2010), Kleiman (1989), Koch & Elias (2006) e Martins (2012), bem como autores que primam pela abordagem das estratégias de leitura, como é o caso de Solé (1998). No tocante à temática da Sílaba e Coda Silábica, tomamos como aparato teórico-metodológico os referenciais de Hora (2006). Foi analisada a produção de leitura dos alunos com vistas a verificar se ocorre ou não o apagamento da coda silábica em /R/, /S/ e /L/ mediais e finais, por meio de imagens palavras, frases e textos. No início da pesquisa identificamos grande apagamento das Codas silábicas nas leituras realizadas. Após o processo de intervenção foi constatado que com a aplicação das estratégias de leitura coerentes, os participantes desenvolveram a produção das Codas silábicas em /R/, /S/ e /L/ mediais e finais. Bem como identificamos o grau de complexidade da leitura dos alunos em foco, e o nível de leitura em que cada aluno se encontrava no início, durante e fase final do desenvolvimento da pesquisa.

Ce travail mets à profit la connaissance que nous pouvons avoir des documents épigraphiques et littéraires concernant Chypre pour formuler de nouvelles interprétations à propos de la structure politique, économique et sociale de l’île avant l’âge classique. Dans le corpus de documents sont étudiées les sources primaires, celles qui ont été trouvées sur l’île (inscriptions chypro-syllabiques, phéniciennes, akkadiennes, égyptiennes), et celles qui ont une autre origine, mais qui concernent directement Chypre (inscriptions néo-assyriennes ; inscriptions chypriotes trouvées hors de Chypre ; documents en hébreu et en égyptien), ainsi que les sources sécondaires, (passages bibliques mentionnant Chypre ; passages d’auteurs classiques). Dans la synthèse, les documents sont analysés et interprétés selon des thèmes de recherche privilégiés. Une étude des données rassemblées par ville ou royaume permet d’introduire la problématique de l’origine et des caractères de la royauté chypriote ; à ce propos, une comparaison est proposée avec la royauté mycénienne et avec la structure politique de l’île à l’âge du Bronze Récent. Sont étudiés également les éléments dont on dispose pour la reconstruction de la structure sociale de l’île, et le problème de l’existence de la polis à Chypre. / This work draws informations from the epigraphic and literary documents concerning Cyprus in order to formulate new interpretations about the political, economic and social structure of the island before the Classical age. In the corpus of documents the primary sources are studied, those that have been found on the island (Cypro-syllabic, Phoenician, Akkadian and Egyptian inscriptions), and those that have a different origin, but dealing with Cyprus (Neo-Assyrian inscriptions ; Cypriot inscriptions found outside the island ; documents in Hebrew and Egyptian), as well as the secondary sources (biblical texts mentioning Cyprus ; passages of Classical authors). In the main text the documents are analysed and interpreted according to some main research themes. The study of the evidence collected for each city or kingdom allows to introduce the problem of the origin and characters of Cypriot kingship ; on this subject, a comparison is proposed with Mycenaean kingship, and with the political structure of the island in the Late Bronze Age. The evidence available for the reconstruction of the social structure of the island is also studied, as well as the problem of the existence of the Greek polis in Cyprus.

This study describes the verse design of Old English poetry in terms of modern phonological theory, developing an analysis which allows all OE verse lines to be described in terms of single metrical design. Old English poetry is typified by a single type of line of variable length, characterised by four metrical peaks. The variation evident in the lengths of OE metrical units has caused previous models to overgenerate acceptable verse forms or to develop complex typologies of dozens of acceptable forms. In this study, Metrical phonology and Optimality theory are used to highlight some aspects of the relationship between syntax, phonology and verse metrics in determining how sentences and phrases interact with the verse structure to create variation. The main part of the study is a metrical model based on the results of a corpus analysis. The corpus is centred on the OE poems Genesis and Andreas, complemented by selected shorter poems. A template of a prototypical line is described based on a verse foot which contains three vocalic moras, and which can vary between 2 and 4 vocalic moras distributed across 1 to 4 syllables. Each standard line is shown to consist of four of these verse feet, leading to a line length which can vary between 8 and 16 vocalic moras. It is shown that the limited variation within the length of the verse foot causes the greater variation in the length of lines. The rare, longer ‘hypermetric’ line is also accounted for with a modified analysis. The study disentangles the verse foot, which is an abstract metrical structure, from the prosodic word, which is a phonological object upon which the verse foot is based, and with which it is often congruent. Separate sets of constraints are elaborated for creating prosodic words in OE, and for fitting them into verse feet and lines. The metrical model developed as a result of this analysis is supported by three smaller focused studies. The constraints for creating prosodic words are defended with reference to compounds and derivational nouns, and are supported by a smaller study focusing on the metrical realisation of non-Germanic personal names in OE verse. Names of biblical origin are often longer than the OE prosodic word can accommodate. The supporting study on non-Germanic names demonstrates how long words with no obvious internal morphology in OE are adapted first to OE prosody and then to the verse structure. The solution for the metrical realisation of these names is shown to be patterned on derivational nouns. The supporting study on compound numerals describes how phrases longer than a verse are accommodated by the verse design. It is shown that compound numerals, which consist of two or more numeral words (e.g. 777 – seofonhund and seofon and hundseofontig) are habitually rearranged within the text to meet the requirements of verse length and alliteration. A further supporting study discusses the difference between the line length constraints controlling OE verse design and those for Old Norse and Old Saxon verse. Previous studies have often conflated these three closely related traditions into a single system. It is shown that despite their common characteristics, the verse design described in this study applies to all OE verse, but not to ON or OS.

Le travail proposé est centré sur une incription d’Este retrouvée en 1979. Décrite à partir des années 1990 par des chercheurs comme Anna Marinetti ou Aldo-Luigi Prosdocimi, elle n’a cependant jamais été complètement traduite. Nous formulons des pistes de compréhension du texte, en partant d’une analyse la plus précise possible de l’objet en lui-même et en rapprochant les termes de l’inscription d’autres mots figurant dans le corpus vénète. L’étude de ce texte d’Este permet ainsi de parcourir l’ensemble des inscriptions vénètes et d’envisager à la fois la langue de ce peuple et leur civilisation, à travers notamment les rapports entre Este, Padoue et les Celtes. / The proposed study focuses on an inscription found during excavations in Este in 1979. From the 1990’s onwards researchers like Anna Marinetti or Aldo[…] analysed  the text,  but without being able to fully/completely  translate the inscription. Their interpretations form the basis of our (study/work/analysis). After studying the epigraphic characteristics of this inscription we will formulate new hypothesis on its meaning. The text cannot be separated from the rest of the venetic inscriptions. This study encompasses the language of the Venetic  People, its civilization and especially  relations between Padova, Este and the Celts.

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Despite having a rather weak family connection to Ireland, the American modernist poet Marianne Moore (1887-1972) described herself in a letter to Ezra Pound in 1919 as ‘Irish by descent’. This thesis relates Moore’s claim of Irish descent to her career as a publisher, poet and playwright, and argues that her decision to shape an Irish inheritance for herself was linked with her self-identification as an American poet. Chapter 1 discusses Moore’s self-confessed susceptibility to ‘Irish magic’ in relation to the increase in contributions from Irish writers during her editorship of The Dial magazine from 1925 to 1929. Moore’s 1915 poems to the Irish writers George Moore, W. B. Yeats and George Bernard Shaw, which reveal a paradoxical desire for affiliation to, and disassociation from, Irish literary traditions, are scrutinized in Chapter 2. Chapters 3a and b discuss Moore’s ‘Irish’ poems ‘Sojourn in the Whale’ (1917) and ‘Spenser’s Ireland’ (1941). In both poems political events in Ireland – the ‘Easter Rising’ of 1916 and Ireland’s policy of neutrality during World War II – become a backdrop for Moore’s personal anxieties as an American poet of ‘Irish’ descent coming to terms with her political and cultural inheritance. Expanding upon previous chapters’ discussion of the interrelation of poetics and politics, Chapter 4 shows how Moore’s use of Irish sources in ‘Spenser’s Ireland’ and other poems including ‘Silence’ and the ‘Student’ reflects her quixotic attitude to Irish culture as alternately an inspiration and a tool for manipulation. The final chapter discusses Moore’s adaptation of the Anglo-Irish novelist Maria Edgeworth’s 1812 novel The Absentee as a play in 1954. Through this last piece of ‘Irish’ writing, Moore adopts a sentimentality that befits the later stages of her career and illustrates how Irish literature, rather than Irish politics, has emerged as her ultimate source of inspiration.