A circular economy is a “closed-loop” system designed so that products flow back into the production cycle after use. With many companies implementing take-back programs as part of their sustainability strategy, a fundamental shift in consumption has occurred, with consumers considering disposal during and even before purchase decision-making. Twelve experiments reveal that consumers indicate a greater willingness to pay for circular program products. An increase in psychological ownership underlies the difference in product valuation. Specifically, the additional disposal control uniquely afforded by circular products increases the capacity of circular take-back program products to evoke psychological ownership. The process explanation is directly tested through mediation. Experimentally manipulating antecedents of psychological ownership (i.e., disposal control and expected ownership) provides further support for the conceptual framework.

During the last few years, market micro-structure research has been active in analysing the dependence of market efficiency on different market character­ istics. Make-take fees are one of those topics as they might modify the incen­ tives for participating agents, e.g. broker-dealers or market-makers. In this thesis, we propose a Hawkes process-based model that captures statistical differences arising from different fee regimes and we estimate the differences on limit order book data. We then use these estimates in an attempt to measure the execution quality from the perspective of a market-maker. We appropriate existing theoretical market frameworks, however, for the pur­ pose of hireling optimal market-making policies we apply a novel method of deep reinforcement learning. Our results suggest, firstly, that maker-taker exchanges provide better liquidity to the markets, and secondly, that deep reinforcement learning methods may be successfully applied to the domain of optimal market-making. JEL Classification Keywords Author's e-mail Supervisor's e-mail C32, C45, C61, C63 make-take fees, Hawkes process, limit order book, market-making, deep reinforcement learn­ ing kiselrastislavSgmail.com barunik@f sv.cuni.cz

Work suggests detailed progress statistical acceprance products in serial story production inclusive take - over plan and operational characteristics.

Abstrakt  Detta kandidatarbete tar upp berättartekniker som long take och one shot. Undersökningen handlar om att kombinera dessa två filmtekniker som inte används lika ofta i dagens filmer genom att skapa en film där handlingen och ljudets betydelse samverkar med teknikerna, som leder till en fängslande filmupplevelse.  Vi vill använda dessa tekniker för visa och kritisera berättarteknikernas betydelse i film, att det blir en del av handlingen än bara ett objekt. För att driva handlingen framåt har vi studerat sjukdomen schizofreni för att skapa en berättelse. Vi utgick från Mats Ödeens manus metoder för att bygga en grund till gestaltningen och Natalie Ednell kunskap om schizofreni. Utförandet bestod av många tester av teknikerna och ljudet. En av testerna bestod av skådespelare på plats. Resultatet av undersökningen blev en filmupplevelse där alla beståndsdelar har en betydelse och ger ett annat berättarperspektiv angående schizofreni. Det finns betydligt fler berättartekniker men vi valde att fokusera på long take och one shot för att visa deras potential inom berättande. / Abstract This Bachelor thesis deals with storytelling techniques such as long take and one shot. The study is about combining these two film techniques that are not used as often in today's films by creating a film in which the action and the meaning of the sound interact with the techniques, which lead to a captivating film experience.  We want to use these techniques to show and criticize the importance of storytelling techniques in film, that it becomes a part of the action rather than just an object. To drive the action forward, we have studied the disease schizophrenia to create a story.  We used Mats Ödeen’s script methods to build a foundation for the design and Nathalie Ednell's knowledge of schizophrenia. The design consisted of many tests of the techniques and the sound. One of the tests had an actor on site.  The result of the study was a cinematic experience where all the elements have a meaning and gives a different narrative perspective regarding schizophrenia. There are significantly more storytelling techniques, but we chose to focus on long take and one shot to show their potential in storytelling.

Avvikelser i ett byggprojekt leder till bland annat förseningar. De kan även leda till för tidigt avslutadeaktiviteter. Oavsett blir detta ett problem då kontraktstiden för underentreprenörer är bestämda.Vad detta betyder är att blir en underentreprenör färdig för tidigt kommer det finnas en tidbuffert itidplan mellan färdig- och nästa aktivitet. Detta anses som en kostnad eftersom det inte utförs någotarbete. Blir en underentreprenör sen med färdigställande av en aktivitet blir detta ocksåproblematiskt då detta skjuter fram aktiviteter på den kritiska linjen. Förutsatt att de aktiviteternaligger på den kritiska linjen. Det ska förtydligas att fler former av avvikelser finns. Bland annatfelleverans, försenad transport, oförutsedda hinder under produktion m.m. En metod att åskådliggöra avvikelser tidigt efter initiering är att kontinuerligt under produktion följaupp aktiviteter med hjälp av mängdgrafer. Mängdgrafer är diagram som visar byggd mängd pertidsenhet och kumulativ byggd mängd. De ger en visuell bild över hur produktionen ligger till inuläget och med hjälp av dessa kan beslut fattas om ändringar i produktionen för att projektet skatidsmässigt åter hamna i fas. Mängdgrafer kommer i tre former. Planerade-, aktuella- &prognostiserade mängdgrafer. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur BIM-verktyg under projektering kan stödja ettprojekt under produktion genom att förutse avvikelser. Ifall avvikelser upptäcks tidigt kan resurserjusteras eller arbetstider ändras för att projektet färdigställs enligt tidplan. Studien visar att mängdgraferna kan utvecklas relativt enkelt men det krävs väl genomtänktplanering och struktur på arbetet. Det rekommenderas att samordna en bra arbetsmetod för helaarbetet från början till slut genom att ha en samordnare som styr över modellen men också andratjänstemän som känner till programmet tillräckligt bra för att stötta och avlasta samordnaren vidbehov. Studien visar också att det är viktigt att modellutvecklare levererar modellen med bra ochstrukturerad namnbeteckning för objekten. Detta för att enklare kunna koppla KPI-tal till korrektmängdgraf. CoClass-klassifikationssystem (projektnamn BSAB 2.0) borde ligga till grund förnamngivning av objekt. / Deviations in a construction project lead to delays. They can also lead to prematurely completed activities. In any case, this will be a problem since the contract period for subcontractors is determined. What this means is that if a subcontractor completes its task prematurely, there will be a time buffer in the timetable between completed and next activity. This is considered a cost because no work is being done. If a subcontractor completes an activity late, this is also problematic as it displaces activities on the critical line. If the activities are on the critical line. It should be clarified that more types of deviations exist. Including delivery, delayed transport, unforeseen obstructions during production, etc. One method of avoiding deviations is to continuously monitor production activities using quantity take-off graphs. These graphs are charts showing built-up amount per unit of time and cumulative built-up amount. They give a visual picture of the state of production, and from there, decisions can be made about changes in production so that the project will follow the time schedule again. Quantity take-off charts come in three forms. Planned, actual & forecast quantity take-off graphs. The purpose of this degree project is to investigate how BIM tools during design phase can support a project under production phase by predicting deviations. If deviations are early discovered, resources can be adjusted or working hours changed to complete the project according to time schedule. The study shows that the quantity graphs can be developed relatively easily, but well thought out planning and structure are required. It is recommended to coordinate a good working method for the entire work from start to finish by having a coordinator who controls the model but also other officials who know the program well enough to support and relieve the coordinator if necessary. The study also shows that it is important that model developers deliver the model with a good and structured designation of object. This is easier to connect KPI-numbers to the correct quantity takeoff graph. CoClass classification system (project name BSAB 2.0) should be used as the basis for naming of objects.

Implementing Take-Back Systems comes with many challenges and opportunities for companies. This study investigates the possibility of implementing a Take-Back System at Gardena to fulfill their circularity goals. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted to gain insight into the topic and its relevance for the research. Furthermore, a qualitative study was conducted to gain insight into Gardena and its relevant stakeholders and how a potential Take-Back System would affect its organization. The literature and qualitative study laid the ground for the development of a concept consisting of a Pilot Project taking place in Germany. The contribution of this thesis is to investigate uncertainties when implementing a Take-Back System within the Gardena organization during the Pilot Project. / Att implementera Take-Back System medför många utmaningar och möjligheter för företag. Denna studie undersöker möjligheten att implementera ett Take-Back System på Gardena för att uppnå deras cirkularitetsmål. För detta ändamål genomfördes en litteraturstudie för att få insikt i ämnet och dess relevans för arbetet. Vidare genomfördes en kvalitativ studie för att få insikt i Gardena och dess relevanta parter och hur ett potentiellt Take-Back System skulle påverka dess organisation. Litteraturstudien och den kvalitativa studien lade grunden för utvecklingen av ett koncept bestående av ett Pilotprojekt som äger rum i Tyskland. Bidraget från denna avhandling är att undersöka osäkerheter vid implementering av ett återtagningssystem inom Gardenaorganisationen under Pilotprojektet.

Övergången från en linjär till en cirkulär affärsmodell inom textilindustrin är av yttersta vikt för att göra branschen mer hållbar. År 2023 initierade EU-kommissionen därför ett förslag om att tillämpa Extended Producer Responsibility även på textilindustrin. Förslaget innebär att företaget som tillverkar de textila produkterna enligt lag ska vara ansvarigt för vad som händer med produkterna efter att de lämnat företaget. Flera företag har därför initierat en take-backstrategi och med denna en resell-plattform, med målet att förlänga livslängden på produkterna. Som en del av denna övergång finns också ett förslag om att implementera ett digitalt produktpass. Produktpasset är tänkt att fungera som en informationsbärare och möjliggöra för kunden att fatta ett välgrundat beslut och förhoppningsvis ett mer hållbart val. Förhoppningen är också att detta ska pressa företagen att bli mer transparenta och skapa en mer hållbar försörjningskedja. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka svenska modeföretags syn på en resell-plattform, vilka möjligheter och utmaningar de ser i denna samt vilka effekter det digitala produktpasset kan ha på resell-processen. Representanter från fem svenska klädföretag med fokus på olika produktkategorier har intervjuats angående resell-plattformarna och deras tankar kring det digitala produktpasset. Studien visar att utmaningar relaterade till resell-plattformen är kopplade till såväl lönsamhet som resurskrav gällande personal, kunskap och digitalisering. Den visar också att företagen är mycket beroende av kunden för att få en framgångsrik resell-plattform. Samtidigt skapar plattformen möjligheter för företagen att utveckla starkare relationer med kunderna samt skapa nya relationer med nya kundgrupper. Företagen upplever också att varumärket stärks genom att företaget tar mer ansvar och utvecklar sitt hållbarhetsarbete ytterligare. Vidare finner studien att det finns en generell osäkerhet kring de digitala produktpassen kopplat till utformning och praktisk användning och hur de kommer att påverka företagen, samt resell-plattformarna. Det finns också en allmän försiktighet där inget företag känner behov av att vara först ut med ett produktpass. Samtliga företag ställer sig dock positiva till produktpasset på branschnivå och vilka positiva effekter det kan ha på till exempel produktens livscykel och värdet på resell-produkter. Uppsatsen är skriven på svenska. / The transition from a linear to a circular business model in the textile industry is of utmost importance in order to make the industry more sustainable. In 2023 the European Commission therefore initiated a proposal to apply the Extended Producer Responsibility on the textile industry as well. This would mean that the companies producing the textile products are responsible, by law, for what happens with the products after they leave the company´s hands. Several companies have therefore initiated a Take Back Strategy and with this a resell platform, with the goal to prolong the life of the textile products. As a part of this transition there is also a suggestion from the EU to implement the Digital Product Passport. The passport is supposed to act as an information carrier and enabler for the customer to make an informed decision and hopefully a more sustainable choice. The hope is that this will pressure the companies to be more transparent and create a more sustainable supply chain. This study aims to investigate Swedish fashion companies ´ view on their resell-platform, what possibilities and challenges they see in this, and what possible effects the Digital Product Passport could have on the resell process. Representatives from four Swedish companies focused on different product categories have been interviewed regarding the resell platforms and their thoughts on the Digital Product Passport. The study finds that challenges related to the resell platform are connected to profitability as well as resource demanding in terms of personnel, knowledge, and digitalization. It also shows that the companies are very dependent on the customer in order to have a successful resell-platform. At the same time, the platform creates opportunities for the companies to develop stronger relationships with the customers as well as creating new relationships with new customer groups. The companies also find that the brand is strengthened by taking more responsibility and developing their sustainability work further. Further, the study finds that there is an insecurity regarding the Digital Product Passports and how they will affect the companies, and there is a general caution where no company feels the need to be the first one with a passport. However, all companies are positive about the passport and what positive effects it can have on e.g. the product life cycle and the value on resell products. This essay is written in Swedish.

Roy Andersson’s unique surrealist style and the affect it gives rise to, situated somewhere between deep existential dread and the most absurdist humor, are intimately connected to his staging of action in stacked layers of meaning in deep focus, immobile long takes. A formal reading of his films then gives us a greater understanding of the connection between affect and film style.But the tableau which all but evacuates time in Andersson is not only a stylistic choice: this challenge to traditional structures and temporalities is the formal manifestation of his anachronistic conception of history. I argue that cinematic time is here closely tied to historical time: a view of history as layered, instantaneous and made up of incongruous juxtapositions as commentary on a failure of historicism as central to the development of a national Swedish identity marked by passivity, anti-intellectualism, and a lack of historical conscience.

This thesis is titled The influence of a nonlinear Power Take Off on a Wave Energy Converter. It looks at the effect that having a nonlinear Power Take Off (PTO) has on an inertial referenced, slack moored, point absorber, Wave Energy Converter (WEC). The generic device studied utilizes relative heave motion between an axi-symmetric cylinder and an internal mass, for the PTO to operate between. The PTO is the part of the WEC that transforms the relative motion into electricity. In this work, three different types of nonlinear PTO and a linear PTO are presented, tested, analysed and compared. The three nonlinear PTO types are: • A PTO that extracts energy in only one direction, either in relative compression or expansion. • A linear PTO and an additional endstop or peripheral PTO, that can only extract energy when the relative position of the internal mass has reached a pre-determined position. • A PTO that has damping forces that are quadratically proportional to the relative velocity. A numerical simulation has been built based upon a Runge-Kutta time series progression. The model uses the summation of the excitation force from the waves, the radiation force from the movement of the cylinder, the buoyancy force and the PTO forces. These combine to cause acceleration of the mass of the external cylinder, with an equal and opposite PTO force acting on the internal mass. The excitation force and added mass values are obtained from the boundary element method software, WAMIT. Prony’s method is used to obtain an approximate radiation force, based upon the radiation time force history. This numerical model operates on both a 1:40 scale and a full sized model. The numerical model finds the optimal PTO parameters, for different PTO setups, in irregular sea states. This optimum is based on the power extracted as well as indications of the reliability and lifetime of the system. The numerical simulation presents results showing how the nonlinearity of the PTO influences the motions of the WEC, resulting in dissimilarities between the Response Amplitude Operator (RAO) results, obtained from regular seas, and the Linear Transfer Function (LTF), found from irregular sea testing. The experimental model has been tested in the Curved Wave Tank facility at the University of Edinburgh, with a 1:40 scaled model. It used a central rod both as a support structure and to limit the movement of the cylinder and internal mass to heave. Between the cylinder and internal mass a spring and pneumatic damper operate in parallel, in various setups. It was tested in regular and irregular sea states and the position of the internal mass and cylinder was monitored. The experimental model was tested to ascertain the time series motions, RAO, LTF, the relative phase between the bodies and the power extracted for different wave climates. The numerical and experimental work were compared to allow confidence in both models. They showed relatively good agreement for the RAOs, LTFs and predictions of the relative phase but there was discrepancies in the predicted power for both regular and irregular seas. This difference is due to the difficulties in obtaining the relative velocities in the experimental model, resulting in a significant error in power prediction, since the power is proportional to the square of the relative velocities. The conclusions show that having a mono-directional PTO as opposed to a bi-directional PTO results in an approximately equal or greater power extraction in a variety of different sea states. An additional endstop or peripheral damper can increase the total power that a WEC extracts, in some situations, and may be advantageous depending upon the other potential benefits it brings to the WEC.

The game of Subset Take-Away is an impartial combinatorial game posed by David Gale in 1974. The game can be played on various discrete structures, including but not limited to graphs, hypergraphs, polygonal complexes, and partially ordered sets. While a universal winning strategy has yet to be found, results have been found in certain cases. In 2003 R. Riehemann focused on Subset Take-Away on bipartite graphs and produced a complete game analysis by studying nim-values. In this work, we extend the notion of Take-Away on a bipartite graph to Take-Away on particular hypergraphs, namely oddly-uniform hypergraphs and evenly-uniform hypergraphs whose vertices satisfy a particular coloring condition. On both structures we provide a complete game analysis via nim-values. From here, we consider different discrete structures and slight variations of the rules for Take-Away to produce some interesting results. Under certain conditions, polygonal complexes exhibit a sequence of nim-values which are unbounded but have a well-behaved pattern. Under other conditions, the nim-value of a polygonal complex is bounded and predictable based on information about the complex itself. We introduce a Take-Away variant which we call “Take-As-Much-As-You-Want”, and we show that, again, nim-values can grow without bound, but fortunately they are very easily described for a given graph based on the total number of vertices and edges of the graph. Finally we consider Take-Away on a specific type of partially ordered set which we call a rank-complete poset. We have results, again via an analysis of nim-values, for Take-Away on a rank-complete poset for both ordinary play as well as misère play.