Orientador: Ingedore G. Villaça Koch, Ines Signorini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T06:03:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Buin_Edilaine_D.pdf: 36620183 bytes, checksum: 536c25d60f7884e03fe3120e5f606334 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho, que nasceu a partir de dilemas de professores sobre problemas relacionados à escrita de seus alunos, investiga a construção da (in)coerência textual, baseado em diferentes situações de ensino, e partindo do pressuposto de que a coerência textual é construída a partir de processos sócio-cognitivos do sujeito que se encontra em interação. A coesão seqüenciadora e por remissão, mais relacionada às atividades do sujeito, e os processos de referenciação, mais relacionados às atividades do sujeito em interação, entram como elementos responsáveis pela construção da coerência textual. Os dados foram gerados em quatro escolas, sendo duas da rede particular, localizadas em Campinas, e duas da rede pública, localizadas em Vinhedo e Jaguariúna, cidades da região de Campinas, interior do Estado de São Paulo. Além das produções escritas dos alunos, selecionadas qualitativamente, conta-se com o resgate, em alguns casos, das orientações do professor, mediadas através da escrita. Como o eixo da pesquisa é a construção da coerência textual, não se delimitou uma série escolar específica ¿ os textos, que permitiram uma discussão significativa sobre o tema, são de diferentes escolares, que vão desde a 5ª série do Fundamental II até a 1ª série do Ensino Médio.Cada situação de ensino revelou algum aspecto importante relacionado à construção da coerência textual, como, por exemplo, (i) que a atividade de leitura, incluindo a construção de referentes, pode estar interferindo na coerência de um texto, sendo que aquilo que pode parecer um problema de escrita é, na verdade, um problema de leitura; (ii)que a forma de encaminhar a reescrita do aluno, a partir da valoração dos aspectos microestruturais do texto em detrimento dos macroestruturais, pode contribuir para a incoerência do texto na situação em questão; (iii) que, dependendo do tipo de interação que se estabelece com os alunos, somada ao modo como se encaminha o exercício de escrita, terá influencia significativa na construção de um texto coerente ou não.Todas as situações permitem que se visualizem os textos dos alunos como um ponto em uma teia de relações a ele associadas e a coerência textual, como um elemento que envolve todo esse processo e é por ele determinada. O contraponto entre as diferentes situações de ensino permitiu observar que o mecanismo de produção da coerência textual é o mesmo para alunos com realidades socioeconômicas opostas. Muitas vezes, um grupo parece ter mais facilidade que outro para construir textos considerados coerentes, porque suas práticas de letramento rotineiras coincidem mais com as práticas de letramento requisitadas e valorizadas pela escola. Isso chama a atenção para a importância de se conduzir a transferência de experiências reais ou vicárias para o exercício de produção escrita, a fim de que o aluno produza um texto coerente para a situação a que está integrado / Abstract: This research, originated from the teachers¿ dilemmas about the problems of their students¿ writing, aims to investigate the construction of textual (in)coherence based on different teaching situation brought by the pressuposed idea that textual coherence is built from the socio-cognitive processes of the subject in interaction. The sequenced and remission cohesion, more related to the subject¿s activities, and the processes of referenciation, more related to the activities of the subject in interaction, are elements responsible for building the textual coherence. The data were gathered in four schools, two private schools located in Campinas, and two public schools located in Vinhedo and Jaguariúna, in São Paulo State. Besides the students¿ writing productions, selected qualitatively, it is also considered, in some cases, the rescue of the teacher¿s guidance throughout the writing. Once the course of this research is the construction of textual coherence, a specific school grade was not chosen. The texts, which allowed a rich discussion, are from different school grades, ranging from the fifth grade of primary school to the first grade of secondary school. Each teaching situation revealed some important aspect associated to the construction of the textual coherence, such as, for example, (i) that reading activity could be interfering in the cohesion of a text, including the construction of references, once what seems to be a writing problem could be in fact a reading matter; (ii) that the way of leading the rewriting of the student, starting from the value of the micro to macro structural aspects of the text, can contribute to the incoherence of the text; (iii) that depending on the type of interaction that is established among students, added to the way of the writing exercise, there will be or not significant influence on the construction of a coherent text. All situations allow that the students¿ texts could be seen as a point in a web of relations associated to them and to textual coherence, as an element that involves all this process and it is determined by it. The counterpoint among different teaching situations enables us to observe that the mechanism of the textual production is the same for students coming from opposed social economic realities. Several times, a group seems to deal with the construction of texts considered coherent in an easier way because its routinery practices of literacy are closer to the literacy practices required and recognized by the school. This makes us aware of the importance to lead a transference from real or vicarious experiences to the exercise of writing production in order that the student produces a text coherent to the situation to which he is integrated. / Doutorado / Doutor em Linguística

For this study an attempt was made to bridge the disciplines of linguistics and composition in order to examine factors contributing to textual coherence. Pairs of descriptive texts written by fifty college students were examined in order to identify the factors which differentiate quality and topic. Students were asked to compose a descriptive paragraph on the topic of fall. They were then encouraged to use their five senses, given leaves, and asked to compose a paragraph describing the leaves. The pairs of texts thus elicited were evaluated for preference by readers. The ANOVA revealed a significant difference (p=.001) between the two topics with fall texts preferred over the more specific leaves texts. Results suggest that encouraging students to use their five senses does not improve their writing. It may be more important to move through various levels of abstraction than to merely focus on sensory detail. The texts were also scored holistically by two trained evaluators. Results of this grading were used to choose five high- and five low-coherence texts on each of the two topics. These 20 texts were then analyzed in terms of the tagmemic referential hierarchy. A MANOVA was done to examine the dependent variables of Slot (location in time or space), Role (purpose or reason), and Cohesion (sociocultural context) in relation to quality and topic for these texts. Slot was found to be significant for both quality (p=.025) and topic (p=.004). Role was significant only for quality (p=.001). Cohesion was nonsignificant for either quality or topic. These results suggest that students should: (a) be encouraged to locate their texts in time and space in order to develop an adequate context for readers; (b) be encouraged to include purposes and reasons for the statements they make; and (c) be encouraged, where appropriate, to include a focus on humans and their activities (either literal or figurative) since such reference is a distinguishing feature of high-coherence texts.

Ce travail s’attache à la construction textuelle du brevet d'invention (type de texte spécialisé très normé) par l’étude des contraintes pragmatiques le structurant et notamment celles le définissant comme une contribution au sens gricéen (Grice), post-gricéen (Nemo, Portuguès) ou non-gricéen (Clark et Schaefer). Il étudie ses stratégies textuelles, par exemple en termes de rhétorique de la revendication, en se penchant sur son format particulier dans lequel sont isolés des éléments récurrents et autonomes, les ensembles contributionnels, et leurs liaisons.La première partie présente l’approche contributionnelle du texte de brevet d’invention. Il s’agit d’une part de décrire le texte comme un objet contributionnel, et d’autre part de se demander dans quelle mesure la confrontation avec un texte hyperformaté conduit à reconsidérer les maximes (gricéennes) régulant les contributions. Le corpus d’étude est constitué d’une base textuelle de brevets d’invention transformée en base de données contributionnelles. L’analyse de celle-ci permet une modélisation contributionnelle du texte de brevet fondée sur des marqueurs délimitant des ensembles contributionnels soumis à un schéma général invariant, prédictible et reproductible. La phase de modélisation est l’occasion de reformuler une partie des maximes gricéennes encadrant la production d’ensembles contributionnels. Dans le cadre d’une conception plurisémique de l’interprétation, la fin de l’étude dégage les propriétés de la strate contributionnelle, en montrant notamment qu’à partir de la contrainte de complétude du texte en train de se construire et au travers des différentes sous-contributions qui le constituent se met en place une mécanique textuelle reposant sur des enchaînements contributionnels spécifiques aux textes formatés. Ces considérations sur la matière contributionnelle des textes permettent d’aborder les fondements d’une théorie contributionnelle du texte. / The present work looks into the textual construction of the patent (very standardized specialized type of text) by the study of pragmatical constraints which structure it and in particular of the constraints which define it as a contribution in a Gricean (Grice), post-Gricean (Nemo, Portuguès) and non-Gricean (Clark and Schaefer) meaning. This work studies the textual strategies involved, particularly in terms of the rhetoric of claiming, by examining over its particular format in which are isolated recurring and autonomous elements, - the contributional sets, and their connections.The first part presents a contributional approach of patents as texts, describing patent text as a contributional object and discussing the way the confrontation with hyper-formatted and strongly constrained textual data may lead to reconsider and reformulate contributional maxims. The corpus of study consists of a textual data base of patents which is then formatted into contributional data. The analysis of this contributional data allows a contributional modeling of the patent text based on markers which defined contributional groups subject to general master scheme which is invariable, predictable and reproducible. This phase of modeling provides an opportunity to partly reformulate the Gricean maxims which frame the production of the contributional groups. Using a plurisemic approach of interpretation, the end of the study intends to release the properties of the contributional layer, by showing in particular that the constraint of exhaustivity which is at work in the construction of the text through various sub-contributions leads to the emergence of a mechanical text, with its laws and constraints, based on contributional chains specific to very formatted texts and more general texts alike. These considerations on the contributional material of the texts allow an approach to the foundations of a contributional theory of text.

Cette recherche s’intéresse à l’utilisation du conte dans le domaine de l’enseignement des langues étrangères. Elle s’appuie sur l’analyse d’un échantillon de contes d’origines algérienne et française pour démontrer le potentiel pédagogique de cette forme littéraire. L’analyse de notre corpus a permis de mettre en lumière les diverses exploitations du conte dans le domaine de la didactique des langues. En effet, grâce à son contenu culturel, ce genre littéraire est un excellent médiateur pour initier l’élève à la culture-cible. Nous avons expliqué que le conte était parfaitement adapté pour mener les élèves à prendre conscience des dimensions intertextuelle et interculturelle de l’oeuvre littéraire. En s’appropriant ces deux notions, les apprenants construisent une culture littéraire essentielle pour développer leurs compétences dans les domaines de la lecture et de l’écriture. Le conte permet aussi de proposer des exercices féconds qui concernent les domaines de lecture, d’écriture, ainsi que les aspects linguistiques.L’expérience pédagogique, menée auprès d’un public de collégiens en Algérie, a été l’occasion de valider notre hypothèse sur l’utilité des contes dans le domaine de l’enseignement des langues étrangères. En effet, l’instauration de notre dispositif pédagogique, basé sur l’exploitation d’une série de contes, a conduit les élèves à prendre conscience de l’intérêt de la mise en valeur de leur culture dans le domaine scriptural. L’analyse intertextuelle et interculturelle des contes proposés par les élèves dans la macro-tâche du post-test, indique leur reprise des motifs caractéristiques des contes arabes et européens. De même, nous avons constaté que les élèves avaient amélioré la qualité structurelle de leurs textes. En effet, l’analyse formelle de leurs écrits a permis de conclure que la majorité des apprenants avait produit des contes qui satisfont aux règles de la cohérence textuelle. Ce résultat indique que le conte est un genre qui convient pour conduire les élèves à produire des textes cohérents. Par ailleurs, la macro-tâche a également été un moyen pour vérifier l’évolution de leur compétence linguistique. Plus précisément, l’observation de leurs écrits indique qu’ils ont fait des progrès dans les domaines lexical et morphologique. En revanche, en ce qui concerne la syntaxe, les élèves nécessitent plus d’accompagnement pour maîtriser cet aspect de la langue-cible. / This research focuses on the use of storytelling in the field of teaching foreign languages. It is based on the analysis of a sample of stories from Algerian and French origins to demonstrate the pedagogical potential of this literary form.The analysis of our corpus has made it possible, to highlight the various storytelling operations in the area of language teaching.In fact, because of its cultural content, this literary type represents an excellent mediator to introduce students to the culture-target. We explained that storytelling was perfectly suited to help students become aware of the intertextual and intercultural dimensions of literary work. By appropriating these two concepts, learners build an essential literary culture to develop their skills in the reading and writing fields. Storytelling allows also to offer fruitful exercises in the reading and writing domains, as well as the linguistics aspects. The educational experience, conducted among a college students audience in Algeria, was an opportunity to validate our hypothesis on the usefulness of tales in the field of foreign languages teaching. Indeed, the establishment of our educational system, based on the exploitation of a series of tales, has led students to realize the value of enhancing their culture in the scripture domain.The intertextual and intercultural analysis of the tales proposed by the students in the macro-task of the post-test indicates their resumption of the grounds that are characteristic of the Arabic and European ones. Moreover, we found that students had improved the structural quality of their texts. Indeed, the formal analysis of their writings led to the conclusion that the majority of learners had produced stories that satisfied the rules of textual coherence.This result indicates that storytelling is an appropriate way to lead students to produce coherent texts. Furthermore, the macro-task has also been an efficient way to verify the evolution of their language skills.More specifically, the observation of their writings indicates that they have made progress in the lexical and morphological domains. On the other hand, students need more coaching, for all what is related to syntax, to control this aspect of the target language. / هذا البحث يتناول موضوع استعمال الحكايات في مجال تعليم اللغات الأجنبية. يستند هذا العمل على تحليل مجموعة من الحكايات تنتمي إلى الثقافتين الجزائرية و الفرنسية من أجل إيضاح مختلف الاستعمالات للحكاية في مجال تعليم اللغات الأجنبية. هذا النوع الأدبي يعد وسيلة ممتازة لتنمية معارف التلميذ فيما يتعلق بالثقافة الأجنبية. لقد شرحنا أن الحكاية مناسبة لتوعيته حول البعد التناصيّ و المتعدد الثقافات للنص الأدبي. بإدراكه لهاتين النقطتين، يُكوّن التلميذ ثقافة أدبية أساسية من أجل تنمية كفاءته في مجاليّ القراءة و الكتابة. الحكاية تسمح أيضا باقتراح تمارين خصبة تتعلق بمجالات القراءة، الكتابة و قواعد اللغة.التجربة البيداغوجية التي قمنا بها مع مجموعة من تلاميذ الطور الإكمالي، كانت فرصة لإثبات فرضيتنا حول فائدة الحكايات في مجال تعليم اللغات الأجنبية . استعمال نظام بيداغوجي يستند على مجموعة من القصص قاد التلاميذ لإدراك أهمية استغلال ثقافتهم في مجال الكتابة.التحليل التناصي و المتعدد الثقافات للحكايات المقترحة من طرف التلاميذ في التمرين النهائي يبرز اعادتهم لمقاطع أدبية تنتمي لحكايات غربية و أوروبية. لاحظنا أيضا أنّ التلاميذ اقترحوا حكايات تلتزم بقواعد الترابط النصي. هذه النتيجة تبيّن أنّ الحكاية هي جنس أدبي يناسب لقيادة التلاميذ نحو كتابة نصوص مترابطة. كما أنّ التمرين النهائي كان وسيلة لفحص تطور الكفاءة اللغوية عند التلاميذ الذين قاموا بتطوير مهاراتهم في مجالي اللغة و القواعد. لكن فيما يتعلق بمجال النحو، لقد لاحظنا أنّهم يحتاجون للمزيد من المرافقة حتى يتقنون هذا المجال اللغوي.