Anthropogenic climate warming is predicted to accelerate over the next century, with potentially dramatic consequences for wildlife. It is important to understand as well as possible how different organisms will respond to this stress. This project seeks to gain a better mechanistic understanding of the thermal biology of the Glanville Fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) at the latitudinal and elevational extremes of its range. Investigation of the temperatures at which adult butterflies took spontaneous flight revealed a significant difference between populations from the elevational extremes, with insects from high elevation taking flight at lower thoracic temperatures than those from low elevation. Contrary to expectation, there was no systematic effect of latitude on takeoff temperature. If these measures represent adaptation to climate, then these effects are not simple and the influences of elevation and latitude are not the same. Investigation of thermal tolerance across all life cycle stages found no difference in larval performance between the populations tested. There was however an effect of treatment. This suggests that in M. cinxia, even populations from different extremes of the range may not differ in their thermal tolerance. The effect of treatment suggests that there is temperature-induced plasticity. The adaptive significance of this has been explored to some extent. Investigation of heat shock protein expression between the latitudinal extremes finds no difference in Hsp21.4 expression when exposed to heat stress, however both Hsp20.4 and Hsp90 were upregulated in response to heat stress. For Hsp20.4, there were significant differences in expression between the populations. Finally, a species distribution model using maximum entropy techniques was conducted for M. cinxia, predicting both the current and future (2100) distributions of the species. The model closely matches the known current distribution, and predicts a clear northward range shift in response to climate change. / text

abstract: The objective of this work is to develop a Stop-Rotor Multimode UAV. This UAV is capable of vertical take-off and landing like a helicopter and can convert from a helicopter mode to an airplane mode in mid-flight. Thus, this UAV can hover as a helicopter and achieve high mission range of an airplane. The stop-rotor concept implies that in mid-flight the lift generating helicopter rotor stops and rotates the blades into airplane wings. The thrust in airplane mode is then provided by a pusher propeller. The aircraft configuration presents unique challenges in flight dynamics, modeling and control. In this thesis a mathematical model along with the design and simulations of a hover control will be presented. In addition, the discussion of the performance in fixed-wing flight, and the autopilot architecture of the UAV will be presented. Also presented, are some experimental "conversion" results where the Stop-Rotor aircraft was dropped from a hot air balloon and performed a successful conversion from helicopter to airplane mode. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.Tech Mechanical Engineering 2011

70f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-03T16:50:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ednamare%20Silva.pdf: 1130099 bytes, checksum: 57850224f418e27fa7503067eae14a35 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-09T17:41:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Ednamare%20Silva.pdf: 1130099 bytes, checksum: 57850224f418e27fa7503067eae14a35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-09T17:41:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ednamare%20Silva.pdf: 1130099 bytes, checksum: 57850224f418e27fa7503067eae14a35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Cuidar de pacientes fora de possibilidades terapêuticas de cura constitui-se em um desafio, principalmente para as enfermeiras intensivistas, por ser um cuidar relacionado à idéia de morte e por um imaginário de que a UTI é um local somente para salvar vidas, curar doenças, não sendo, portanto o local adequado para cuidar desses pacientes. Diante disso, muitas enfermeiras assumem diferentes comportamentos e atitudes diante desses pacientes. Deste modo, este estudo teve como objetivos conhecer e analisar a visão das enfermeiras intensivistas sobre o cuidar de pacientes fora de possibilidades terapêuticas de cura. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza exploratória, com abordagem qualitativa. Participaram deste estudo as enfermeiras de assistência das UTIs de adultos de determinado hospital filantrópico e privado, de grande porte, localizado na cidade de Salvador, Bahia. A técnica de coleta de dados utilizada foi a entrevista semi-estruturada. Na análise de conteúdo, os dados permitiram identificar os temas, cuidado profissional, o cuidado sensível, o cuidado solidário e o cuidar ético. Estes resultados possibilitaram também, identificar que estes quatro tipos de cuidar para as enfermeiras intensivistas, estão intrinsecamente relacionados, não existindo uma linha divisória entre eles. Finalizamos este estudo com a esperança de que as enfermeiras intensivistas, apreendam cada vez mais e entendam que se faz necessário a adoção e a implementação de um cuidar cada vez mais efetivo, reconhecendo o indivíduo como ser dotado de múltiplas faces, e que necessita de ajuda contínua para o enfrentamento do seu adoecimento e processo de terminalidade, ajuda essa que é, e deve ser fornecida pelo profissional que tem o cuidar como seu fazer. / Salvador

Nesta Dissertação problematizo a Educação Infantil no processo de escolarização, a partir de efeitos de sentidos produzidos pelo sujeito-professora sobre as suas práticas realizadas na escola. Fundamento a pesquisa na Análise de Discurso (AD) de linha francesa, fundada por Michel Pêcheux, enfocando principalmente, desse referencial teórico-analítico, as noções de: discurso, efeitos de sentidos, interdiscurso e intradiscurso; história, memória discursiva, sujeito, língua, interpretação, tipologia dos discursos; e busco a estabelecer diálogo a partir do aporte de pesquisas sobre infância e educação. O corpus para a análise discursiva, reunindo materialidades verbais e não verbais, consiste em sequências discursivas que apontam aos pronunciamentos das professoras em entrevistas, gravadas e transcritas, e em fotografias que remetem à experiência da pesquisadora como professora na mesma instituição: uma Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil localizada no município de Novo Hamburgo-RS, nos anos de 2012 e 2013. A análise, tomando como eixos o cuidar, o brincar e o educar, tal como um mosaico discursivo, evidenciou o modo como a área de Educação Infantil está sendo significada na referida instituição, por meio dos efeitos de sentidos a seguir indicados: sensibilidade; brincar (socialização, brincar livre na pracinha, brincar festejando, psicomotricidade, fantasia, produção do brincar, brincar espontâneo, disputa pelo brinquedo, professora brincalhona); cuidar (o retorno que eles dão pra gente, cantinho da família, rotina de cuidados, o toque das mãos, o olhar da professora); educar (educar com disciplina, rotina, autonomia, pedagogia de projetos, intencionalidade, avaliação criteriosa, responsabilidade do trabalho, interação com a família, educar para a sociabilidade; cuidar junto com educar, brincar junto com educar e brincar junto com cuidar). Esses sentidos, circulando na instituição, representam as posições discursivas do sujeito-professora que mobiliza a memória da área de Educação Infantil por meio de suas práticas, neste momento histórico de escolarização da infância. / This Dissertation discusses Early Childhood Education in the schooling process, from the meaning effects produced by the subject-teacher on her practices performed in school. The research is grounded in Discourse Analysis (DA) of the French line, founded by Michel Pêcheux, focusing mainly this theoretical-analytical framework, the notions of: speech, meaning effects, and interdiscourse, intradiscourse; history, discursive memory, subject, language, interpretation, typology of the speeches; and seeks to establish dialogue from the contribution of research on childhood and education. The corpus for discourse analysis, gathering verbal and nonverbal materiality, consists of discursive sequences that link the pronouncements of teachers in interviews were taped and transcribed, and photographs that relate to the experience of the researcher as a teacher at the same institution: a Municipal Early Childhood Education School located in Novo Hamburgo (Rio Grande do Sul state), in the years 2012 and 2013. Analysis, taking as axes the care, playing and educating, such as a discursive mosaic, showed how the Early Childhood Education area is being meant in that institution, through the direction effects given below: sensitivity; play (socialization, free play in the playground, play partying, psychomotor, fantasy, play production, spontaneous play, struggle for toy, playful teacher); care (the return they give to us, the family corner, routine care, the touch of the hands, the teacher's view ); education (education with discipline, routine, autonomy, pedagogy project, intentionality, careful evaluation, job responsibility, interaction with family, educating for sociability; care along with educating, playing along with educating and play along with care). These meanings, circling in the institution, represent the discursive positions of the subject-teacher who mobilizes the memory of the Early Childhood Education area through her practices, in this historical moment of childhood schooling.

Nesta Dissertação problematizo a Educação Infantil no processo de escolarização, a partir de efeitos de sentidos produzidos pelo sujeito-professora sobre as suas práticas realizadas na escola. Fundamento a pesquisa na Análise de Discurso (AD) de linha francesa, fundada por Michel Pêcheux, enfocando principalmente, desse referencial teórico-analítico, as noções de: discurso, efeitos de sentidos, interdiscurso e intradiscurso; história, memória discursiva, sujeito, língua, interpretação, tipologia dos discursos; e busco a estabelecer diálogo a partir do aporte de pesquisas sobre infância e educação. O corpus para a análise discursiva, reunindo materialidades verbais e não verbais, consiste em sequências discursivas que apontam aos pronunciamentos das professoras em entrevistas, gravadas e transcritas, e em fotografias que remetem à experiência da pesquisadora como professora na mesma instituição: uma Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil localizada no município de Novo Hamburgo-RS, nos anos de 2012 e 2013. A análise, tomando como eixos o cuidar, o brincar e o educar, tal como um mosaico discursivo, evidenciou o modo como a área de Educação Infantil está sendo significada na referida instituição, por meio dos efeitos de sentidos a seguir indicados: sensibilidade; brincar (socialização, brincar livre na pracinha, brincar festejando, psicomotricidade, fantasia, produção do brincar, brincar espontâneo, disputa pelo brinquedo, professora brincalhona); cuidar (o retorno que eles dão pra gente, cantinho da família, rotina de cuidados, o toque das mãos, o olhar da professora); educar (educar com disciplina, rotina, autonomia, pedagogia de projetos, intencionalidade, avaliação criteriosa, responsabilidade do trabalho, interação com a família, educar para a sociabilidade; cuidar junto com educar, brincar junto com educar e brincar junto com cuidar). Esses sentidos, circulando na instituição, representam as posições discursivas do sujeito-professora que mobiliza a memória da área de Educação Infantil por meio de suas práticas, neste momento histórico de escolarização da infância. / This Dissertation discusses Early Childhood Education in the schooling process, from the meaning effects produced by the subject-teacher on her practices performed in school. The research is grounded in Discourse Analysis (DA) of the French line, founded by Michel Pêcheux, focusing mainly this theoretical-analytical framework, the notions of: speech, meaning effects, and interdiscourse, intradiscourse; history, discursive memory, subject, language, interpretation, typology of the speeches; and seeks to establish dialogue from the contribution of research on childhood and education. The corpus for discourse analysis, gathering verbal and nonverbal materiality, consists of discursive sequences that link the pronouncements of teachers in interviews were taped and transcribed, and photographs that relate to the experience of the researcher as a teacher at the same institution: a Municipal Early Childhood Education School located in Novo Hamburgo (Rio Grande do Sul state), in the years 2012 and 2013. Analysis, taking as axes the care, playing and educating, such as a discursive mosaic, showed how the Early Childhood Education area is being meant in that institution, through the direction effects given below: sensitivity; play (socialization, free play in the playground, play partying, psychomotor, fantasy, play production, spontaneous play, struggle for toy, playful teacher); care (the return they give to us, the family corner, routine care, the touch of the hands, the teacher's view ); education (education with discipline, routine, autonomy, pedagogy project, intentionality, careful evaluation, job responsibility, interaction with family, educating for sociability; care along with educating, playing along with educating and play along with care). These meanings, circling in the institution, represent the discursive positions of the subject-teacher who mobilizes the memory of the Early Childhood Education area through her practices, in this historical moment of childhood schooling.

A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, de 2010, representou um novo paradigma para a gestão de resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos, responsabilizando fabricantes, importadores, distribuidores e comerciantes pela coleta e destinação adequada desses resíduos por meio de sistemas de logística reversa. Dentro do cenário nacional, o Estado de São Paulo encontra-se em uma posição pioneira frente à implementação da logística reversa. Em âmbito internacional, destacam-se os casos japonês e europeu como referência na gestão de tais resíduos. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação tem o objetivo principal de desenvolver um conjunto de indicadores para avaliação de sistemas de logística reversa de resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos, com a finalidade de contribuir para o acompanhamento e avaliação de tais sistemas pelos órgãos ambientais. Foram realizadas revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa documental sobre os modelos de gestão de resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos e os sistemas de logística reversa na Europa, no Japão e no Brasil, e sobre indicadores e critérios para avaliação de sistemas de logística reversa desses resíduos. Em seguida, foram aplicados questionários para identificar quais indicadores são utilizados para os sistemas europeus e japoneses, quais são sugeridos por especialistas e pelas entidades gestoras nacionais. Como resultado, foi proposto um conjunto de indicadores para avaliação de sistemas de logística reversa de resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos, o qual foi submetido à validação de especialistas por meio da técnica Delphi. O conjunto proposto após a etapa de validação é composto por cinco parâmetros que exprimem uma caracterização básica do sistema e por 31 indicadores, classificados em seis dimensões: i) abrangência, ii) representatividade, iii) parcerias, iv) coleta, v) destinação e disposição final, e vi) custos e investimentos. Por fim, foi proposto um modelo de relatório para tais sistemas, integrado ao conjunto, para fornecer os dados necessários aos indicadores. / The National Solid Waste Policy of 2010 represented a new paradigm for the management of waste electrical and electronic equipment, making manufacturers, importers, distributors and merchants accountable for the collection and proper disposal of these wastes through take-back systems. Within the national scenario, the State of São Paulo is in a pioneering position regarding the implementation of reverse logistics. At the international level, the Japanese and European cases stand out as a reference in the management of such waste. In this context, the research proposed herein has the main objective of developing a set of indicators for the evaluation of waste electrical and electronic equipment take-back systems, with the purpose of contributing to the monitoring and evaluation of such systems by environmental agencies. A bibliographic review and documentary research were carried out on models of waste electrical and electronic equipment management and take-back systems in Europe, Japan and Brazil, and on indicators and criteria for the evaluation of take-back systems of such waste. Questionnaires were then applied to identify which indicators are used for the European and Japanese systems and which are suggested by experts and national producer responsibility organizations. As a result, a set of indicators was proposed for the evaluation of waste electrical and electronic equipment take-back systems, which was submitted to the validation of specialists through the Delphi method. The set proposed after the validation step is composed of five parameters that express a basic characterization of the system and 31 indicators, classified into six dimensions: i) comprehensiveness, ii) representativeness, iii) partnerships, iv) collection, v) recycling and disposal, and vi) costs and investments. Finally, a reporting model for such systems, integrated with the set of indicators, was proposed to provide the necessary data for the indicators.

Nesta Dissertação problematizo a Educação Infantil no processo de escolarização, a partir de efeitos de sentidos produzidos pelo sujeito-professora sobre as suas práticas realizadas na escola. Fundamento a pesquisa na Análise de Discurso (AD) de linha francesa, fundada por Michel Pêcheux, enfocando principalmente, desse referencial teórico-analítico, as noções de: discurso, efeitos de sentidos, interdiscurso e intradiscurso; história, memória discursiva, sujeito, língua, interpretação, tipologia dos discursos; e busco a estabelecer diálogo a partir do aporte de pesquisas sobre infância e educação. O corpus para a análise discursiva, reunindo materialidades verbais e não verbais, consiste em sequências discursivas que apontam aos pronunciamentos das professoras em entrevistas, gravadas e transcritas, e em fotografias que remetem à experiência da pesquisadora como professora na mesma instituição: uma Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil localizada no município de Novo Hamburgo-RS, nos anos de 2012 e 2013. A análise, tomando como eixos o cuidar, o brincar e o educar, tal como um mosaico discursivo, evidenciou o modo como a área de Educação Infantil está sendo significada na referida instituição, por meio dos efeitos de sentidos a seguir indicados: sensibilidade; brincar (socialização, brincar livre na pracinha, brincar festejando, psicomotricidade, fantasia, produção do brincar, brincar espontâneo, disputa pelo brinquedo, professora brincalhona); cuidar (o retorno que eles dão pra gente, cantinho da família, rotina de cuidados, o toque das mãos, o olhar da professora); educar (educar com disciplina, rotina, autonomia, pedagogia de projetos, intencionalidade, avaliação criteriosa, responsabilidade do trabalho, interação com a família, educar para a sociabilidade; cuidar junto com educar, brincar junto com educar e brincar junto com cuidar). Esses sentidos, circulando na instituição, representam as posições discursivas do sujeito-professora que mobiliza a memória da área de Educação Infantil por meio de suas práticas, neste momento histórico de escolarização da infância. / This Dissertation discusses Early Childhood Education in the schooling process, from the meaning effects produced by the subject-teacher on her practices performed in school. The research is grounded in Discourse Analysis (DA) of the French line, founded by Michel Pêcheux, focusing mainly this theoretical-analytical framework, the notions of: speech, meaning effects, and interdiscourse, intradiscourse; history, discursive memory, subject, language, interpretation, typology of the speeches; and seeks to establish dialogue from the contribution of research on childhood and education. The corpus for discourse analysis, gathering verbal and nonverbal materiality, consists of discursive sequences that link the pronouncements of teachers in interviews were taped and transcribed, and photographs that relate to the experience of the researcher as a teacher at the same institution: a Municipal Early Childhood Education School located in Novo Hamburgo (Rio Grande do Sul state), in the years 2012 and 2013. Analysis, taking as axes the care, playing and educating, such as a discursive mosaic, showed how the Early Childhood Education area is being meant in that institution, through the direction effects given below: sensitivity; play (socialization, free play in the playground, play partying, psychomotor, fantasy, play production, spontaneous play, struggle for toy, playful teacher); care (the return they give to us, the family corner, routine care, the touch of the hands, the teacher's view ); education (education with discipline, routine, autonomy, pedagogy project, intentionality, careful evaluation, job responsibility, interaction with family, educating for sociability; care along with educating, playing along with educating and play along with care). These meanings, circling in the institution, represent the discursive positions of the subject-teacher who mobilizes the memory of the Early Childhood Education area through her practices, in this historical moment of childhood schooling.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study is about the industrial politics and regional development and its aim is analyse the efficacy of the Sergipano Industrial Development Program - PSDI as a strategy of lasting regional and local development. Bibliographic, document and camp research were done in order to carry out this study. The camp research was done from an application of a questionnaire the 50% of the firms that are supported by the PSDI and are located in cities at Sergipe State that represent the biggest area of action of the Program, taking into consideration the resources concentration, the number of supported enterprises, jobs, according to information given by Sergipe Industrial Development and Mineral resources - CODISE. Those cities are Aracaju, Estância and Nossa Senhora do Socorro. In spite of the space concentration, the PSDI reached an area bigger than one resaulting from the politics implemented at the 70s and 80s, even though the economic rising rithm it is much more modest than at the period before. Concerned to the level of the supported enterprises to the sergipano territory, it was observed that just one of the firms got a high rate. This firm produces concentrated fruit juice and has a strong relationship with the South Region of Sergipe with the economy and society - fruit producer area, mainly orange. That firm has contributed to the regional development when wakes stronger the production network of the Region focusing the product destination the abroad market. However, the average level of adherence at the studied group, it is 51% of the maximum mark that could be done. It shows the serious fragility of the industrialization promoted by the PSDI. The agreement among businessmen and the State government about the productive structure implantation or enlargement projects, sometimes are not Kept, mainly when it refers to the number of the jobs and the enviroment preservation. Another detected problem was the type of plot made. For the majority of the supported activities it is done just at a vertical way without link with the local actors directed to make the productive sectors of the territory stronger. So, the implemented strategy for the Sergipano government at the studied period shows serious fragility. Those problems make infeasible a lasting process of development, even thought, at first, their results are positive. / Este trabalho trata do tema política industrial e desenvolvimento regional e tem como objetivo analisar a eficácia do Programa Sergipano de Desenvolvimento Industrial PSDI como estratégia de desenvolvimento regional e local duradouros. Para a consecução do estudo foram utilizadas pesquisas bibliográficas, documentais e de campo. Esta última foi realizada a partir da aplicação de questionários a 50% das empresas apoiadas pelo PSDI e que se localizam nos municípios sergipanos que compreendem a área de maior atuação do Programa, considerando-se a concentração dos recursos, do número de empreendimentos apoiados e de empregos, segundo os dados fornecidos pela Companhia de Desenvolvimento Industrial e de Recursos Minerais de Sergipe CODISE. Esses municípios são Aracaju, Estância e Nossa Senhora do Socorro. Apesar da concentração espacial, o PSDI atingiu uma área do Estado maior que a resultante da política implementada nos anos setenta e oitenta, embora o ritmo de crescimento econômico tenha sido muito modesto em relação ao daquele período. No tocante ao nível de aderência ao território sergipano dos empreendimentos apoiados, constatou-se que apenas uma das empresas pesquisadas obteve um índice alto. Ela produz sucos concentrados de frutas e tem forte relação com a economia e sociedade da Região Sul de Sergipe área produtora de frutas, principalmente de laranjas. A mesma tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento regional ao fortalecer as redes de produção da Região, tendo como foco de destino do produto o mercado externo. No entanto, a média dos níveis de aderência do grupo estudado, corresponde a 51% da nota máxima que poderia ser obtida. Isso demonstra séria fragilidade da industrialização promovida pelo PSDI. As promessas acordadas entre os empresários e o Governo do Estado, através dos projetos de implantação ou ampliação da estrutura produtiva, muitas vezes, não são cumpridas, principalmente no tocante ao número de empregos e a preservação do meio ambiente. Outro problema detectado foi o tipo de enredamento formado. Para a maioria das atividades apoiadas, ele se dá somente no sentido vertical sem criar nenhum laço com o espaço local ou regional do Estado. Além disso, não há indícios de organização dos atores locais no sentido de fortalecer os setores produtivos do território. Nesse sentido, a estratégia implementada pelo Governo sergipano no período estudado apresenta sérias fragilidades. Esses problemas inviabilizam um processo de desenvolvimento duradouro, mesmo que, inicialmente, seus resultados sejam positivos.

Une part de plus en plus importante de la société française est confrontée à la nécessité et/ou à la possibilité de recourir au système de protection sociale du fait de l’augmentation des inégalités sociales et des situations de pauvreté. Parallèlement, un phénomène antinomique interroge les pouvoirs publics : le non-recours aux droits sociaux (Warin, 2010). Notre thèse de doctorat s’est focalisée sur la compréhension de ce phénomène en lien avec celui de la pauvreté, du point de vue de la psychologie des représentations sociales (Moscovici, 2013 ; Jodelet, 2015). Une démarche de triangulation méthodologique (Apostolidis, 2006), mêlant méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives, nous a permis d’observer et de recueillir en contextes les représentations sociales décrivant, expliquant et organisant ces pratiques de droit et ce qui les rend difficiles. Plusieurs thêmata participent particulièrement à l’interprétation des expériences vécues et à l’orientation des actions. D’abord le thêmata complexe-simple permet de décrire et d’expliquer les pratiques de droits, renvoyant au processus d’objectivation propre au fonctionnement de la pensée sociale. La simplification de l’accès aux droits et sa familiarisation, nécessaire aux recours, sont rendues possibles grâce aux savoirs acquis dans l’expérience passée de la pauvreté et du droit, et grâce aux autres partageant leurs savoirs expérientiels, scolaires, culturels et experts. Ces expériences vécues font aussi émerger le thêmata force-faiblesse. La force comme vertu sociale, liée au courage et à la volonté, permet de ne pas faiblir, associé l’image de la chute et des corps qui se « laissent aller », et de s’activer pour faire face aux difficultés socio-économiques et d’accès aux droits. Mais la faiblesse apparaît paradoxalement comme un moyen d’être reconnu dans la sphère du droit, mettant en tension la demande de reconnaissance. Cette demande fait cohabiter simultanément les deux mouvements caractérisant le processus d’ancrage : la reconnaissance et la stigmatisation. Ces expériences vécues s’inscrivent encore dans les représentations sociales de la justice et dans des rapports d’allégeance ou de défiance envers le droit et la justice instituée, façonnant des usages différenciés du système de protection sociale et des formes de fragilisation des représentations sociales de la justice. Nous montrons que ces dernières s’inscrivent dans l’échange don/contre-don et façonnent différemment le recours en fonction de qui est identifié comme donateur et donataire. Finalement, à travers ces trois thêmata (simple-complexe, force-faiblesse, justice-injustice) nous avons montré la prégnance, dans ces contextes sociaux, de représentations sociales totales autour desquelles s’organise l’expérience des sujets, leur rapport au monde et à eux-mêmes, leurs recours aux droits sociaux et leurs participations sociales. A travers chacun de ces thêmata se joue l’enjeu de la reconnaissance (symbolisation) ou de la non-reconnaissance (stigmatisation) structurant l’ensemble de la construction des représentations et des pratiques sociales des sujets sociaux recourant aux droits sociaux en situation de pauvreté relative. / More and more, French society is faced with the necessity and/or possibility to resort to the social welfare system because of increasing social inequality and poverty. At the same time, an opposing phenomenon baffles authorities: no take-up of social rights (Warin, 2010). Our doctoral thesis focused on understanding this phenomenon in relation to poverty, from the perspective of social representations (Moscovici, 2013; Jodelet, 2015). Through methodological triangulation (Apostolidis, 2006), combining qualitative and quantitative methods, we observed and collected social representations that describe, explain and organize these legal practices and what makes them difficult.Several themata in particular contribute to the interpretation of experiences and guide action. First, the complex-simple themata describes and explains legal practices, referring to the objectification process specific to the operation of social thought. The simplification of access to rights and their familiarization, which are necessary to be able to benefit from them, are possible because of knowledge gained through the experience of poverty and law, and through shared experiential, scholarly, cultural and expert knowledge.These experiences also bring out the strength-weakness themata. As a social virtue linked to courage and will-power, strength prevents weakness, which is associated with collapse and “letting oneself go”, and helps to cope with socioeconomic difficulties and accessing social rights. Paradoxically, weakness is also a way to be recognized legally, putting pressure on the search for recognition. Hence, both aspects of the anchoring process are present simultaneously: recognition and stigmatization.These experiences also fit into the social representations of Justice and into dynamics of loyalty or defiance regarding law and instituted justice. Hence, they shape different uses of the social welfare system and contribute to weakening the social representations of justice. We show that the latter are part of the donation/counter-donation exchange and take different forms depending on who is identified as the donor and the recipient.Finally, through these three themata (simple-complex, weakness-strength, justice-injustice) and in social contexts, we highlighted the pervasiveness of social representations that organize individuals’ experiences, views of the world and of themselves, their reliance on social benefits and their social participations. In each themata, the issue of recognition (symbolization) and non-recognition (stigmatization) structures the social representations and practices of relatively poor subjects who benefit from social welfare rights.

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’aider à la compréhension de ce que ressentent les IBODE (Infirmier(ère) de Bloc Opératoire Diplômé(e) d’Etat) dans l’exercice d’une activité professionnelle en pleine évolution : législation réorganisant le système de santé français et impactant fortement les blocs opératoires, nouveaux référentiels d’activités et de compétences IBODE, validation des acquis de l’expérience, actes exclusifs IBODE … Il interroge l’éventuel inconfort psychologique vécu par ces personnels lorsqu’ils ne respectent pas de façon consciente les bonnes pratiques en commettant des violations routinières (Bourrier, 1999), par nécessité ou par commodité (Reason, 2013). Ces soignants prônent en général des valeurs professionnelles telles que le « prendre soin » (Hesbeen, 1997), la rigueur, la sécurité et la qualité des soins, et ressentent un inconfort au regard des violations de quelques natures soient-elles dans la mesure où celles-ci majorent les risques opératoires encourus par les patients. La théorie de la dissonance cognitive (Festinger, 1957) peut aider à la compréhension de tels phénomènes en ce que ces professionnels mobilisent des cognitions incompatibles : sécurité, prévention des risques d’un côté, violations de l’autre. Deux méthodologies complémentaires sont utilisées. L’enquête quantitative avec la méthode du questionnaire permet la mise en correspondance des cognitions, des valeurs, des pratiques perfectibles et des émotions ressenties par les IBODE. Une échelle d’affects auto-rapportés de 20 items est utilisée à cette fin (Lecrique, 2007). L’enquête qualitative par entretiens et leur analyse thématique mettent en évidence différentes stratégies de réduction de dissonance. La discussion finale porte sur le contexte professionnel dans lequel évolue ces professionnels, contexte susceptible de normaliser les violations en générant de ce fait l’accroissement d’une zone accidentogène (Amalberti et al., 2006) aux dépens de la garantie des soins sécuritaires au service du patient. / The aim of this thesis is to raise awareness of how State Qualified Operating Room Nurses deal with the constant evolutions of their professional activity, such as legislation to reorganize the French health system which impacts strongly on operating rooms, new standards of activities and skills for operating room nurses, validation of work knowledge and experience, exclusive operating room acts, etc. It investigates the potential psychological discomfort felt by the personnel when they consciously avoid respecting good practices by committing routine violations (Bourrier, 1999) either through necessity or convenience (Reason, 2013). These nurses generally extoll the virtues of professional health care, notably “taking care” (Hesbeen, 1997), rigour, safety, quality treatment, and feel uncomfortable when committing any sort of violation which could increase the surgical risks for the patient. The theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957) can help to understand such phenomenon insofar as these professionals combine incompatible cognitions such as safety and avoiding risks on the one hand, and violations on the other. Two complimentary methodologies are used here. The questionnaire of the quantitative survey allows the cognitions, values, and perfectible practices to be matched with the emotions felt by the nurses. A scale of 20 selfrelated affects is used to achieve this (Lecrique, 2007). The interviews and their thematic analysis of the qualitative survey bring to light different strategies for reducing dissonance. The final discussion deals with the professional context in which the nurses evolve, a context which is likely to normalize violations by generating an increase in accident-prone zones (Amalberti and al., 2006), at the expense of guaranteeing safe treatment in the service of the patient.