Cette thèse propose quatre études empiriques consacrées à l'analyse du non-recours aux aides sociales sous conditions de ressources en France. Elle a été réalisée en utilisant différentes méthodes économétriques à partir de données récentes provenant d'enquêtes et d'expérimentations. Si la littérature internationale est maintenant fournie, peu d'études quantitatives ont été réalisées sur ce sujet en France. Nous proposons dans cette thèse d'apporter des éclairages sur certains points encore peu étudiés en France ou à l'étranger. Le premier chapitre s'intéresse au non-recours au RSA og socle seul fg~dont le non-recours particulièrement élevé au RSA og activité fg~avait éclipsé l'intérêt. L'analyse révèle l'importance du non-recours pour une population aux revenus très faibles et aux montants de droits élevés. Ce phénomène apparaît principalement s'expliquer par le manque de contact préalable de certains ménages avec la CAF. Le deuxième chapitre étend l'analyse à la population des sans-domicile qui était pour l'instant absente des études sur le non-recours en France comme à l'étranger. Cette population possède un taux de non-recours moins élevé que la population générale dû à une plus grande précarité. L'analyse révèle en revanche une forte hétérogénéité des situations et la prévalence d'un taux de non-recours élevé pour les sans-domicile les plus pauvres et aux conditions de logement les plus dégradées. Le troisième chapitre examine la présence d'effets spatiaux dans le non-recours à un dispositif d'aide à l'accès aux transports en commun. Il montre que les ménages les plus éloignés des transports en commun ont une plus forte propension à ne pas demander l'aide en raison d'une moins grande utilisation de ces transports. L'étude met également en évidence l'effet de la connaissance du voisinage sur la connaissance de l'existence du dispositif par un ménage. Le quatrième chapitre teste différentes actions visant à augmenter le suivi, par les bénéficiaires du RSA, du processus d'aide à l'insertion nécessaire à la poursuite du versement du RSA. Les résultats montrent qu'une simplification de l'information envoyée aux ménages n'a pas d'effet substantiel sur le suivi des étapes. L'ajout d'informations sur les avantages et les aides liés au bénéfice du RSA apparaît en revanche augmenter fortement le taux de suivi des jeunes hommes. / This thesis consists of three empirical studies on the analysis of non-take-up to means-tested social assistance benefits in France. Different econometric methods were used on recent survey and experimental data. International literature on this topic is now substantial but few quantitative studies have been conducted in France. We propose, in this thesis, to provide insights on some points which have been too few studied in the French or international literature until now. The first chapter studies the non-take-up to the French basic income support program which has been hidden by the particularly high level of non-take-up to the supplemental income support. The analysis shows the presence of a substantial level of non-take-up for a poor population entitled to important level of benefits. This phenomenon appears to be explained mainly by the lack of contact of some households with the administration in charge of providing the benefits. The second chapter extends the analysis to the population of homeless as this population was not studied by former french and international works. This population has a lower non-take-up rate than the general population because homeless are generally more in need of benefits. It appears however that this population is very heterogeneous. Poorer homeless and homeless suffering worst housing conditions have a particularly high level of non-take-up. The third chapter documents the presence of spatial effects in the non-take-up of a program that provides free public transportation. The chapter shows that the farer households are from public transportation the less they claim for the program because they are less in need of such transports. The analysis shows also that the probability to know the program is affected by the propensity of households who know the program in the neighborhood. The fourth chapter tests the effect of different mailing in the propensity, for an income support beneficiary, to follow the steps required to stay in the program. The results show that the simplified mailing has no substantial effect on the attendance. However, providing information on the advantages and helps that are linked to the receipt of the income support program increases significantly the attendance of young men.

This master’s thesis deals with the analysis of geometric shapes fuselage amfibie SEAGLE and propose optimal shapes for the improvement of hydrodynamic and aerodynamic properties.

Background As of today the textile and fashion industry mainly relies on a linear production model, also referred to as the take-make-waste system. This economy depends solely on the single use of raw materials leaving space for an open-ended production and no intention of salvaging or recovering resources. Such a system cannot be supported by the environment in the future; therefore, several stakeholders are starting to embrace circular production systems and a closed-loop economy. One example of these efforts is take-back schemes (TBS) which strive to make the fashion industry more regenerative and restorative by narrowing, slowing, and closing the resource loops. Nonetheless, practitioners and academia have found adversities during the implementation stage which instead require competent knowledge, skills, and unique capabilities to achieve a successful performance. Purpose To achieve a successful implementation of a TBS, companies require unique capabilities that allow them to adapt and adopt a sustainable innovation. Therefore, this study investigates the dynamic capabilities (DCs) needed to implement a TBS in order to provide practitioners and academia with a guide that eases the application, overcomes the known adversities as well as explores the relationship between these and the relevant DCs. Methodology The research was based on a multiple case study method embracing abductive reasoning by extending the theory of DCs for circular business model implementation to TBS within the fashion industry. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three companies applying different types of take-back schemes; the primary data was strengthened by document research and a validation round of interviews. The data was analyzed through qualitative thematic content analysis. Further, the characteristics of the study lend themselves well to be represented through a qualitative causal loop diagram appropriate for developing novel solution strategies such as the DCs. Findings The results show, through the use of two maps, that several DCs have to be developed when implementing a TBS in order to reach a substantial competitive advantage in the form of a cost leadership, differentiation or focus strategy. Further, the causal loop maps also shed light on the different relationships between DCs and how these can be exploited to overcome the difficulties or utilizing the possibilities in implementing a TBS. Practical implications and research limitations - The thesis creates new insights on TBS implementation through the use of DCs by presenting two causal loop maps. Thus, aiding practitioners and allowing them to quickly recognize their current situation against the maps as well as what changes need to be made following the suggested capabilities. The study is limited by the choice of interviewed companies, which represent only retailers with TBS in Sweden.

Within the banking industry many tasks, that previousrelied upon by manual labour is continuously being exchangedfor automated solutions. With the update in themethod of performing services through advanced software,benefits such as decrease in cost, increase in handling capacityor decrease in management delay come into focus.In the sector of Clearing Services the automation of simulatingrisk and clearing trades is being less of a questionand more of a requirement, since an increase in demand forderivatives clearing is expected. With this as a focus pointthis research project studied the potential effects that achange from manual to automation might present. To alsograsp a better understanding of the future market and competitivepotential the current situation on the market wasalso researched, where regulation proved itself as one ofthe motivating factors behind an increased activity. Thestudy concluded not only a decrease in cost, handling delayand increase in clearing capacity, but also future requirementfor implementation if any sustainable positionamongst market competition is to be expected. In additionthe resources that are relieved from the performing simulationsand take-ups would be able to focus on projects thatwould increase product value for the customer. / Inom bankindustrin overgår i dagsläget en stor andelprocesser från manuell hantering till att bli automatiserade.Genom uppdateringen till avancerad mjukvara, i relationtill hur tjänster hanteras och genomfors, så framkommerfordelar såsom exempelvis reduktioner i kostnader, processfordrojning,samt okad hanteringskapacitet. Automatiseringi sektorn Clearing Services är mer eller mindre ettkrav, då okad efterfråga utav clearing av derivat är forväntad.Med detta som fokus har denna studie undersoktpotentiella effekter som kan framkomma i en overgång frånmanuellt arbete till automatisering. For att bättre forståden framtida marknaden och den potentiella konkurrenskraften,undersokdes även den nuvarande marknaden. Meddetta identifierades även den motiverande faktorn bakomregulering och hur den påverkar det okande intresset gällandeclearing av derivat. Studien nådde fram till slutsatsenatt implementation skulle leda till reduktioner av kostnader,processfordrojning och okad hanteringskapacitet. Foratt behålla en kompetitiv position på marknaden for derivatclearing så kommer automatisering att krävas. Vidareskulle frilagda resurser från automatisering även kunna användasfor att utveckla produkter vilka okar kundvärdet.

Background - In the attempt to affect environmental impacts and increase circularity in the fashion industry, several new business models are emerging. Take-back scheme is one strategy that is implemented as a part of the second-hand business model by fashion retailers, where reuse is the central goal. This advantageous approach is the most preferable method in the disposal hierarchy. Children's clothing provides a suitable product group for reuse and resale as it is often rapidly outgrown rather than worn out. Nevertheless, supply availability and quality challenges remain for a take-back scheme to operate successfully. Purpose - Take-back schemes rely on consumers to return used garments to supply the new sales of second-hand clothing. This study explores the acquisition and supply availability of used children's clothing for fashion retailer take-back schemes for second-hand. Acknowledging that the consumer becomes a supplier in reuse supply chains, this study aims to explore factors that affect the supply acquisition of used children's clothing. Methodology - This research employed a single case study design with an inductive mixed- method approach. A pre-study collected data from three sources and these findings were used as a base for developing a self-administered online questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to consumers who can potentially adopt the role of used children’s clothing suppliers in a take-back scheme. A total of 964 responses served as empirical data, analysed through descriptive statistics and coding. Findings - Six factors affecting the acquisition and supply availability of used children's clothing in take-back schemes were identified. These are customer relationships, convenience, compensation, assessment description, product condition and size range differences. The factors were recognized to affect the interest and ability of potential suppliers to engage in take- back schemes and the available supply that can be acquired for reuse in a take-back scheme. Research implications - This study delivers new insights into the scant and unexplored acquisition area in take-back schemes of used children's clothing. A conceptual model comprising the six identified factors is presented, which can guide and aid practitioners in implementing or evaluating take-back schemes of used children's clothing. The study is limited to the Swedish fashion industry and take-back schemes explicitly focused on the collection of used clothing to resell.

Tumbling take-offs on floor exercise apparatuses of varying stiffness properties may contribute to apparatus behaviors that lead to increased injury exposure. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the kinematics, kinetics, and timing performance characteristics of a springfloor and a spring-floor with an added Air Floor™. Five male international gymnasts performed a forward handspring to forward somersault and a round off, flic flac, backward somersault on a standard spring-floor and a spring-floor with an Air Floor™. Performances were measured via high-speed video kinematics (lower extremity joint angles and positions), electromyography of eight lower extremity muscles, mean peak forces on the feet, and timing. Comparisons of spring-floor types, lower extremity joint angles, lower extremity muscle activations, foot forces, and selected durations were determined. The spring floor with Air Floor™ resulted in longer take-off contact durations than spring-floor alone. Dynamic knee angles may indicate an unexpected and potentially injurious motion of the triceps surae musculotendinous structures. This pilot and hypothesis generating study has suggested future research examining dynamic knee position and angle changes, the role of spring-floor vibration and stiffness in take-offs, and take-off muscle activation alignment with the stiffness of the spring-floor. Pragmatically, there appears to be a convergence of evidence indicating that a slower frequency response of the spring floor may assist tumbling performance and reduce stress and strain in the lower extremity.

Tumbling take-offs on floor exercise apparatuses of varying stiffness properties may contribute to apparatus behaviors that lead to increased injury exposure. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the kinematics, kinetics, and timing performance characteristics of a springfloor and a spring-floor with an added Air Floor™. Five male international gymnasts performed a forward handspring to forward somersault and a round off, flic flac, backward somersault on a standard spring-floor and a spring-floor with an Air Floor™. Performances were measured via high-speed video kinematics (lower extremity joint angles and positions), electromyography of eight lower extremity muscles, mean peak forces on the feet, and timing. Comparisons of spring-floor types, lower extremity joint angles, lower extremity muscle activations, foot forces, and selected durations were determined. The spring floor with Air Floor™ resulted in longer take-off contact durations than spring-floor alone. Dynamic knee angles may indicate an unexpected and potentially injurious motion of the triceps surae musculotendinous structures. This pilot and hypothesis generating study has suggested future research examining dynamic knee position and angle changes, the role of spring-floor vibration and stiffness in take-offs, and take-off muscle activation alignment with the stiffness of the spring-floor. Pragmatically, there appears to be a convergence of evidence indicating that a slower frequency response of the spring floor may assist tumbling performance and reduce stress and strain in the lower extremity.

This thesis aims to address the incompatibility issues between Scania's 600 mm silencers and the second position 2 o'clock PTO adapted crossmember, by exploring redesign possibilities. The goal is to enable the co-mounting of these components, expanding customization options and enhancing Scania's modularization capabilities. The research investigates various design constraints and parameters associated with the crossmember were gathered in a QFD, and compares the structural rigidity and manufacturing processes of new crossmember concepts to Scania's standard crossmember. The evaluation of concepts is conducted using a Pugh's matrix analysis, which allows for performance assessment and comparison. The investigation reveals that two concepts, namely the Z-beam and trusses-based designs, show the most promise. The Z-beam can be manufactured using either sheet metal or casting methods, while the trusses concept can be realized through laser cutting or CNC machining. Both concepts demonstrate comparable structural rigidity to the current adapted and standard crossmembers. They exhibit good stress distribution, possess potential for further weight reduction, and importantly, are compatible with Scania's modularization system. Additionally, these concepts can effectively accommodate a 2 o'clock PTO and the 600 mm silencers, resolving the incompatibility issue. / Denna avhandling syftar till att adressera inkompabiliteten mellan Scanias 600 mm ljuddämpare och den nuvarande klockan 2 PTO-anpassade tvärbalken i den andra tvärbalkspositionen. Genom att utforska möjligheter till omkonstruktion strävar avhandlingen efter att möjliggöra sammontering av dessa komponenter, vilket utvidgar anpassningsalternativen och förbättrar Scanias modulära system. Forskningen undersöker olika begränsningar och parametrar för tvärbalken som fastställs i en QFD, samt jämför den strukturella styvheten och tillverkningsprocesserna för nya tvärbalkskoncept med Scanias standardtvärbalk. Utvärderingen av koncepten genomförs med hjälp av en Pugh-matrisanalys, vilket möjliggör bedömning och jämförelse av prestanda. Undersökningen visar att två koncept, nämligen Z-balken och fackverk-baserade designen, visar mest lovande resultat. Z-balken kan tillverkas antingen i plåt eller gjutas, medan fackverks-konceptet kan förverkligas genom laserskuren plåt eller CNC-bearbetning. Båda koncepten uppvisar jämförbar strukturell styvhet med den nuvarande anpassade och standardtvärbalken. De visar även en god fördelning av belastningar, har potential för ytterligare viktreducering och är kompatibla med Scanias modulsystem. Dessutom är dessa koncept kompatibla med en klockan 2 PTO i andra tvärbalkspositionen och Scanias 600 mm ljuddämpare, vilket löser imkompabilitetsproblemet.

Uppdragsbeskrivningen till detta examensarbete kom från Sweparts verksamhet i Liatorp. Målet med examensarbetet var att utreda hur tillverkningsprocessen av Sweparts kraftuttag kan effektiviseras i avseende: kapacitet, mätt i antal produkter samt investeringskostnader och operatörslöner, genom att använda simuleringsprogrammet ExtendSim. En kartläggning av dagens den nuvarande monteringslinan gjordes för att få en få en klar bild av monteringsprocessen, processtider och antal operatörer, för att sedan kunna simulera en realistisk version av den nuvarande monteringslinan. En litteraturstudie av simulering, diskret händelsestyrd simulering, ExtendSim samt val av sannlikhetsfördelning gjordes för att fördjupa kunskapen inom ämnet simulering. När den nuvarande monteringslinan simulerats och verifierats, simulerades de valda nio scenarierna. De fem första scenarierna experimenterades det med olika antal operatörer, uppdelning av stationer och antal testmaskiner. De resterande tre var sammanslagna PTO- linor med olika antal operatörer och testmaskiner. Dessa analyserades med ett antal indikatorer: antal produkter efter åtta timmar, genomsnittlig kö och väntetid framför testmaskin samt utnyttjandegrad av operatörer. Resultatet av simuleringarna visade att de scenario 3 gav flest produkter efter åtta timmar med två testmaskiner och fyra operatörer. Följt av scenario 2, med tre testmaskiner och fem operatörer. Resultatet i avseende investeringskostnader och operatörslöner efter 15 år var bäst för scenario 8, med sammanslagen PTO- lina med två testmaskiner och tre operatörer. Scenario 4 var näst bäst med två testmaskiner och tre operatörer. / The objective for this thesis came from Swepart's operations in Liatorp. The aim of the thesis was to investigate how the manufacturing process of Swepart's power take-off can be improved in terms of: capacity, measurement in number of products and investment costs and operator salaries, by using the simulation program ExtendSim. A survey of today's current assembly line was made to get a clear picture of the assembly process, process times and number of operators, in order to then simulate a realistic version of the current assembly line. A literature study of simulation, discrete event-controlled simulation, ExtendSim and choice of truth distribution were made to deepen the knowledge in the subject of simulation. When the current assembly line was simulated and verified, the selected nine scenarios were simulated. The first five scenarios were experimented with different numbers of operators, division of stations and number of test machines. The remaining three were merged PTO lines with different numbers of operators and test machines. These were analyzed with a number of indicators: number of products after eight hours, average queue and waiting time in front of the test machine and the utilization rate ofoperators. The result of the simulations showed that the third scenario gave the most products after eight hours with two test machines and four operators. Followed by the second scenario, with three test machines and five operators. The result in terms of investment costs and operator salaries after 15 years was best for the eight scenario, with combined PTO line with two test machines and three operators. The fourth scenario was came in second, with two test machines and three operators.

A combined wing and propeller model is presented as a low-cost approach to preliminary modeling of slipstream effects on a finite wing. The wing aerodynamic model employs a numerical lifting-line method utilizing the 3D vortex lifting law along with known 2D airfoil data to predict the lift distribution across a wing for a prescribed upstream flowfield. The propeller/slipstream model uses blade element theory combined with momentum conservation equations. This model is expected to be of significant importance in the design of tail-sitter vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft, where the propeller slipstream is the primary source of air flow past the wings in some flight conditions. The algorithm is presented, and results compared with published experimental data.