This thesis interviews two women attorneys who have not previously shared their stories to relate their experience of going to law school and entering the field after graduation. The study of women lawyers and their stories is not a new topic, however, there is a focus in the scholarship to only explore the tales of the women who reached the big firsts, such as first female lawyer or first female judge. By providing interviews of women who have not reached these big accomplishments, the field gains a more rounded understanding of the history of female lawyers. The two women interviewed were part of the same county and same firm, though one is now retired. Through connecting these women’s stories to the existing literature, we find several shifts in attitudes towards female lawyers. The 1960s seem to be the time in which women profited off of their previous gains into the field, but it was not until after the 1990s in which the perception towards female lawyers shifted in a positive manner. This thesis comes at a pivotal moment for the law in the United States, as women’s rights and attitudes towards women are regressing. Through learning the hardships women went through to enter a field previously dominated by men, we are able to gain an understanding how recent these gains were made and the barriers that still exist.

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The aim of this thesis named Transforming of the Revolver Revue (1990-2000) and its Critical Analysis is to describe the image and development of the cultural magazine Revolver Revue, including its supplement Kritická Příloha Revolver Revue during the first decade after the 1989 "Velvet revolution". Special attention is given to its literature reviews that largely determined the reception of of the magazine. Because the magazine was strongly influenced by its underground roots and the examined period of 1990s was full of remarkable socio- political changes the historical context, especially the developments of media and literature of that period, is discussed. To get an image of the magazine's role and its transformations as seen from the outside we describe how it was received by the contemporary press. The theoretical part focuses on issues of the conception of the literary criticism, which relates to the search for the role of criticism in the 1990s and it outlines the diversity of different perspectives, concepts and attitudes. The section dedicated to Kritická Příloha includes analysis of a few chosen reviews and aims to explore the form of criticism published in this magazine. The thesis also includes interviews with the chief editor of Revolver Revue Terezie Pokorná, and with Jáchym Topol,...

In the 1950s, scholars in Europe and the United States announced the end of political ideology in the West. With the rise of affluent welfare states, they argued, ideological movements which sought to overthrow prevailing liberal democracy would disappear. While these arguments were questioned in the 1960s, similar ideas were presented after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Scholars now claimed that the end of the Cold War meant the end of mankind’s “ideological development,” that globalization would undermine the left/right distinction and that politics would be shaped by cultural affiliations rather than ideological alignments. The purpose of No alternatives is to compare the end of ideology discussion of the 1950s with some of the post-Cold War theories launched at the time of, or in the years following, the fall of the Berlin Wall. Juxtaposing monographs, essays and papers between 1950 and 2000, the dissertation focuses on three aspects of these theories. First, it analyzes their concepts of history, demonstrating that they tended to portray the existing society as an order which had resolved the conflicts and antagonisms of earlier history. Second, the investigation scrutinizes the processes of post-politicization at work in these theories, showing how they sought to transcend, contain or externalize social conflict, and at times dismiss politics altogether. Third, it demonstrates how the theories can be understood as legitimizing or mobilizing narratives which aimed to defend Western liberal democracy and to rally its citizens against internal threats and external enemies. As the title of the dissertation implies, the end of ideology discussion of the 1950s and the post-Cold War theories of the 1990s sought to highlight the historical or political impossibility of any alternatives to the present society.

Healthcare reforms and restructuring have been a global phenomenon since the early 1980s. The major structural reforms in the healthcare system in New South Wales (NSW) including the introduction and implementation of the area health management model (1986), the senior executive service (1989) and performance agreements (1990), heralded a new era in management responsibility and accountability. It is believed that the reforms, the process of the reforms, and the instability brought about by the reforms may have not only resulted in the change of senior healthcare management practices, but also in the change of competencies required for senior healthcare managers in meeting the challenges in the new era. However, limited studies have been conducted which examined how health reforms affected its senior health executive workforce and the above changes. Moreover, no study on senior healthcare managers has focused specifically on NSW after the major reforms were implemented. The purpose of this research was to examine how reforms in the NSW Health public sector affected its senior health executive workforce between 1990 and 1999 in terms of their roles and responsibilities, the competencies required, and the challenges they faced. This study, from a broad perspective, aimed to provide an overview of the NSW reforms, the forces behind the reforms and the effects the reforms may have had on senior health managers as predicted by the national and international literature. This study also explored the changes to the senior health executive workforce in the public sector during the period of rapid change in the 1990s and has provided indications of the managerial educational needs for future senior healthcare managers. Both quantitative and qualitative data have been collected by this study using triangulated methods including scientific document review and analyses, a postal questionnaire survey, and in-depth telephone interviews. The findings from the two quantitative methods informed and guided the development of the open-ended questions and overall focus of the telephone interviews. This study found differences in the characteristics and employment-related aspects between this study and previous studies in the 1980s and 1990s, and identified four major tasks, twelve key roles and seven core competencies required by senior health executives in the NSW Health public sector between 1990 and 1999. The study concludes that the demographic characteristics and the roles and responsibilities of the NSW Health senior executive workforce since the reforms of the 1980s have changed. This study also identified seven major obstacles and difficulties experienced by senior health executives and suggested that during the introduction and implementation of major healthcare reforms in NSW since 1986, barriers created by the ‘system’ prevented the achievement of its full potential benefits. Although this study did not focus on detailed strategies on how to minimise the negative impact of the health reforms on the senior health executives or maximise the chance of success in introducing new changes to the system, some suggestions are proposed. Most significantly, the study has developed a clear analytical framework for understanding the pyramidal relationships between tasks, roles and competencies and has developed and piloted a new competency assessment approach for assessing the core competencies required by senior health managers. These significant findings indicate the need for a replication of the study on an Australia-wide scale in order to extend the generalisability of the results and test the reliability and validity of the new competency assessment approach at various management levels in a range of healthcare sectors. This is the first study acknowledging the impact of the introduction of the area health management model, the senior executive service and performance agreements in the NSW public health system through an original insight into the personal experiences of the senior health executives of the reforms and examination of the major tasks that senior health executives performed and relevant essential competencies required to perform these tasks. The possible solutions identified in this study can guide the development of strategies in providing better support to senior healthcare managers when large-scale organisational changes are proposed in the future.

This paper focuses on mysteries written by the Afro-American women authors Barbara Neely and Valerie Wilson Wesley. Both authors place a black woman in the role of the detective - an innovative feature not only in the realm of female detective literature of the past two decades but also with regard to the current discourse about race and class in US-American society.<br><br> This discourse is important because detective novels are considered popular literature and thus a mass product designed to favor commercial instead of literary claims. Thus, the focus is placed on the development of the two protagonists, on their lives as detectives and as black women, in order to find out whether or not and how the genre influences the depiction of Afro-American experiences. It appears that both of these detective series represent Afro-American culture in different ways, which confirms a heterogenic development of this ethnic group. However, the protagonist's search for identity and their relationships to white people could be identified as a major unifying claim of Afro-American literature.<br><br> With differing intensity, the authors Neely and Wesley provide the white or mainstream reader with insight into their culture and confront the reader&#39;s ignorance of black culture. In light of this, it is a great achievement that Neely and Wesley have reached not only a black audience but also a growing number of white readers. / Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit stehen die Detektivserien der afroamerikanischen Autorinnen Barbara Neely und Valerie Wilson Wesley. Die Blanche White Mysteries von Neely und die Tamara Hayle Mysteries von Wesley repräsentieren mit der Einführung der schwarzen Hausangestellten Blanche White als Amateurdetektivin und der schwarzen Privatdetektivin Tamara Hayle nicht nur hinsichtlich der innerhalb der letzten zwanzig Jahre erschienen Welle von Kriminalautorinnen mit weiblichen Detektiven eine Innovation, sondern auch bezüglich der mit diesen Hauptfiguren verbundenen Auseinandersetzungen mit Klassenstatus und Rassismus.<br><br> Die bisher erschienen Detektivromane beider Serien werden in dieser Arbeit im Hinblick auf ihre Präsentation der Erfahrungen der Afroamerikaner in den USA der 1990er Jahre untersucht. Da Detektivromane der Populärliteratur zugerechnet werden und entsprechend ihrer Befriedigung von Massenansprüchen &quot;produziert&quot; werden, war die Fragestellung, ob in den genannten Detektivserien diese Hinwendung zur Mainstreamkultur mit einer verringerten Darstellung der afroamerikanischen Probleme und Lebensweise verbunden ist. Bei der Analyse der Serien wurde deshalb der Entwicklung der Protagonistinnen als Detektivinnen und als schwarze Frauen sowie der Wirkung ihrer Erzählerstimme besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt.<br><br> Die beiden Serien repräsentieren die afroamerikanische Kultur auf unterschiedlichen Erfahrungsstufen, woran erkennbar ist, dass die afroamerikanische Bevölkerung in den USA keine homogene Gruppe darstellt. Ausschlaggebend für das Erreichen des Anspruchs der Afroamerikaner an ihre Literatur scheint die Auseinandersetzung mit Fragen der Identitätsfindung der schwarzen Protagonistinnen und der Beziehungen zwischen Schwarzen und Weißen zu sein. Den Autorinnen gelingt es in unterschiedlichem Maße den weißen und somit Mainstream-Lesern nicht nur einen Einblick in ihre Kultur zu vermitteln, sondern vielmehr, sie direkt mit ihrer Ignoranz gegenüber dieser schwarzen Kultur zu konfrontieren. Neelys und Wesleys große Leistung ist, dass die Stimmen ihrer Protagonistinnen sowohl ein zahlreiches schwarzes als auch ein wachsendes weißes Publikum erreichen.

Abstract   Title: Från neutralitet till öppenhet? – En studie av säkerhetspolitikens utveckling i Sverige efter kalla krigets slut Author: Jens Kindh Supervisor: Patric Lindgren Linnaeus University Department of Political Science Spring term 2012   When the Cold War ended, a new security situation was unfolded in Sweden. The purpose of this thesis is to describe and compare how the Swedish security policy is organized and how it has changed since the Cold War ended. To do that, I’m going to try answer the following questions: How is the Swedish security policy organized? What defence resolutions have affected the Swedish security policy after the Cold War ended? How has different political actions made its impact on the Swedish security policy after the Cold War ended? My theory is to try explain how the Swedish security policy has changed after the Cold War through a realism security perspective called traditional security, which refers to a realistic construct of the states security policy. Furthermore, to explain Sweden’s security policy and its changes, I’m going to use the three defence resolution from 1996, 2000 and 2009. In addition, books and articles will also be used to explain how Sweden’s security policy is conducted and how it was developed after the Cold War ended. The results showed that Sweden’s security policy has gone through some substantially changes.   Words: 11 854   Keywords: Sweden, Security policy, Sweden after the 1990s, Official, Swedish defense resolutions,

The submitted work is oriented towards the writing of young poets who made their authorial debuts into literary communication in the 1990s. It regards the creation of authors unburdered by experience with the cutural politics valid before November 1989, and therefore creation born in the complicated context of the post-totalitarian cultural situation in which very different traditions were combined, including traditions which were banned from public communication during the previous decades. Parallel with this process the young poetry of the 1990s was born, whose character was inevitably marked by the period interest in everything from the past that had been until recently forbidden. The work begins with an independent chapter devoted to the literary-critrical reception of young poetry in the 1990s. Aspects analyzed include the language, framework of values, criteria and expectations which were valid for contemporary literary criticism of young poetry in the 1990s. It is demonstrated that the key question for young poetry to answer was the question of what traditions it should draw upon in the changed and democratized cultural and social conditions. Expectations were oriented in the direction of the past, towards a connection with one of the worthy and newly non-proscribed traditions, rather than towards a neo-avantgarde seach for new expressive registers. The subsequent three chapters follow three expressive currents within the framework of young poetry of the 1990s {--} spiritual poetry, objective poetry and imaginative poetry. Analytical and interpretational explorations of these three currents are linked by a common point of view, which is a focus on the lyrical subject and the form of its stylization. This methodological point of departure leans on Červenka's theory of the the lyric subject, to which is devoted the independent theoretically oriented chapter in the introductory part of the work. This unified focus of attention on the lyric subject made it possible in the conclusion of this work to create a typology of the form of the lyric subject and to follow basic tendencies characteristic for subjectivity in the young poetry of the 1990s. It was demonstrated that the young poetry of the 1990s was willing to accept the three traditional lyrical modes and expressive registers, but it removes from them any kind of programmatic and ideological accents. Traditional lyrical modes, after their transplantation into a post-totalitarian and also post-modern situation, stop being part of a master narrative and therefore their original metanarrative character is eliminated (from spiritual poetry the explicit confessionality is lost, imaginative poetry removes surrealistic revolutionarity and psychologism, the poetry of objectivity eliminates the pathos regarding necessary developmental change, with it this lyrical mode was applied by Skupina 42). Traditions therefore do not continue to evolve in their original forms, but are selectively used with a view to the current state of culture and thought.

South Africa has undergone profound political and social transformations since 1990. These changes influenced the perceptions of individuals in Generations X and Y. In South Africa, the members of Generation X experienced their formative years during the transitional years of South Africa’s young democracy during the 1990s, while the members of Generation Y were born during the last decade of apartheid. For the purpose of this study Generation X was classified as those consumers who were born in the period of 1961 to 1981, while Generation Y was born in the period of 1982 to 1994. Generation Y would recall the release of Nelson Mandela from prison and the political transition in the country. The study focused on generational cohorts instead of generations. Generational cohorts are distinct from generations as they are defined according to their transition from childhood to adulthood. A generation on the other hand is defined by its year of birth. This study investigated possible differences in the brand equity perceptions of South African consumers in Generations X and Y. It generated insights regarding generational differences in consumers’ perceptions of four specific brand equity dimensions, namely brand awareness, brand associations, perceived quality and brand loyalty. Equally important was a comprehensive understanding of how consumers in Generations X and Y differed with regard to the aforementioned four consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) dimensions when making a purchase decision regarding electronic consumer goods, particularly a television set. Consequently, this study extended the existing knowledge of consumer behaviour and CBBE by investigating pertinent perceptual differences between Generations X and Y. A mall intercept survey using a self-completion questionnaire was used to gather quantitative data from 223 respondents in Generations X and Y who purchased or were exposed to television sets. A demographic profile of the respondents who participated in the study indicates that 67 of the 114 respondents in Generation X (i.e., 53.2%) were males, compared to 59 of 108 respondents in Generation Y (i.e., 46.8%). The majority of respondents in both Generations X and Y had a diploma as their highest qualification. The Generation X sample contained a higher proportion of African respondents (i.e.,59.5%) compared to the Generation Y sample (i.e., 40.5%). The income profile suggested that there were distinct differences in terms of net monthly household income between respondents from the two generations. Serveral exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were conducted in which the Likert scale statements in question 3 to 6 (see Appendix A p.170-174) measuring different subdimensions of consumer-based brand equity dimensions were subjected to a principal components analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation. The results of the final EFA analysis involved 17 Likert scale items. The PCA revealed four factors (components). These components were brand associations in terms of product quality and value, brand awareness, brand loyalty and brand associations in terms of product manufacturer. Further statistical analysis was conducted based on the four components to test for significant mean differences. The non-parametric test, Mann-Whitney U Test, was conducted. The results confirmed the alternative hypothesis that, there are significant differences between Generation X and Y with regard to their perceptions of brand loyalty. The implications of the findings of the study, to marketing practitioners and brand managers is that they need to understand the type of association Generation X and Y have regarding their brands for effective and strategic planning in order to remain competitive. In addition to that, Generation X’s perception of quality does not differ significantly to that of Generation Y, thus it will be beneficial for practitioners to develop unique quality features. Consequently, they must intensify awareness around their brands. / Dissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Marketing Management / unrestricted

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This research attempts to answer the following questions: How and why genocide became possible in Gishamvu and Kibayi? In other words, what was the nature of power at different epochs and how was it exercised? How did forms of political competition evolve? In relation to these forms of competition, what forms of violence occurred acrosshistory and how did they manifest themselves at local level up to 1994? And what was the place of identity politics? Then, what were economic and social conditions since colonial times up to 1994 and how were these conditions instrumentalized in the construction of the ideology of genocide? Finally, how did the Tutsi genocide unfold in Gishamvu and Kibayi? / South Africa