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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
411

Estudo do fator de transcrição ASR5 em plantas de arroz (Oryza sativa) e identificação de proteínas em resposta ao estresse por alumínio em Arabidopsis thaliana

Bücker Neto, Lauro January 2014 (has links)
As plantas são organismos sésseis que continuamente enfrentam situações ambientais adversas, o que acarreta em reduções significativas da biomassa e da produtividade. O trabalho, aqui exposto, teve como objetivo avaliar o papel dos fatores de transcrição ASR (do ingles ABA, stress and ripening) na resposta a estresses abióticos em plantas de arroz. Também teve como objetivo avaliar as respostas de plantas de Arabidopsis thaliana ao estresse produzido nos momentos iniciais da exposição ao metal alumínio. O capítulo 1 da presente tese, compara a expressão de miRNAs entre plantas silenciadas para o gene ASR5 (ASR5_RNAi) e plantas não transformadas (controle). De um total de 279 miRNAs maduros identificados, distribuídos em 60 famílias, 159 foram diferencialmente expressos quando as duas bibliotecas foram comparadas. Uma correlação negativa entre o MIR167 e seu gene alvo (LOC_Os07g29820) também foi confirmada por PCR em tempo real. Este é o primeiro trabalho sugerindo o envolvimento das proteínas ASR na regulação da expressão de miRNAs em planta. O segundo capítulo apresenta o estudo das proteínas ASR na manutenção da homeostase do pH em plantas de arroz. Verificou-se uma diminuição do crescimento radicular em plantas silenciadas em solução ácida, quando comparadas com plantas não transformadas nas mesmas condições. Também foi analisada a viabilidade da ponta de raízes quanto ao dano causado pelo baixo pH e diferentes concentrações de Ca+2, demonstrando que a adição de CaCl2 é capaz de aliviar o efeito tóxico do excesso de protons H+. Diversos genes reprimidos nas plantas silenciadas e envolvidos no mecanismo de manutenção do pH em células vegetais, também foram investigados. O terceiro e último capítulo é dedicado ao estudo da resposta inicial de plantas de Arabidopsis thaliana ao estresse por alumínio. Plantas com 7 dias de idade foram expostas a uma concentração de 25 μM de AlCl3 durante 3 horas e modificações na abundância de proteínas foi investigada com a técnica de espectrometria de massa. Um total de 3.213 proteínas foram identificadas, sendo que destas, 293 apresentaram variação no nível de expressão. Diversas proteínas com expressão induzida são funcionalmente associadas com a detoxificação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), indicando que o tratamento ocasionou estresse oxidativo nas raízes de A. thaliana. Também foram identificadas uma proteína mitocondrial carreadora de substrato e uma acyl-CoA oxidase com possível papel nos mecanismos de defesa em resposta a alumínio e com potencial para futuros estudos funcionais na planta modelo. De uma maneira geral, os resultados aqui apresentados mostram, pela primeira vez, que ASR5 está envolvida na regulação de miRNAs e na homeostase do pH em plantas de arroz, além de identificar proteínas responsivas ao estresse por alumínio em A. thaliana. / Plants are sessile organisms that continuously face adverse environmental situations, leading to a significant reduction in biomass and yield. The aim of the present work was to further study the ASR (ABA, stress and ripening) transcription factors in rice plants. Moreover, the responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to aluminum stress were also analyzed. The chapter 1 of this thesis compares the expression of mature miRNAs in the ASR5 silenced plants (ASR5_RNAi) and in non-transformed plants (control). From a total of 279 mature miRNA of 60 families, 159 were differentially expressed. A negative correlation of MIR167 and its target gene (LOC_Os07g29820) was also confirmed by real time RT-qPCR. This is the first report showing the involvement of ASR proteins in miRNA gene expression regulation. The second chapter presents the study of participation of ASR proteins in the maintenance of pH homeostasis in rice plants. The evaluation of root growth in ASR5_RNAi plants upon acid solution showed inhibition of root growth when compared to non-transformed plants in the same condition. Root tip feasibility and damage caused by low pH and different concentrations of Ca+2 was also analyzed. The results indicate that addition of CaCl2 is capable of alleviating the toxic effects of H+ protons. Several genes downregulated in silenced plants and involved in pH maintenance in plant cells have also been investigated. This work demonstrates the importance of ASR transcription factors in a biological process not yet described. The third and final chapter describes the study of the initial response of Arabidopsis thaliana to aluminum stress. Seven-day old seedlings were treated with 25 μM AlCl3 for 3 hours and submitted to quantitative analyses by mass spectrometry. A total of 3,213 proteins were identified, from which 293 proteins were differentially responsive upon aluminum treatment. Several proteins with increased expression in response to the treatment are functionally associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating that the Al3+ exposure caused oxidative stress in the roots of A. thaliana. A mitochondrial substrate carrier (At1g78180) and an acyl-CoA oxidase (At3g51840) with a putative role in Al defense were also up-regulated and constitute interesting targets for functional studies of aluminum toxicity in the model plant. Overall, the results here presented show for the first time that ASR5 is involved in miRNA and pH homeostases regulation in rice plants and also identify proteins responsive to aluminum stress in A. thaliana.
412

From cellular variability to shape reproducibility : mechanics and morphogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana sepal / De la variabilité cellulaire à la reproductibilité des organes : étude de la mécanique de la morphogenèse du sépale d'Arabidopsis thaliana

Dumond, Mathilde 15 September 2017 (has links)
Les organismes produisent des organes de formes similaires, malgré une forte variabilité intrinsèque. La régulation de la forme des organes a été largement étudiée, cependant la robustesse des formes est encore mal comprise. Une plante telle qu’Arabidopsis possède de nombreux sépales, notre système modèle car il est possible d’étudier leur variabilité. Comme les cellules végétales contrôlent leur croissance à travers les propriétés mécaniques de leur paroi, ma thèse vise à étudier le lien entre mécanique cellulaire et robustesse des formes.J’ai d’abord cherché à comprendre si la forme des organes est influencée par la réaction cellulaire aux contraintes mécaniques induites par la croissance. J’ai validé cette hypothèse grâce un modèle mécanique, et fait des prédictions de la forme des sépales qui ont été confirmées expérimentalement par un collaborateur.D’autre part, j’ai mesuré les propriétés mécaniques de la paroi qui se révèlent spatialement hétérogènes. L’ajout de cette hétérogénéité dans le modèle conduit à des organes de forme variable. J’ai obtenu des formes robustes en ajoutant de la variabilité temporelle, et j’ai montré que, contre-intuitivement, le niveau de variabilité spatiale est anti-corrélé avec la robustesse des formes.Ces prédictions ont été testés en étudiant un mutant présentant des formes de sépales variables. J’ai en particulier montré que les propriétés mécaniques de ce mutant étaient moins variables spatialement que le sauvage. Ainsi, ma thèse a permis de mieux comprendre la régulation de la robustesse de forme des organes, en particulier en montrant que la variabilité des propriétés mécaniques peut conduire à une robustesse des formes. / Developmental robustness is the ability to produce similar phenotypes despite intrinsic variability.Regulation of organ shape has been widely studied, but regulation of organ shape reproducibility is yet to be elucidated.A. thaliana sepals, flower external organs, can be used to study such robustness : each plant produces more than 60 flowers, allowing variability measurement.Plant cells modulate their surrounding cell wall stiffness and anisotropy to control growth, thus my PhD aims at elucidating the role of cell wall mechanics on organ shape robustness.Cells sense their physical environment and accordingly adjust their cell wall mechanics: we studied whether the strength of this feedback influenced organ shapes. Using a model, I showed that a strong feedback lead to the formation of a pointy sepal tip; this prediction was experimentally validated by a PhD student of the team.Measurements of the cell wall mechanical properties using atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that they were highly spatially variable. When this variability was added in the model, the organ shapes were variable. To get reproducible shapes, I increased the temporal variability of the mechanics: it smoothed the spatial variability over time. Likewise, decreasing spatial variability reduced organ shape robustness. These theoretical results suggest that spatial and temporal variability influence shape robustness.To experimentally test these results, our collaborators identified a mutant displaying less robust sepal shapes. Using AFM, I showed that the spatial variability was reduced in the mutant, confirming that mechanical spatial variability influenced shape robustness.
413

Etude des régulations géniques impliquées dans le maintien de l’homéostasie du fer chez Arabidopsis thaliana. / Study of gene networks involved in the regulation of iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Tissot, Nicolas 06 December 2016 (has links)
Le fer (Fe) est un élément indispensable à la vie. Sa capacité à perdre ou à gagner un électron lui permet d’être un cofacteur de choix pour de nombreuses réactions enzymatiques telles que la photosynthèse, la synthèse d’ADN ou la respiration. Cependant, le fer est très réactif et potentiellement toxique pour la cellule. Les plantes doivent donc strictement réguler leur homéostasie en fer afin d’éviter toute carence ou tout excès préjudiciable pour leur organisme. Parmi les acteurs du maintien de l’équilibre ferrique, les ferritines jouent un rôle majeur. Chez les végétaux, elles sont principalement régulées transcriptionnellement. Le gène modèle des ferritines, AtFER1, est régulé par au moins trois voies indépendantes (l’excès de fer, la carence en phosphate, et l’alternance jour/nuit). Toutefois, la façon dont ces signaux s’intègrent au niveau de son promoteur n’est pas formellement établie. Mon travail a consisté à mettre en place une étude fonctionnelle du promoteur d’AtFER1 en caractérisant des lignées stables d’Arabidopsis thaliana exprimant le gène rapporteur GUS (β-glucuronidase) sous le contrôle de différentes versions du promoteur d’AtFER1 (délétions en 5’ et en 3’, mutagenèse dirigée) selon différents traitements (e.g. disponibilité en fer). Cette approche a mis en évidence le rôle clef de certains éléments cis du promoteur. Des cribles simple hybride chez la levure sur ces éléments ont permis l’identification du facteur de transcription bHLH105/ILR3 comme régulateur potentiel d’AtFER1. Une caractérisation moléculaire et physiologique des mutants ilr3 a démontré l’implication de ce facteur dans la réponse des plantes à l’excès de fer. Elle a aussi mis en évidence qu’ILR3 avait un rôle central d’intégrateur dans l’homéostasie du fer chez les plantes. D’autre part, des données suggéraient qu’un long ARN non codant (At5g01595) pouvait potentiellement réguler AtFER1. Une caractérisation des mécanismes potentiellement impliqués a démontré que cette régulation n’était pas avérée.Les mécanismes moléculaires et physiologiques mis en place par les végétaux en réponse à une carence en fer sont relativement bien décrits. A l’inverse, peu d’informations sur la réponse des plantes à un « excès » de fer sont disponibles. Dans ce contexte, une expérience visant à décrypter, au niveau du transcriptome (puces à ADN), la dynamique de la réponse précoce (de quelques minutes à 2 heures) à un excès de fer a été mise en place. Une analyse de variance a été réalisée sur les données d’expression générées afin d’identifier les gènes dont l’expression est affectée par le traitement. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement focalisés sur l’identification de facteurs de transcription, acteurs majeurs du maintien de l’homéostasie du fer. Parmi eux, WRKY33, WRKY40, ZAT10 et MYB51, tous liés à la réponse au ROS, semblent avoir un rôle clé dans la réponse précoce au fer.D’autre part, un mécanisme clé de l’homéostasie du fer est le prélèvement. Une précédente étude a montré que la nutrition en fer était facilitée par la synthèse et la sécrétion de composés phénoliques via le transporteur PDR9. Une caractérisation des mutants pdr9 a permis d’établir que d’une part (i) ses composés pouvaient être stockés dans les vacuoles des cellules racinaires, et d’autre part (ii) qu’ils permettaient l’entrée de fer via le système de prélèvement gouverné par le mécanisme FRO2/IRT1.Mes travaux de thèse ont permis d’apporter des éléments nouveaux sur les mécanismes moléculaires et physiologiques impliqués dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie du fer chez Arabidopsis. / Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient required for life. Since it can transfer electrons, Fe is a crucial cofactor for several enzymatic reactions such as photosynthesis, DNA synthesis or respiration. However, Fe is potentially toxic for the cells as it can react with oxygen and generate ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species). Therefore plants have evolved robust strategies to monitor Fe homeostasis in order to avoid Fe deficiency or excess that could be detrimental for their growth and development. Among the molecular actors involved in Fe homeostasis sensing, ferritins are central actors. In plants, ferritins are mainly transcriptionally regulated. AtFER1 (model of ferritin genes in Arabidopsis thaliana) is regulated by at least three independent environmental pathways (Fe excess, phosphate deficiency and diurnal/circadian rhythms). However, how these environmental signals are integrated at AtFER1 promoter remains elusive. During my PhD, I have functionally characterized the AtFER1 promoter in different growth conditions (i.e. Fe availability), using GUS as a reporter gene. This approach leads to the identification of specific cis-regulatory sequences within the AtFER1 promoter. Yeast one-hybrid screens using these cis-regulatory elements allowed the identification of the transcription factor bHLH105/ILR3 as putative transcriptional regulator of AtFER1 expression. In addition, molecular and physiological characterization of ilr3 mutants (gain- and loss-of-function mutations) brought out the involvement of ILR3 in plant responses to Fe excess and confirmed that ILR3 is a central integrator of Fe homeostasis in plants. I have also investigated the potential role of a long non-coding RNA in controlling AtFER1 expression. A deep characterization of the mechanisms potentially involved in this process demonstrated that this long non-coding RNA is most probably not involved in the control of AtFER1 expression. The molecular mechanisms by which plants face and adapt against Fe deficiency are well documented, however, very few data are available with regard to Fe excess. In this context, we set up a transcriptome analysis (microarrays) aiming at deciphering the dynamics of the early response (i.e. prior AtFER1 expression is induced) to an excess of Fe in A. thaliana. An analysis of variance was performed on the expression data generated in order to identify genes whose expression is affected by the treatment. We particularly focused on the identification of transcription factors that are major players in the regulation of gene expression in response to Fe and ROS excess. Among them, WRKY33, WRKY40, ZAT10 and MYB51 have been identified. Finally, I have been investigating the mode of action of PDR9, a transporter involved in the secretion of phenolic compounds in response to Fe deficiency. Through the characterization of pdr9 mutants, I have shown that the secreted phenolic compounds (i) allow the entrance of Fe via the FRO2 / IRT1 mechanism and (ii) that these compounds are stored in the vacuoles of the root cells before secretion.In conclusion, my PhD brings new elements on the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in maintaining Fe homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
414

Genes relacionados a auxinas e rizogênese adventícia em Arabidopsis

Costa, Cibele Tesser da January 2015 (has links)
Enquanto as raízes laterais (RL) se desenvolvem a partir da raiz primária, as raízes adventícias (RA) são geralmente formadas em órgãos da parte aérea da planta. As RA podem ser formadas como uma resposta adaptativa a estresses, como ferimentos ou alagamentos e a sua formação também é importante para a propagação vegetativa de espécies economicamente relevantes, que frequentemente dependem da propagação clonal de genótipos elite. A aplicação de hormônios pode estimular o desenvolvimento das RA (DRA), e as auxinas são consideradas os principais hormônios envolvidos nesse processo. Neste estudo, o sistema de plântulas estioladas foi usado em Arabidopsis thaliana para analisar diversos aspectos do DRA. Diferentes tipos de auxinas, naturais ou sintéticas, foram testadas e verificou-se que AIA causou um aumento no número de raízes sem afetar seu comprimento, ANA foi efetivo para o DRA, mas as raízes ficaram pequenas, e altas concentrações de 2,4-D causaram a formação de calos. Através de imunolocalização, um nível elevado de AIA foi detectado nos tecidos do hipocótilo que deram origem ao primórdio radicular. O padrão de expressão de genes potencialmente envolvidos com o enraizamento adventício foi testado por PCR em Tempo Real. O DRA foi marcado essencialmente por aumento na expressão de PIN1, SUR2, GH3.3, GH3.6, ARF8 e IAA28. A expressão dos genes induzidos foi mais estimulada por ANA, seguida de AIA. A expressão de IAA28 aumentou com o DRA, diferente do que foi observado no desenvolvimento de RL. Os receptores de auxinas TIR1/AFB e ABP1 iniciam a sinalização de auxinas na célula pelo controle da expressão gênica, proteólise seletiva e afrouxamento da parede celular. Verificou-se que TIR1 e as proteínas AFBs são importantes para o DRA, mas que estes receptores devem estar exercendo funções redundantes no processo e que ABP1 pode agir complementando a sua ação. Durante a organogênese das RA, TIR1 e AFB2 parecem exercer uma maior influência. As auxinas são transportadas de maneira polar, célula a célula e geralmente dependem de transportadores. Analisamos o DRA em diferentes mutantes deficientes no transporte de influxo e efluxo de auxinas juntamente com construções com genes repórteres, na presença ou ausência de auxina exógena. Uma função essencial foi estabelecida para AUX1 no enraizamento adventício e, embora LAX3 per se não tenha sido chave no processo, este parece agir em conjunto com AUX1. Também observamos que a formação eficiente de RA depende dos transportadores de efluxo PIN, principalmente PIN1, 3 e 7. A adequada fosforilação dos PINs pelas quinases PID, WAG1 e WAG2 e, consequentemente, a direção do transporte, foi igualmente essencial para o estabelecimento das RA. / Lateral roots (LR) develop from the primary root, whereas adventitious roots (AR) are generally formed from above-ground organs. AR can be formed as an adaptive response to stresses, like wounding or flooding, and their formation is also important for efficient vegetative propagation of economically relevant species, which often depend on clonal propagation of elite genotypes. Hormonal application can stimulate AR development (ARD) and auxins are recognized as major hormones involved in this process. Here, the etiolated seedlings system was used in Arabidopsis thaliana to study several aspects of ARD. Different auxin types, natural or synthetic, were tested and it was found that IAA caused an increase in root number without affecting root length, NAA was effective for ARD, but roots remained short and higher levels of 2,4-D caused callus formation. Through immunolocalization, a higher level of IAA was detected in hypocotyl tissues from which the root primordia differentiated. The expression pattern of genes potentially involved in adventitious rooting was tested by Real-Time PCR. ARD was essentially marked by increased expression of PIN1, SUR2, GH3.3, GH3.6, ARF8 and IAA28. The magnitude of expression of induced genes was much stimulated by NAA, followed by IAA. IAA28 expression increased with ARD, differently from what is known for lateral root development. The auxin receptors TIR1/AFB and ABP1 initiate auxin signaling in the cell through changes in gene expression, selective proteolysis and cell wall loosening. We observed that TIR1/AFB are important in ARD but might be playing redundant roles in the process, whereas ABP1 could be complementing their action. During AR organogenesis, TIR1 and AFB2 seemed to exert greater influence. Auxins are transported in a polar, cell to cell way and depend on several transporters. We analyzed ARD in different mutants affected in auxin influx and efflux transporters, coupled with reporter gene constructs, in presence or absence of exogenous auxin. An essential role was established for AUX1 in AR. Although LAX3 per se was not a key player in the process, it seemed to act in conjunction with AUX1. We also observed that efficient formation of AR depends on the PIN efflux transporters, mainly PIN1, 3 and 7. The proper phosphorylation of PINs by the kinases PID, WAG1 and WAG2, and hence the direction of auxin transport, was equally essential for AR establishment.
415

Estudo do fator de transcrição ASR5 em plantas de arroz (Oryza sativa) e identificação de proteínas em resposta ao estresse por alumínio em Arabidopsis thaliana

Bücker Neto, Lauro January 2014 (has links)
As plantas são organismos sésseis que continuamente enfrentam situações ambientais adversas, o que acarreta em reduções significativas da biomassa e da produtividade. O trabalho, aqui exposto, teve como objetivo avaliar o papel dos fatores de transcrição ASR (do ingles ABA, stress and ripening) na resposta a estresses abióticos em plantas de arroz. Também teve como objetivo avaliar as respostas de plantas de Arabidopsis thaliana ao estresse produzido nos momentos iniciais da exposição ao metal alumínio. O capítulo 1 da presente tese, compara a expressão de miRNAs entre plantas silenciadas para o gene ASR5 (ASR5_RNAi) e plantas não transformadas (controle). De um total de 279 miRNAs maduros identificados, distribuídos em 60 famílias, 159 foram diferencialmente expressos quando as duas bibliotecas foram comparadas. Uma correlação negativa entre o MIR167 e seu gene alvo (LOC_Os07g29820) também foi confirmada por PCR em tempo real. Este é o primeiro trabalho sugerindo o envolvimento das proteínas ASR na regulação da expressão de miRNAs em planta. O segundo capítulo apresenta o estudo das proteínas ASR na manutenção da homeostase do pH em plantas de arroz. Verificou-se uma diminuição do crescimento radicular em plantas silenciadas em solução ácida, quando comparadas com plantas não transformadas nas mesmas condições. Também foi analisada a viabilidade da ponta de raízes quanto ao dano causado pelo baixo pH e diferentes concentrações de Ca+2, demonstrando que a adição de CaCl2 é capaz de aliviar o efeito tóxico do excesso de protons H+. Diversos genes reprimidos nas plantas silenciadas e envolvidos no mecanismo de manutenção do pH em células vegetais, também foram investigados. O terceiro e último capítulo é dedicado ao estudo da resposta inicial de plantas de Arabidopsis thaliana ao estresse por alumínio. Plantas com 7 dias de idade foram expostas a uma concentração de 25 μM de AlCl3 durante 3 horas e modificações na abundância de proteínas foi investigada com a técnica de espectrometria de massa. Um total de 3.213 proteínas foram identificadas, sendo que destas, 293 apresentaram variação no nível de expressão. Diversas proteínas com expressão induzida são funcionalmente associadas com a detoxificação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), indicando que o tratamento ocasionou estresse oxidativo nas raízes de A. thaliana. Também foram identificadas uma proteína mitocondrial carreadora de substrato e uma acyl-CoA oxidase com possível papel nos mecanismos de defesa em resposta a alumínio e com potencial para futuros estudos funcionais na planta modelo. De uma maneira geral, os resultados aqui apresentados mostram, pela primeira vez, que ASR5 está envolvida na regulação de miRNAs e na homeostase do pH em plantas de arroz, além de identificar proteínas responsivas ao estresse por alumínio em A. thaliana. / Plants are sessile organisms that continuously face adverse environmental situations, leading to a significant reduction in biomass and yield. The aim of the present work was to further study the ASR (ABA, stress and ripening) transcription factors in rice plants. Moreover, the responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to aluminum stress were also analyzed. The chapter 1 of this thesis compares the expression of mature miRNAs in the ASR5 silenced plants (ASR5_RNAi) and in non-transformed plants (control). From a total of 279 mature miRNA of 60 families, 159 were differentially expressed. A negative correlation of MIR167 and its target gene (LOC_Os07g29820) was also confirmed by real time RT-qPCR. This is the first report showing the involvement of ASR proteins in miRNA gene expression regulation. The second chapter presents the study of participation of ASR proteins in the maintenance of pH homeostasis in rice plants. The evaluation of root growth in ASR5_RNAi plants upon acid solution showed inhibition of root growth when compared to non-transformed plants in the same condition. Root tip feasibility and damage caused by low pH and different concentrations of Ca+2 was also analyzed. The results indicate that addition of CaCl2 is capable of alleviating the toxic effects of H+ protons. Several genes downregulated in silenced plants and involved in pH maintenance in plant cells have also been investigated. This work demonstrates the importance of ASR transcription factors in a biological process not yet described. The third and final chapter describes the study of the initial response of Arabidopsis thaliana to aluminum stress. Seven-day old seedlings were treated with 25 μM AlCl3 for 3 hours and submitted to quantitative analyses by mass spectrometry. A total of 3,213 proteins were identified, from which 293 proteins were differentially responsive upon aluminum treatment. Several proteins with increased expression in response to the treatment are functionally associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating that the Al3+ exposure caused oxidative stress in the roots of A. thaliana. A mitochondrial substrate carrier (At1g78180) and an acyl-CoA oxidase (At3g51840) with a putative role in Al defense were also up-regulated and constitute interesting targets for functional studies of aluminum toxicity in the model plant. Overall, the results here presented show for the first time that ASR5 is involved in miRNA and pH homeostases regulation in rice plants and also identify proteins responsive to aluminum stress in A. thaliana.
416

Rôle et mode d'action de l'UTP : RNA Uridylyltransférase URT1 dans l'uridylation et la dégradation des ARNm chez Aradopsis thaliana / Role and mechanism of the UTP : RNA Uridylyltransferase URT1 in mRNA’s uridylation and degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Ferrier, Emilie 29 November 2013 (has links)
La dégradation des ARN est un mécanisme essentiel à la régulation de l’expression des génomes. L’importance de l’uridylation dans les mécanismes de dégradation des ARN commence juste à être appréciée. Cette thèse présente l’étudede l’UTP :RNA Uridylyltransferase 1 (URT1) et de son rôle dans la dégradation des ARN chez Arabidopsis thaliana. L’étude des propriétés catalytiques de URT1 montre que cette uridylyltransférase est intrinsèquement spécifique des UTP et distributive pour les premières uridines ajoutées. URT1 est responsable in vivo de l’uridylation des ARNm après une étape de déadénylation, protégeant leur extrémité 3’ et polarisant la dégradation de 5’ en 3’. URT1 est localisée dans le cytosol au niveau des granules de stress et des processing bodies. Le mécanisme d’adressage de URT1 dans les processing bodies implique une partie de la région N terminale prédite comme intrinsèquement désorganisée, alors que le domainenucléotidyltransférase C terminal semble suffisant pour permettre l’adressage de URT1 au niveau des processing bodies et granules de stress en réponse à un stress thermique. Ces travaux de thèse ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes et les rôles de l’uridylation dans la dégradation des ARNm chez Arabidopsis. Ils ouvrent des perspectives dans l’étude d’autres fonctions de l’uridylation comme l’inhibition de la traduction. / RNA degradation is an essential mechanism for the regulation of genome expression. The importance of uridylation for RNA degradation is just emerging. This thesis presents the study of URT1 (UTP :RNA Uridylyltransferase 1) and its role in RNA degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana. URT1 is an uridylyltransferase intrinsically and strictly specific for UTP and is distributive for the first nucleotides added. URT1 uridylates mRNA in vivo after a deadenylation step. This uridylation protects mRNA’s3’ end from further attacks and polarise degradation in the 5’ to 3’ direction. This protection of 3’ ends by uridylation and its conferred polarity of 5’ to 3’ degradation are also detected in polysomes. Uridylation is therefore likely important in case of cotranslational degradation of mRNAs. A region in URT1’s N terminal region predicted to be intrinsically disorganised is required for addressing URT1 to processing bodies. However, following heat shock, the nucleotidyltransferase domain present in the C terminal region of URT1 is sufficient to address URT1 to both processing bodies and stress granules, This work contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms and roles of uridylation in RNA degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana. These results also open perspectives for studying other functions of uridylation such as translation inhibition.
417

Thi1, uma proteína envolvida na síntese de tiamina em Arabidopsis thaliana: análises estruturais do mutante Thi1 (A140V) / Thi1, a protein involved on biosynthesis of thiamin in Arabidopsis thaliana: structural analysis of Thi1(A140V) mutant

Assuero Faria Garcia 12 August 2011 (has links)
A forma ativa da vitamina B1, tiamina pirofosfato (TPP), é um cofator indispensável para certas enzimas que atuam no metabolismo de carboidratos e aminoácidos. Sua biossíntese se dá pela formação independente de suas partes componentes pirimidina e tiazol. Em procariotos a via de síntese para vitamina B1 já foi esclarecida, entretanto em eucariotos ainda existem ainda algumas lacunas a serem preenchidas. Em Arabidopsis thaliana a proteína Thi1 é possivelmente a responsável pela síntese do motivo tiazólico, uma vez que um composto relacionado a TPP foi encontrado em sua estrutura. Neste trabalho, Thi1 e seu mutante natural Thi1(A140V), o qual é responsável pela auxotrofia para tiamina numa linhagem mutante de A. thaliana, foram estudados com intuito de verificar a influência da mutação pontual na estrutura e na atividade de Thi1. As proteínas foram produzidas em E. coli e análises biofísicas usando anisotropia de fluorescência e Dicroísmo Circular (CD) mostraram diferenças consideráveis na estabilidade protéica. Estudos de desnaturação mostraram diferenças na temperatura de transição (Tm), de cerca de 4 ºC maior para Thi1, e na concentração de guanidina na qual metade das proteínas estavam desnaturadas, de 0,42 M para Thi1 e 0,24 M para Thi1(A140V). Os dados de anisotropia de fluorescência obtidos a partir da desnaturação térmica também confirmaram a maior instabilidade de Thi1(A140V) frente a Thi1. Para avaliar a presença e caracterizar o provável precursor de TPP em Thi1(A140V), foram também realizados ensaios de absorção, CD e infra-vermelho dos ligantes intrínsecos. Os resultados destas análises mostraram que as moléculas poderiam apresentar diferenças em seus grupos constituintes. Entretanto, os experimentos complementares de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN 1D 1H e 2D TOCSY) revelaram que as diferenças observadas nas amostras dos ligantes, provenientes de Thi1 e de Thi1(A140V), tratavam-se na verdade de diferenças nas proporções de quatro populações distintas de compostos, compondo um pool de ligantes. Na amostra proveniente de Thi1(A140V), a população dominante correspondeu à molécula de adenosina difosfato, ADP. Ainda, embora em ambas as amostras o ADT tenha sido encontrado, aquela derivada de Thi1(A140V) apresentou uma população significativamente menor deste composto. Concluindo, os resultados demonstraram que a mutação A140V levou a uma maior instabilidade conformacional em Thi1 e, além disso, a presença de quantidades reduzidas de ADT em Thi1(A140V) sugerem que esta alteração tenha contribuído de alguma forma para a redução de sua atividade. / The active form of vitamin B1, Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), is an indispensable cofactor for some enzymes that act on carbohydrates and amino acids metabolism. Its biosynthesis requires the independent formation of its compounds, pyrimidine and thiazole. In prokaryotes, the vitamin B1 biosynthetic way has already been elucidated, but in eukaryotes there are some gaps to be filled. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the Thi1 protein is possibly responsible for the synthesis of the thiazole moiety, since a related compound to TPP was found in its structure. In this work, we have investigated Thi1 and its natural mutant Thi1(A140V), which is responsible for the thiamin auxotrophy in A. thaliana mutant line, to identify the role this mutation plays in the structure and activity of Thi1. The proteins were produced in E. coli and the results of biophysical analysis using fluorescence and Circular Dichroism (CD) showed considerable differences in the protein stability. Thermal and chemical unfolding studies have shown a difference in the melting temperature (around 4 ºC higher for Thi1) and concentration of guanidine at which half of the protein had unfolded (0,42 M for Thi1 and 0,24 M for Thi1(A140V)). The fluorescence anisotropy data obtained from thermal unfolding showed Thi1(A140V) is more unstable compared to Thi1. We have also carried out tests of absorption, CD and infra-red to assess the presence and to characterize the possible precursor of TPP in Thi1 (A140V). The results showed that the ligants could have different compositions. However, complementary results from NMR (1D 1H e 2D TOCSY) revealed that the difference observed in the ligant samples from both proteins were actually related to the proportion of four distinct compound population, representing a ligant pool. In the sample from Thi1(A140V), the dominant population corresponded to ADP. Besides, although both samples contained ADT, it was significantly less abundant in that one derived from Thi1(A140V). Concluding, the results demonstrated that the A140V mutation leaded to a more unstable conformation of Thi1 and, additionally, the presence of smaller amounts of ADT in Thi1(A140V) suggests this change might have contributed to reducing its activity.
418

Genes relacionados a auxinas e rizogênese adventícia em Arabidopsis

Costa, Cibele Tesser da January 2015 (has links)
Enquanto as raízes laterais (RL) se desenvolvem a partir da raiz primária, as raízes adventícias (RA) são geralmente formadas em órgãos da parte aérea da planta. As RA podem ser formadas como uma resposta adaptativa a estresses, como ferimentos ou alagamentos e a sua formação também é importante para a propagação vegetativa de espécies economicamente relevantes, que frequentemente dependem da propagação clonal de genótipos elite. A aplicação de hormônios pode estimular o desenvolvimento das RA (DRA), e as auxinas são consideradas os principais hormônios envolvidos nesse processo. Neste estudo, o sistema de plântulas estioladas foi usado em Arabidopsis thaliana para analisar diversos aspectos do DRA. Diferentes tipos de auxinas, naturais ou sintéticas, foram testadas e verificou-se que AIA causou um aumento no número de raízes sem afetar seu comprimento, ANA foi efetivo para o DRA, mas as raízes ficaram pequenas, e altas concentrações de 2,4-D causaram a formação de calos. Através de imunolocalização, um nível elevado de AIA foi detectado nos tecidos do hipocótilo que deram origem ao primórdio radicular. O padrão de expressão de genes potencialmente envolvidos com o enraizamento adventício foi testado por PCR em Tempo Real. O DRA foi marcado essencialmente por aumento na expressão de PIN1, SUR2, GH3.3, GH3.6, ARF8 e IAA28. A expressão dos genes induzidos foi mais estimulada por ANA, seguida de AIA. A expressão de IAA28 aumentou com o DRA, diferente do que foi observado no desenvolvimento de RL. Os receptores de auxinas TIR1/AFB e ABP1 iniciam a sinalização de auxinas na célula pelo controle da expressão gênica, proteólise seletiva e afrouxamento da parede celular. Verificou-se que TIR1 e as proteínas AFBs são importantes para o DRA, mas que estes receptores devem estar exercendo funções redundantes no processo e que ABP1 pode agir complementando a sua ação. Durante a organogênese das RA, TIR1 e AFB2 parecem exercer uma maior influência. As auxinas são transportadas de maneira polar, célula a célula e geralmente dependem de transportadores. Analisamos o DRA em diferentes mutantes deficientes no transporte de influxo e efluxo de auxinas juntamente com construções com genes repórteres, na presença ou ausência de auxina exógena. Uma função essencial foi estabelecida para AUX1 no enraizamento adventício e, embora LAX3 per se não tenha sido chave no processo, este parece agir em conjunto com AUX1. Também observamos que a formação eficiente de RA depende dos transportadores de efluxo PIN, principalmente PIN1, 3 e 7. A adequada fosforilação dos PINs pelas quinases PID, WAG1 e WAG2 e, consequentemente, a direção do transporte, foi igualmente essencial para o estabelecimento das RA. / Lateral roots (LR) develop from the primary root, whereas adventitious roots (AR) are generally formed from above-ground organs. AR can be formed as an adaptive response to stresses, like wounding or flooding, and their formation is also important for efficient vegetative propagation of economically relevant species, which often depend on clonal propagation of elite genotypes. Hormonal application can stimulate AR development (ARD) and auxins are recognized as major hormones involved in this process. Here, the etiolated seedlings system was used in Arabidopsis thaliana to study several aspects of ARD. Different auxin types, natural or synthetic, were tested and it was found that IAA caused an increase in root number without affecting root length, NAA was effective for ARD, but roots remained short and higher levels of 2,4-D caused callus formation. Through immunolocalization, a higher level of IAA was detected in hypocotyl tissues from which the root primordia differentiated. The expression pattern of genes potentially involved in adventitious rooting was tested by Real-Time PCR. ARD was essentially marked by increased expression of PIN1, SUR2, GH3.3, GH3.6, ARF8 and IAA28. The magnitude of expression of induced genes was much stimulated by NAA, followed by IAA. IAA28 expression increased with ARD, differently from what is known for lateral root development. The auxin receptors TIR1/AFB and ABP1 initiate auxin signaling in the cell through changes in gene expression, selective proteolysis and cell wall loosening. We observed that TIR1/AFB are important in ARD but might be playing redundant roles in the process, whereas ABP1 could be complementing their action. During AR organogenesis, TIR1 and AFB2 seemed to exert greater influence. Auxins are transported in a polar, cell to cell way and depend on several transporters. We analyzed ARD in different mutants affected in auxin influx and efflux transporters, coupled with reporter gene constructs, in presence or absence of exogenous auxin. An essential role was established for AUX1 in AR. Although LAX3 per se was not a key player in the process, it seemed to act in conjunction with AUX1. We also observed that efficient formation of AR depends on the PIN efflux transporters, mainly PIN1, 3 and 7. The proper phosphorylation of PINs by the kinases PID, WAG1 and WAG2, and hence the direction of auxin transport, was equally essential for AR establishment.
419

Estudo do fator de transcrição ASR5 em plantas de arroz (Oryza sativa) e identificação de proteínas em resposta ao estresse por alumínio em Arabidopsis thaliana

Bücker Neto, Lauro January 2014 (has links)
As plantas são organismos sésseis que continuamente enfrentam situações ambientais adversas, o que acarreta em reduções significativas da biomassa e da produtividade. O trabalho, aqui exposto, teve como objetivo avaliar o papel dos fatores de transcrição ASR (do ingles ABA, stress and ripening) na resposta a estresses abióticos em plantas de arroz. Também teve como objetivo avaliar as respostas de plantas de Arabidopsis thaliana ao estresse produzido nos momentos iniciais da exposição ao metal alumínio. O capítulo 1 da presente tese, compara a expressão de miRNAs entre plantas silenciadas para o gene ASR5 (ASR5_RNAi) e plantas não transformadas (controle). De um total de 279 miRNAs maduros identificados, distribuídos em 60 famílias, 159 foram diferencialmente expressos quando as duas bibliotecas foram comparadas. Uma correlação negativa entre o MIR167 e seu gene alvo (LOC_Os07g29820) também foi confirmada por PCR em tempo real. Este é o primeiro trabalho sugerindo o envolvimento das proteínas ASR na regulação da expressão de miRNAs em planta. O segundo capítulo apresenta o estudo das proteínas ASR na manutenção da homeostase do pH em plantas de arroz. Verificou-se uma diminuição do crescimento radicular em plantas silenciadas em solução ácida, quando comparadas com plantas não transformadas nas mesmas condições. Também foi analisada a viabilidade da ponta de raízes quanto ao dano causado pelo baixo pH e diferentes concentrações de Ca+2, demonstrando que a adição de CaCl2 é capaz de aliviar o efeito tóxico do excesso de protons H+. Diversos genes reprimidos nas plantas silenciadas e envolvidos no mecanismo de manutenção do pH em células vegetais, também foram investigados. O terceiro e último capítulo é dedicado ao estudo da resposta inicial de plantas de Arabidopsis thaliana ao estresse por alumínio. Plantas com 7 dias de idade foram expostas a uma concentração de 25 μM de AlCl3 durante 3 horas e modificações na abundância de proteínas foi investigada com a técnica de espectrometria de massa. Um total de 3.213 proteínas foram identificadas, sendo que destas, 293 apresentaram variação no nível de expressão. Diversas proteínas com expressão induzida são funcionalmente associadas com a detoxificação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), indicando que o tratamento ocasionou estresse oxidativo nas raízes de A. thaliana. Também foram identificadas uma proteína mitocondrial carreadora de substrato e uma acyl-CoA oxidase com possível papel nos mecanismos de defesa em resposta a alumínio e com potencial para futuros estudos funcionais na planta modelo. De uma maneira geral, os resultados aqui apresentados mostram, pela primeira vez, que ASR5 está envolvida na regulação de miRNAs e na homeostase do pH em plantas de arroz, além de identificar proteínas responsivas ao estresse por alumínio em A. thaliana. / Plants are sessile organisms that continuously face adverse environmental situations, leading to a significant reduction in biomass and yield. The aim of the present work was to further study the ASR (ABA, stress and ripening) transcription factors in rice plants. Moreover, the responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to aluminum stress were also analyzed. The chapter 1 of this thesis compares the expression of mature miRNAs in the ASR5 silenced plants (ASR5_RNAi) and in non-transformed plants (control). From a total of 279 mature miRNA of 60 families, 159 were differentially expressed. A negative correlation of MIR167 and its target gene (LOC_Os07g29820) was also confirmed by real time RT-qPCR. This is the first report showing the involvement of ASR proteins in miRNA gene expression regulation. The second chapter presents the study of participation of ASR proteins in the maintenance of pH homeostasis in rice plants. The evaluation of root growth in ASR5_RNAi plants upon acid solution showed inhibition of root growth when compared to non-transformed plants in the same condition. Root tip feasibility and damage caused by low pH and different concentrations of Ca+2 was also analyzed. The results indicate that addition of CaCl2 is capable of alleviating the toxic effects of H+ protons. Several genes downregulated in silenced plants and involved in pH maintenance in plant cells have also been investigated. This work demonstrates the importance of ASR transcription factors in a biological process not yet described. The third and final chapter describes the study of the initial response of Arabidopsis thaliana to aluminum stress. Seven-day old seedlings were treated with 25 μM AlCl3 for 3 hours and submitted to quantitative analyses by mass spectrometry. A total of 3,213 proteins were identified, from which 293 proteins were differentially responsive upon aluminum treatment. Several proteins with increased expression in response to the treatment are functionally associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating that the Al3+ exposure caused oxidative stress in the roots of A. thaliana. A mitochondrial substrate carrier (At1g78180) and an acyl-CoA oxidase (At3g51840) with a putative role in Al defense were also up-regulated and constitute interesting targets for functional studies of aluminum toxicity in the model plant. Overall, the results here presented show for the first time that ASR5 is involved in miRNA and pH homeostases regulation in rice plants and also identify proteins responsive to aluminum stress in A. thaliana.
420

Temporalité de l'initiation des fleurs et contrôle de l'architecture de l'inflorescence / Temporality of Flower Initiation and Control of Inflorescence Architecture

Chaumeret, Anaïs 27 October 2017 (has links)
La phyllotaxie, arrangement d’éléments botaniques autour de l’axe primaire de la plante, suit unpatron spatio-temporel robuste. Elle est établie au niveau du Méristème Apical Caulinaire (MAC),qui est la niche de cellules souches post-embryonnaires des parties aériennes de la plante.L’accumulation locale de la phytohormone auxine déclenche la formation des organes latéraux auniveau du MAC. En même temps, la déplétion d’auxine dans les cellules environnantes crée unchamp inhibiteur, où toute nouvelle organogenèse est impossible. La croissance permet auxanciens organes de constamment s’éloigner du MAC, ce qui libère l’espace nécessaire auxnouvelles organogenèses. C’est un exemple frappant de processus biologique auto-organisé etitératif. Des mécanismes moléculaires et génétiques régulant la phyllotaxie ont été identifiés,majoritairement dans le contexte d’une phyllotaxie commune, qu’est la spirale de Fibonacci. Iln’est pas actuellement démontré que ces mécanismes expliquent aussi d’autres types dephyllotaxies. Nous avons identifié DRB27, un mutant d’Arabidopsis thaliana présentant une fortetendance à générer des pseudo-verticilles. Cela rappelle la phyllotaxie observée chez presquetoutes les fleurs et quelques tiges d’espèces non parentes. La quantification de la phyllotaxie deDRB27 ainsi que des expériences d’imagerie in vivo, ont révélé que ces groupes d’organes ne sontpas des verticilles, mais correspondent à des éruptions d’organogenèses se produisant en croissantà la périphérie du MAC quand, à l’inverse, de larges domaines restent inactifs. Ces observationsvont à l’encontre des règles classiques de positionnement d’organes lors de la mise en place de laphyllotaxie. De façon surprenante, nous avons identifié deux mutations candidates affectant lesrégulateurs abaxiaux FILAMENTOUS FLOWER et MIR166A, potentiellement toutes deuximpliquées dans le phénotype phyllotactique de DRB27. Alors que ces gènes sont exprimés dansles organes en développement, cela suggère des retours d’information sur la phyllotaxie, de façonnon autonome. Nous avons identifié des séries d’anomalies dans le MAC de DRB27, incluant despatrons de signalisation d’auxine anormaux, la perturbation des frontières entre les organes et leméristème, la modification des domaines WUS-CLV3 et de la géométrie du MAC, ainsi qu’unemodification de la dureté de la surface du méristème. Toutes ces données suggèrent que l’identitéet le développement des organes latéraux agissent sur l’homéostasie du MAC et l’établissement dupatron phyllotactique. / Phyllotaxis, the arrangement of botanical elements around plant axis,conforms to a robust spacial-temporal pattern. It is primarily established atthe shoot apical meristem (SAM), the post-embryonic aerial stem-cellniche. Local accumulation of the phytohormone auxin locally triggersorgan formation at the SAM, while depletion of auxin in the surroundingcells creates an inhibitory field, where no new organ can be initiated.Growth constantly moves older organs away from the SAM, clearingspace for new organogenesis. This is a striking example of an iterative and self-organized process driven by inhibitory fields. Molecular and geneticmechanisms regulating phyllotaxis are now being identified, but mostly inthe context of the most common Fibonacci spiral. Whether or not thesame mechanisms explain other types of phyllotaxis remains to beexplored. We identified DRB27, an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant with astrong tendency to generate clusters of organs. This is reminiscent of thewhorled phyllotaxis, observed in almost all angiosperm flowers and insome shoots of unrelated species. Quantification of DRB27 phyllotaxisand live imaging revealed that clusters are not whorls but correspond toburst of organs initiating in crescent domains at the periphery of the SAM.Conversely, large crescent domains remain devoid of organ initiation.Organogenesis in these clusters violates classical rules of organ spacing inphyllotactic systems. Surprisingly, we identified two candidate mutationsaffecting the two abaxial regulators FILAMENTOUS FLOWER andMIR166A, which likely combines to produce DRB27 peculiar phyllotaxis.Since these genes are expressed in developing organs, it suggests non-cellautonomous feedbacks on phyllotaxis. We identify a series of anomaliesin DRB27 SAM, including abnormal patterns of auxin signalling,perturbation of organ boundary formation, modification of CLV3/WUSdomains and SAM geometry and increase in cell wall stiffness. Takentogether our data questions how lateral organ identity and developmentfeedbacks on SAM homeostasis and phyllotaxis patterning.

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