O bullying poderia ser escutado como um Sintoma Social? Em síntese, essa foi a pergunta que procuramos responder por meio da pesquisa da qual resultou a presente dissertação de mestrado. Para tanto, analisamos os discursos, a respeito do tema, apresentados em dois livros, quais sejam, Bullying, mentes perigosas nas escolas e Fenômeno bullying: como prevenir a violência nas escolas e educar para a paz. Dedicamo-nos, ainda, à leitura de seis cartilhas que compõem o programa Chega de bullying: não fique calado!, desenvolvido pela Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo. Em suma, o que pudemos constatar é que os discursos sobre o suposto bullying apontam para uma desresponsabilização dos adultos pela educação das gerações procedentes. Argumentamos que tal desresponsabilização poderia ser pensada como resultante da hegemonia, no campo educacional contemporâneo, do discurso pedagógico que coloca A Criança (grafada dessa forma para salientar tratar-se de uma figura idealizada pelas teorias psicopedagógicas) no centro da questão educacional, destinando ao educador o lugar de mero facilitador da aprendizagem. Assim, considerando o conceito de sintoma social tal como forjado por Lacan, a saber, como retorno da verdade na falha de um saber e como aquilo que faz barra ao desejo do Mestre, nossa pesquisa nos levou a concluir que o alegado bullying poderia ser pensado como sintoma social no sentido de que denunciaria a falha do saber defendido pelo discurso pedagógico em questão, fazendo retornar à cena a característica do impossível, atribuída por Freud, ao ato educativo. / Could bullying be depicted as Social Symptom? In summary, this was the question we aimed at answering through the research that resulted in this Masters thesis. Thus, we analyzed the discourses regarding the subject presented in two books, namely, Bullying: mentes perigosas nas escolas and Fenômeno bullying: como prevenir a violência nas escolas e educar para a paz. We also devoted time to reading six booklets that comprise the Chega de bullying: não fique calado! program, developed by Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo. In short, what we have seen is that such discourses about the alleged bullying indicate to the unaccountability of adults towards the education of upcoming generations. We argue that such unaccountability could be considered as the result of the hegemony, in the field of contemporary education, of the pedagogical discourse that puts Child (spelled this way to emphasize that this is an idealized figure by psycho-pedagogical theories) in the educational issues core, allocating the educator the place of a mere facilitator of learning. Thus, considering the concept of Social Symptom as forged by Lacan, our research led us to conclude that the alleged bullying could be thought of as Social Symptom in the sense that it denounces knowledge\'s failure advocated by hegemonic pedagogical discourses, bringing back, to the educational context, the characteristics of the impossible assigned by Freud regarding the educational act.

Parenting self-efficacy is one factor identified as relevant to parent distress and child therapy outcomes. Theories for parenting self-efficacy suggest parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may be at risk for lower parenting self-efficacy than other parents. Parents who have low parenting self-efficacy may then have higher risk for poor treatment outcomes. Previous researchers found inconsistent results related to parenting self-efficacy rates for parents of children with ASD. They suggested the results were due to sample sizes, measurement insensitivitiy, comparison groups, and the limited range of children's ages (Fields, 2006; Meirsschaut, Roeyers, and Warreyn, 2010; Palafox, 2004; and Rutgers et al., 2007). In the current study, the researchers invited 598 parents to complete a series of questionnaires. Participants included the parents of children with ASD (n = 57), Down syndrome (n = 24), ASD and Down syndrome (n = 41), emotional and behavioral disorders (n = 287), and no identified diagnoses (n = 189). The parents who participated were 90.2% female and 84.9% Caucasian. Participants from the ASD, ASD with Down syndrome, and Down syndrome groups lived in higher income households (75.2% above $30,000 annually) than those in the emotional and behavioral disorder group (94.1% below $30,000 annually). The questionnaires asked parents to rate themselves regarding parenting self-efficacy, parent distress, parenting skills, social support, and answered demographic questions. Parents from the diagnostic groups also rated their child's behavior and symptom severity. Parents from the ASD, Down syndrome, and ASD with Down syndrome groups answered additional questions found to be relevant in Fields, 2007 (e.g. age of symptom onset, number of siblings, and parent's age). Parents of children with ASD were found to have the lowest rates of parenting self-efficacy across the five groups. ANOVA rejected the null hypothesis that the groups would be the same (F = 8.24, df = 4, 595, p < .01, adjusted R² = .05). The effect size for the relationship between diagnosis and parenting self-efficacy was small to moderate, accounting for 5% of the variance of parenting self-efficacy scores. Pairwise comparisons between groups found parents of children with ASD to have significantly lower parenting self-efficacy than the Down syndrome (mean difference = -3.32, se = .81, 95% CI = -5.86, -.78), and community groups (mean difference = -2.89, se = .58, 95% CI = -4.47 to -1.31). Parents from the community group were also found to have higher parenting self-efficacy than the parents of children with emotional and behavioral disorders (mean difference = 1.43, se = .37, 95% CI = 1.31, 4.47). Parenting self-efficacy was also related to parent distress, social support, parenting skills, and child's age. Parenting self-efficacy may warrant monitoring in the treatment of ASD and may be an important point of intervention in therapy.

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No description available.

<p>Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka utbredningen av psykosomatiska symptom på en svensk gymnasieskola och om möjligheten att koncentrera sig på skolarbetet påverkas av dessa. Syftet var även att undersöka relationen mellan socialt stöd och psykosomatiska symptom. En enkät delades ut på en gymnasieskola med 95 elever i norra Sverige. Frågan gällande psykosomatiska symptom är hämtad från HBSC och innefattar åtta olika besvär. Totalt 93 av ungdomarna svarade på enkäten. Resultatet visade att 79 procent av killarna och 88 procent av tjejerna på skolan upplever något psykosomatiskt symptom minst en gång i veckan. Av de ungdomar med symptom ungefär en gång i månaden eller oftare rapporterade 31 procent av killarna och 62 procent av tjejerna att det påverkar deras möjlighet att koncentrera sig på skolarbetet. Det fanns i studien inga tydliga samband mellan upplevda psykosomatiska symptom och socialt stöd från personer i omgivningen.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of psychosomatic symptoms of an Swedish high school and if the possibility to concentrate on school work is influenced by them. The aim was also to examine the relationship between social support and psychosomatic symptoms. A questionnaire was distributed at a high school with 95 pupils in northern Sweden. The question concerning psychosomatic symptoms is taken from HBSC and includes eight different symptoms. A total of 93 adolescents responded to the survey. The results showed that 79 percent of the boys and 88 percent of the girls at the school is experiencing at least one psychosomatic symptom at least once a week. 31 percent of the boys and 62 percent of the girls with symptoms about once a month or more often reported that it affects their ability to concentrate on school work. There were in the study, no clear correlation between the perceived psychosomatic symptoms and social support from people in their environment.</p>

<p>Bakgrund: Idag finns det cirka 40 000 individer som har diagnosen schizofreni i Sverige. Schizofreni innebär psykisk ohälsa i form av bland annat hallucinationer, vanföreställningar samt apati och passivitet, vilket leder till en försämrad livskvalitet. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa upplevelsen av livskvalitet hos patienter med diagnosen schizofreni. Metod: Studien utfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie där sju vetenskapliga artiklar, som var relevanta till syftet, valdes ut, kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i fem olika rubriker. Det visade sig att svåra symtom, civilstatus, socialt nätverk, otillfredsställda behov och ekonomi alla vara direkt relaterade till livskvaliteten hos patienter med schizofreni. Slutsats: Förbättrade levnadsförhållanden betyder inte nödvändigtvis förbättrad livskvalitet. Många faktorer bland annat trygg och lugn omgivning, bra ekonomi och ett bra socialt nätverk påverkar livskvaliteten. Därför bör sjukvårdspersonal tillgodose patienternas behov på ett adekvat sätt och därmed bidra till en förbättrad livskvalitet.</p> / <p>Background: About 40 000 individuals in Sweden lives with the diagnose schizophrenia. Schizophrenia involves psychiatric disease with symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, apathy and passivity, which lead to a decline in quality of life. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to elucidate the experience of quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review where seven scientific articles were chosen, critically reviewed and analysed. Result: The result was divided in to five different categories. Severe symptoms, marital status, social network, unmet needs and economy appeared to be all directly related to quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusion: Improved living conditions do not necessarily improve quality of life. Many factors including security, quiet environment, good economy and a good social network affects the quality of life. Therefore, health care professionals should meet patient needs in an adequate manner and thus contribute to an improved quality of life.</p>

Bakgrund: Idag finns det cirka 40 000 individer som har diagnosen schizofreni i Sverige. Schizofreni innebär psykisk ohälsa i form av bland annat hallucinationer, vanföreställningar samt apati och passivitet, vilket leder till en försämrad livskvalitet. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa upplevelsen av livskvalitet hos patienter med diagnosen schizofreni. Metod: Studien utfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie där sju vetenskapliga artiklar, som var relevanta till syftet, valdes ut, kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i fem olika rubriker. Det visade sig att svåra symtom, civilstatus, socialt nätverk, otillfredsställda behov och ekonomi alla vara direkt relaterade till livskvaliteten hos patienter med schizofreni. Slutsats: Förbättrade levnadsförhållanden betyder inte nödvändigtvis förbättrad livskvalitet. Många faktorer bland annat trygg och lugn omgivning, bra ekonomi och ett bra socialt nätverk påverkar livskvaliteten. Därför bör sjukvårdspersonal tillgodose patienternas behov på ett adekvat sätt och därmed bidra till en förbättrad livskvalitet. / Background: About 40 000 individuals in Sweden lives with the diagnose schizophrenia. Schizophrenia involves psychiatric disease with symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, apathy and passivity, which lead to a decline in quality of life. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to elucidate the experience of quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review where seven scientific articles were chosen, critically reviewed and analysed. Result: The result was divided in to five different categories. Severe symptoms, marital status, social network, unmet needs and economy appeared to be all directly related to quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusion: Improved living conditions do not necessarily improve quality of life. Many factors including security, quiet environment, good economy and a good social network affects the quality of life. Therefore, health care professionals should meet patient needs in an adequate manner and thus contribute to an improved quality of life.

Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka utbredningen av psykosomatiska symptom på en svensk gymnasieskola och om möjligheten att koncentrera sig på skolarbetet påverkas av dessa. Syftet var även att undersöka relationen mellan socialt stöd och psykosomatiska symptom. En enkät delades ut på en gymnasieskola med 95 elever i norra Sverige. Frågan gällande psykosomatiska symptom är hämtad från HBSC och innefattar åtta olika besvär. Totalt 93 av ungdomarna svarade på enkäten. Resultatet visade att 79 procent av killarna och 88 procent av tjejerna på skolan upplever något psykosomatiskt symptom minst en gång i veckan. Av de ungdomar med symptom ungefär en gång i månaden eller oftare rapporterade 31 procent av killarna och 62 procent av tjejerna att det påverkar deras möjlighet att koncentrera sig på skolarbetet. Det fanns i studien inga tydliga samband mellan upplevda psykosomatiska symptom och socialt stöd från personer i omgivningen. / The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of psychosomatic symptoms of an Swedish high school and if the possibility to concentrate on school work is influenced by them. The aim was also to examine the relationship between social support and psychosomatic symptoms. A questionnaire was distributed at a high school with 95 pupils in northern Sweden. The question concerning psychosomatic symptoms is taken from HBSC and includes eight different symptoms. A total of 93 adolescents responded to the survey. The results showed that 79 percent of the boys and 88 percent of the girls at the school is experiencing at least one psychosomatic symptom at least once a week. 31 percent of the boys and 62 percent of the girls with symptoms about once a month or more often reported that it affects their ability to concentrate on school work. There were in the study, no clear correlation between the perceived psychosomatic symptoms and social support from people in their environment.

Background: Functional imaging studies have examined the neural circuitry of subjects with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and the changes associated with oral treatment. However, the effect of intravenous (IV) serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) on neuronal activation has not been investigated in OCD subjects, even though IV SRIs have been shown to be more effective than oral pharmacotherapy. Methods: Six OCD and 6 control subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while receiving infusions of citalopram and placebo, in a randomized, crossover design. Results: Compared to controls, OCD subjects exhibited hyperactivation of the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex while looking at symptom provoking pictures at baseline. However, after the citalopram infusion, patients displayed attenuations of these regions, which correlated with reductions in subjective anxiety ratings. Conclusion: The effects observed after the IV citalopram infusion are similar to modulations observed after prolonged oral pharmacotherapy trials, illustrating the benefits of IV SRIs.

Background: Functional imaging studies have examined the neural circuitry of subjects with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and the changes associated with oral treatment. However, the effect of intravenous (IV) serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) on neuronal activation has not been investigated in OCD subjects, even though IV SRIs have been shown to be more effective than oral pharmacotherapy. Methods: Six OCD and 6 control subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while receiving infusions of citalopram and placebo, in a randomized, crossover design. Results: Compared to controls, OCD subjects exhibited hyperactivation of the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex while looking at symptom provoking pictures at baseline. However, after the citalopram infusion, patients displayed attenuations of these regions, which correlated with reductions in subjective anxiety ratings. Conclusion: The effects observed after the IV citalopram infusion are similar to modulations observed after prolonged oral pharmacotherapy trials, illustrating the benefits of IV SRIs.