CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A celulose bacteriana (CB) desperta grande interesse por parte dos pesquisadores por apresentar estrutura nanomÃtrica, alto Ãndice de cristalinidade, alta porosidade, biocompatibilidade e elevado potencial tecnolÃgico. Diversas fontes de carbono alternativas tÃm sido estudadas para a produÃÃo de CB obtendo-se resultados satisfatÃrios quando compara-se com mÃtodos tradicionais que utilizam meio sintÃticos. O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu em avaliar a produÃÃo de CB utilizando fontes agroindustriais (lÃquido de sisal e suco de caju) como substrato, no cultivo de Gluconacetobacter hansenii ATCC 23769 sob condiÃÃes estÃticas. Para tal, avaliou-se o efeito da concentraÃÃo de aÃÃcares, pH e suplementaÃÃo do meio com fontes de nitrogÃnio na produÃÃo de CB. Avaliou-se tambÃm a eficiÃncia da purificaÃÃo e o grau de cristalinidade da CB obtida. A maior produÃÃo de CB foi obtida apÃs cultivo da bactÃria por 10 dias utilizando meio obtido atravÃs da diluiÃÃo do lÃquido de sisal para 15 g/L de aÃÃcares, com ajuste de pH em 5 e suplementaÃÃo do meio com 7,5 g/L de extrato de levedura. Para o suco de caju a maior produÃÃo obtida foi de 0,34 g/L, apÃs 5 dias de cultivo e com meio ajustado para 50 g/L de aÃÃcares. Quanto Ãs caracterizaÃÃes tÃrmicas (TGA e DSC), Raio X e FTIR, a CB obtida a partir do lÃquido do sisal apresenta perfis semelhantes à CB obtida em meio padrÃo. Conclui-se que o lÃquido do sisal à o substrato mais promissor para a produÃÃo de CB. / Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an interesting biomaterial for researchers because it presents structure in nanoscale dimensions, high crystallinity degree, high porosity, biocompatibility, and high technological potential. Alternative carbon sources have been studied to replace traditional synthetic medium as a substrate for BC production, achieving satisfactory results. The aim of this work was to evaluate BC production using agro-industrial sources (sisal juice and cashew apple juice) as substrates in Gluconacetobacter hansenii ATCC 23769 cultivation under static conditions. The effects of sugars concentration, pH, and nitrogen sources supplementation were evaluated on the BC yield production. The efficiency of the BC purification process and the crystallinity degree of BC were also evaluated. The higher yield of BC was obtained after 10 days of cultivation in the medium based on sisal juice with the following parameters: 15 g/L of sugars, pH 5, and nitrogen supplementation with 7.5 g/L of yeast extract. When use cashew apple juice, the higher yield of BC was obtained after 5 days of cultivation in the medium with 50 g/L of sugars. The BC from the sisal juice medium presented similar TG, DSC, XRD, and FTIR characteristics to the BC from the standard medium. Thus, the sisal juice is a suitable substrate for BC production.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 taiomara.pdf: 1065464 bytes, checksum: af0fbef1e995478eaa14a58b94c0cbd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Extracellular β-fructofuranosidase production from Aspergillus versicolor was significantly increased after optimization of culture conditions by Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD). The variables studied were apple pomace, initial pH and cultivation time, and in response to enzymatic activity of β-fructofuranosidase. The maximum yield of β-fructofuranosidase was obtained when the fungus was grown for 12 days in medium supplemented with 3% (w/v) apple pomace as carbon source and the initial medium pH 7.0. In the purification procedure, the extracellular crude extract of A. versicolor was precipitated with ammonium sulfate 75%, and applied to the ion exchange chromatography DEAE-Sephadex, which resulted in two peaks of enzyme activities, named β-fructofuranosidase-I and II. The β-frutofuranosidase- I exhibited optimum temperature and pH of 55°C and 6.0, respectively. The enzyme was stable at temperatures from 40 to 60°C and the pH in a range from 3.0 to 6.0. The activity of β-fructofuranosidase-I was increased in the presence of the Fe2+ ion, and inhibited by Hg2+. The kinetic parameters Vmax and Km with sucrose as substrate were 26.71 mm and 56.980 μmol.min-1, respectively. These biochemical characteristics of the β-fructofuranosidase demonstrate the potential application of this enzyme in the ethanol production industry, which requires high temperature stability and acidic pH. / A produção de β-frutofuranosidase extracelular de Aspergillus versicolor foi significativamente elevada após otimização das condições de cultivo através do Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR). As variáveis estudadas foram: bagaço de maçã, pH inicial do meio mineral e tempo de cultivo, tendo como resposta a atividade enzimática da β-frutofuranosidase. A produção máxima de β-frutofuranosidase foi obtida quando o fungo foi cultivado por 12 dias, em meio suplementado com 3% (p/v) de bagaço de maçã como fonte de carbono e pH inicial 7,0 do meio mineral. No procedimento de purificação, o extrato bruto extracelular do A. versicolor foi precipitado com sulfato de amônio 75%, em seguida submetido à cromatografia de troca iônica DEAE-Sephadex, que resultou em dois picos de atividade enzimática, denominadas de β-frutofuranosidase I e II. A β-frutofuranosidase I exibiu temperatura e pH ótimos de 55ºC e 6,0, respectivamente. A enzima mostrou estabilidade nas temperaturas de 40 a 60ºC e foi estável em pH na faixa de 3,0 a 6,0. A atividade da β-frutofuranosidase I foi aumentada na presença do íon Fe2+, mas inibida pelo íon Hg2+. Os parâmetros cinéticos Km e Vmáx utilizando sacarose como substrato, foram 26,71 mM, e 56,980 μmol.min-1, respectivamente. Estas características bioquímicas da β-frutofuranosidase evidenciam o potencial de aplicação desta enzima na indústria de produção de etanol, que exige estabilidade a temperatura alta e pH ácido.

As fibras de coprodutos da produção de sucos, néctar e refrescos possuem propriedade funcional, envolvidas no metabolismo fermentativo da microbiota intestinal, com benefícios potenciais á saúde dos cães. O emprego de coprodutos alimentícios humano no desenvolvimento de petfood apresentam vantagens de sustentabilidade ambiental e econômica. O estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos de dietas extrusadas com inclusão fixa de 3,5% de celulose (CEL), farelo de arroz desengordurado (FAR), polpa cítrica (PCT) e polpa de maçã (PMA) como fontes de fibras dietéticas solúveis e insolúveis nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes (CDA), respostas glicêmicas e insulinêmicas pós- prandiais e produtos de fermentação nas fezes. O experimento foi realizado com oito cães adultos hígidos, peso médio de 15,0&#177;5,0kg e idade média de 5,0&#177;2,0 anos, distribuídos em delineamento em dois quadrados latino 4x4. Após 7 dias de adaptação dos animais, realizou-se coleta de fezes nos dias 5&ordm;-10&ordm; para determinar CDA das dietas, entre 12&ordm; ao 15&ordm; dia mensurados pH, produção de ácido lático, AGCC, AGCR e aminas biogênicas (AB) das fezes, seguidos pelas coletas de sangue para determinação das respostas glicêmicas e insulinêmicas pós-prandiais nos 16&ordm; e 17&ordm; dias. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos (p>0,05) no CDA da matéria orgânica (MO) e matéria mineral (MM), entretanto, houve efeito (p<0,05) nos CDAs da proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo em hidrólise ácida (EEHA), fibra bruta (FB) e extrativos não nitrogenados (ENN). O tratamento CEL apresentou maior CDA da PB e menor CDA da FB. O CDA dos ENN não apresentou diferença entre PMA e CEL. Em relação às características fecais, observou-se maior MS no tratamento CEL. Os tratamentos PCT e PMA resultaram em pH das fezes inferior aos tratamentos CEL e FAR e sem diferenças entre si. O tratamento PMA resultou em maior escore fecal e menor produção de fezes por cão/dia na MS, contrário ao tratamento PCT, que resultou em maior produção de fezes cão/dia, na MO e MS. Não foi observado efeito dos tratamentos (p>0,05) nas concentrações fecais de lactato e AB. O tratamento PCT resultou em maior produção de acetato, propionato e butirato que o tratamento CEL (p<0,05), enquanto que os tratamentos PCT e PMA resultaram em produção de AGCR mais elevados que FAR (p<0,05). Não houve efeito das fontes de fibras estudadas nas respostas glicêmicas e insulinêmicas pós- prandiais (p<0,05). / The coproducts of fiber production of juice, nectar and soft drinks have functional property, involved in fermentative metabolism of intestinal microbiota, with potential benefits to health of dogs. The use of co-products of human food industry in the development of petfood has advantages of environmental and economic sustainability. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of extruded diets with fixed inclusion of 3.5% cellulose (CEL), defatted rice bran (FAR), citrus pulp (PCT) and apple pulp (PMA) as sources of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers on dog total tract apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients (ADC), glycemic and insulin postprandial responses, and fermentation products in the stool. The experiment was carried out on eight healthy adult dogs of mean weight of 15.0 &#177; 5,0kg and a mean age of 5,0 &#177; 2,0 years allotted to a 4 x 4 Latin square two. After 7 days of adjustment of the animals to the diets, there was feces collection in the days 5th-10th to determine CDA diets, between 12th to 15th measured pH, lactic acid production, AGCC, AGCR and biogenic amines (BA) of the stool, followed by blood samples for determination of glucose and insulin responses postprandial in 16 and 17 days. There was no effect of the treatments (p> 0.05) in the ADC of organic matter (OM) and mineral matter (MM), however, was no effect (p <0.05) in CDAs of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract acid hydrolysis (EEHA), crude fiber (CF) and nitrogen free extract (NFE). The CEL treatment obtained higher ADC of CP and lower ADC of FB. The ACD of NFE no difference between PMA and CEL. For fecal characteristics, there was a higher DM in CEL treatment. PCT treatments and PMA resulted in fecal pH lower than the CEL and FAR treatments and without differences. The PMA treatment resulted in greater fecal score and lower production of faeces per dog / day in DM, contrary to the PCT treatment, which resulted in increased production of dog feces / day in MO and DM. There was no effect of the treatments (p> 0.05) in fecal concentrations of lactate and AB. The PCT treatment resulted in increased production of acetate, propionate and butyrate that CEL treatment (p <0.05), while the PCT and PMA treatments resulted in higher production AGCR that FAR (p <0.05). There was no effect (p <0.05) of sources of fiber studied for glycemic and insulin curves, area under the curve (AUC) of glucose and insulin, increasing blood glucose and insulin.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 can contaminate dropped apples used for juicing via contact with manure or fecally tainted irrigation water and attach to the flesh of the apple through bruises and wounds where surface sanitizers are not effective. The goal of this project was to determine the efficacy of gamma irradiation at the maximum allowed dose of 1000 Gy to inactivate Escherichia coli O157: H7 in whole apples used for juicing. Whole apples were punctured to simulate wounds which were then inoculated with an outbreak strain of E.coli O157:H7 and subjected to gamma irradiation at doses upto 1000 Gy. The D-value of the E.coli O157:H7 strain was 334 Gy indicating that irradiation at 1000 Gy would result in a 3-log reduction of this pathogen. Contaminated apples were also stored for 3 weeks at refrigerated temperature during which time E.coli O157:H7 survived but did not grow. The inoculated apples were juiced, and the juice was stored up to 72 h. There was no change in counts of E.coli O157:H7 in the juice from the control apples, but irradiation at >600 Gy reduced counts by >3 logs, and survivors were not detected after 72 h storage. Sensory testing of juice treated at 652 Gy indicated consumers could tell the difference from control juice, due mostly to greater sweetness of the juice from irradiated apples. These results show that E.coli O157:H7 can easily survive in bruised apples and the juice made from them. Irradiation at 1000 Gy can provide significant lethality of E.coli O157:H7 in apples and juice conferring a greater level of safety without negative effects on sensory quality.

Studies were conducted under greenhouse conditions to investigate the relative efficiency of urea absorption by 1-month-old peach and apple leaves. A 4 percent solution of urea containing .1 percent Colloidal X-77 was applied to the leaves in the form of a fine spray. To aid in this procedure, an improved micros prayer with a l milliliter capacity was developed. Accuracy of the sprayer was ± l percent. Under greenhouse conditions, the upper and lower surface of peach and apple leaves absorbed urea. More urea was absorbed through the lower than the upper surface. Peach lower surface absorbed nearly as much as apples after 48 hours. In another experiment using a controlled environmental growth chamber, the effect of temperature, humidity and surfactant (Colloidal X-77) on absorption of 1 percent 14C urea solution by apple and peach leaves were studied. Uptake was again much greater from the lower surface of the leaves as compared to the upper surface. Low relative humidity (25 percent) reduced absorption substantially. High temperature (24 centigrade) under low humidity (25 percent) decreased absorption. Uptake was increased substantially with the high temperature (24 centigrade) and relative humidity (85 percent). Peach leaves were more sensitive to temperature than apple, in regard to the amount of absorption that occurred. In peach, a 5 to 10 fold decrease in absorption was observed when the temperature was lowered from 24 to 10 centigrade. Surfactant increased absorption through the lower surface within a short period after application but decreased it afterwards. Urea absorption through 45-day-old leaves at 85 percent relative humidity and 24 centigrade indicated that within 48 hours over 90 percent of the urea applied to lower surfaces was absorbed by both species of leaves. A cuticular permeability experiment indicated that upper cuticles from both species of leaves were permeable to urea. It seemed that permeability of peach cuticle increased with time at the higher temperature. After 48 hours, the amount of urea, which penetrated through the peach cuticle at 24 centigrade, was 2.7 fold as much as at 10 centigrade. Urea absorption within 1 hour and translocation after 4 hours were observed under favorable conditions (24 centigrade and 85 percent relative humidity). Radioautograms of 14C urea treated apple and peach leaves indicated that the 14C urea and/ or its metabolites had been translocated within a large portion of the leaf within 8 hours after application. Studies were also performed on these species utilizing microradioautography and histochemistry techniques. Microradioautograms prepared from treated leaf sections demonstrated that adsorption and absorption of radioactive urea occurred on the epidermal hairs of apple leaves. Urea entry occurred in both apple and peach leaves as evidenced by high activity of 14C compounds within the leaf tissue. Microscopic observations of freshly sectioned leaves of both apple and peach demonstrated a relatively high amount of pectinaceous substances between the cell walls and especially the bundle sheath and bundle-sheath extension cells. Pectinaceous substances were present more in apple cuticle than in peach cuticle.

The thesis studied the biological control of woolly aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm.) using European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.) in an Australian apple orchard IPM program. Woolly aphid populations were monitored over the 1995/96 and 1996/97 growing seasons, completing a four year study of the pest's status and management under IPM programs at Bathurst in the Central Tablelands of NSW. Woolly aphid infestation in 2 IPM treatments, based on alternative control techniques for codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), namely mating disruption and fenoxycarb, were compared with a conventional insecticide azinphos-methyl program. Further, the thesis studied the toxicity, to adult European earwigs, of chemicals commonly used in Australian apple orchards. The pesticide alpha-cypermethrin is highly toxic to weevil spp. and is used by apple growers in Western Australia for their control, but it is also toxic to earwigs. This trial investigated the potential of alpha-cypermethrin to disrupt the biological control of woolly aphid. Following a single application as a butt spray, alpha-cypermethrin suppressed the number of earwigs in apple trees for 14 weeks. The single application did not reduce earwig numbers to the extent that the biological control of woolly aphid was lost, however a full season program with applications every 14 to 21 days to all trees, as recommended to control weevils, within an orchard is likely to be very disruptive. The research also studied the control of woolly aphid using insecticide root-soil drenches. Imidacloprid provided excellent control of woolly aphid for 3 seasons. Pirimcarb provided some suppression of woolly aphid during the first season, but not in subsequent seasons. Chlorpyrifos and vamidothion failed to control woolly aphid in any season. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

手機產業是人類發明產品中，成長最快速的產業。近二十年的時間，已銷售超過三十億隻手機。在手機產業成長及利潤趨近成熟飽和之際，智慧型手機的出現，帶給手機業者新的利潤及事業發展空間，但同時也改變了手機產業長久以來的產業生態及營運模式。iPhone 的上市及其結合軟硬體和下載服務的創新營運模式，顛覆了傳統手機市場的思維與操作方式，也讓消費者對於手機上網及應用服務有了不同的體驗與認知。Apple在App Store有超過十萬個應用程式，讓使用者以自行下載自己需求的應用服務。Apple這種爲個人量身打造的個人化行銷，讓iPhone自2007年六月上市以來至今已銷售了四千多萬支，並且讓Apple iPhone 2009年第三季獲利，打敗全球市佔率第一的Nokia，創下手機產業的歷史紀錄。 宏達電在2007年六月搶先在iPhone上市前，搶先推出HTC Touch 觸控智慧型手機，轟動全球，也讓HTC躋身於全球前五大智慧型手機品牌。 HTC自創的HTC Flow使用者介面，不僅打破過去Microsoft WM 的標準介面設計，更奠定HTC在全球智慧型手機的品牌形象及里程碑。在Touch上市之後，HTC 不斷推陳出新，陸續發表了HTC Touch 2， Pro 2等手機，更於2008年10月與Google合作，推出全球第一隻Android手機G1，隨後並推出 HTC Dream、Magic及備受好評的Hero及HTC Sense 使用者介面。在2009年12月更推出全球第一支4.2 吋的Windows Mobile 6.5的手機 HD2，在2010年1月又由Google在CES大展推出宏達電代工生產的第一支Google品牌手機Nexus One，大幅拉抬宏達電的知名度及強化宏達電在Android 手機平台的領先形象。 Google在2007年成立開放手機聯盟(OHA)，把原本封閉的手機作業系統，一舉推向免費授權的系統，把原本在電腦上的服務也盡量複製到手機，推出Google Mobile Service (GMS)，除了HTC，許多手機大廠如Motorola，Samsung，SE，紛紛開始上市Android介面手機且開始經營品牌的加值應用服務，除此之外，還有許多台灣的電腦廠商如華碩、宏碁也紛紛加入Android智慧型手機市場。Google Nexus One於2010年一月上市，Google計畫複製iPhone營運模式的成功經驗，藉由上市Google手機，擴展Android System及應用程式市場的營收，並首度成立全球性的網路商店，宣稱以簡單的概念為核心， 建立一個全新的銷售通路，創造一個簡單的使用者體驗，簡單的購買程式並自由選擇費率方案等服務。 未來的智慧型手機競爭，不僅在於硬軟體的推陳出新，還要思考整體營運模式，把內容服務當成競爭優勢的重點。在這波新的智慧型手機戰役中，iPhone 及HTC是否能夠持續保持優勢？ 本研究將比較Apple iPhone及HTC兩家公司之事業創新營運模式及核心策略並探討Apple iPhone 及 HTC在未來手機產業中將會面臨的挑戰。

Thesis (M. Ed.)--Kutztown State College. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2818. Typescript. Abstract precedes thesis as preliminary leaf [1]. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-38).

The rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea, (Homoptera: Aphididae) is a serious pest of apples in British Columbia (BC), Canada and especially in organic orchards where conventional controls cannot be used. The goals of this study were to determine the environmental or management factors of an orchard that lead to high aphid populations, to conduct an economic assessment of the damage, to determine the timing of autumn migration, and to test several autumn and spring chemical control methods and two novel autumn mechanical control methods targeting the aphids while on their alternate host, Plantago major. To explain the variation among orchards, I evaluated several potential correlates of aphid density: abundance of the alternate host (plantain, Plantago major), foliar tree nitrogen, tree age, tree planting density, and the application of an oil treatment in spring. Stepwise regression indicated that foliar nitrogen and tree age explain 27% of the variation. Orchards receiving a spring oil application had a 53% lower average aphid infestation level. Plantain abundance was not related to aphid population on apple. However, experimental manipulation of leaf angle from the ground and size showed that significantly more alate and apterous aphids occurred on large, low angle leaves. Mowing prior to spring aphid migration was associated with 75% fewer alatae and apterae on the plantain. The loss in harvest resulting from aphid damage ranged from 3% to 76% of the crop. Effective autumn control depends on accurate timing of aphid flight. The peak of female flight occurred on the 27th of September, 2007 at 11:56 hours daylength (sunrise to sunset) and the peak of male flight occurred on the12th of October, 2007 at 11:02 hours daylength. Aphid densities in the spring of 2008 were very low, making comparisons between treatments and controls difficult. Autumn applications of Superior dormant oil and kaolin clay were not effective. The PureSpray Green treatments of two October applications and one April application showed a significant reduction in rosy apple aphid infested clusters compared with the untreated control. Mowing and rotavating did not result in a significant reduction in aphid infestation level.

Das Standardverfahren ULO (Ultra Low Oxygene) zur Lagerung von Äpfeln wurde mit zwei neuen DCA-Lagerverfahren (Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere) verglichen. Ziel des Projektes war, die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der sächsischen Erzeuger durch eine Verbesserung der Qualität und der zeitlichen Verfügbarkeit von Äpfeln zu erhöhen. Im dreijährigen Versuch mit den Sorten Gala und Shampion zeigten sich Unterschiede in der Fruchtfleischfestigkeit. Sie blieb bei der DCA-Lagerung besser und länger erhalten als bei der Standard ULO-Lagerung. Bei der DCA-Lagerung und der ULO-Lagerung mit Ethylenreduktion entstehen im Vergleich zur normalen ULO-Lagerung höhere Kosten.