Metropolitan regions around the world are growing rapidly and face a complex and uncertain future. Plans for metropolitan regions cover large geographic areas, address a wide range of issues, and involve governments and many other organizations. They are prepared and implemented over a long timeframe. Planning for the future of metropolitan regions involves addressing uncertainties about future trends, external events, organisational intentions, political agendas and community values. In this thesis, it is argued that traditional planning approaches that emphasise what is known or thought to be known need to be turned on their head and the focus of planning efforts aimed directly at understanding what is unknown or needs to be known, i.e. at uncertainties. It builds upon concepts of uncertainty from philosophy, economics, planning, management theory and psychology to develop a comprehensive and dynamic conceptual framework for understanding and managing uncertainties in metropolitan planning. Uncertainties are perceived in social processes. The conceptual framework developed in this thesis distinguishes between environmental uncertainties, which are perceived by all people in a community, and process uncertainties, which are perceived by people actively involved in a planning process. The framework identifies five types of uncertainties to be understood and managed in planning: external uncertainties; chance events; causal uncertainties; organisational uncertainties; and value uncertainties. Planning processes envisage and construct alternative futures and each of these alternatives raises different uncertainties. Planning is conceived as a process of exploring alternative futures by visioning and analytical methods and of agreeing on a desired/ planned future and on how to get there. The conceptual framework has been used as a basis for two case studies of the preparation of metropolitan plans: the Livable Region Strategic Plan 1996 for Greater Vancouver, Canada; and the Regional Framework for Growth Management 1995 for South East Queensland, Australia. The case studies show that all five types of uncertainties were perceived by people actively involved in metropolitan planning. The types and level of uncertainties perceived changed through the planning process according to stages in the process, activities in the process and other events. In exploring alternative futures and a desired future, the planning process raises uncertainties and these have to be addressed and dealt with in order to reach agreement about the final plan. The case studies show that uncertainties in plan preparation were dealt with in the following five ways: • Avoided by deleting these aspects or elements of the desired future; • Deferred to a later planning process; • Referred to be dealt with by a different organisation; • Resolved by additional information collection, agreements or consultation; and • Retained in the plan and reviewed with the passage of time or contingent events. The studies also show that how uncertainties are managed, and particularly how uncertainties are dealt with in reaching agreement about the planned future, directly affects the nature and contents of the metropolitan plan produced. In this process of reaching agreement, there is a tension between achieving better or achieving more certain outcomes. How agreement occurs is affected by the interests and views of powerful groups in the decision-making process. Overall, the research shows that a focus on uncertainties assists in understanding the planning process and its outputs and that metropolitan planning can be usefully conceived as a process of understanding and managing uncertainties. Based on this research, on planning theories and on risk management models, a framework for understanding and managing uncertainties in metropolitan plan-making is proposed, involving five main stages, namely: • Initiate the planning process; • Identify the uncertainties and planning approach; • Identify the Desired Future; • Agree on the Planned Future; and • Implement the plan. The management framework involves specific methods and processes for understanding and managing uncertainties in metropolitan plan-making. The aim of the framework is to agree on a better future for a metropolitan region, compared to the trend, and with more certainty of achievement. The theories or concepts that we use to represent events and their relationships determine the kinds of action we can envisage. In the quest for certainty about better future outcomes for metropolitan regions, this thesis shows that understanding and managing uncertainty provides a powerful guide to action.

Computing is increasingly pervading the activities of our everyday lives: at work, at home, and out on the town. When designing these pervasive systems there is a need to better understand and incorporate the context of use and yet there are limited empirical investigations into what constitutes this context. The user’s physical and social situation is an important part of their context when operating in an urban environment and thus needs to be understood and included in the interaction design of context-aware pervasive computing. This thesis has combined ideas from human computer interaction (HCI) and architecture to investigate indexicality in interface design as an instrument for incorporating physical and social context of the built environment into context-aware pervasive computing. Indexicality in interface design is a new approach to designing HCI for pervasive computing that relies on knowledge of current context to implicitly communicate between system and user. It reduces the amount of information that needs to be explicitly displayed in the interface while maintaining the usefulness and understandability of the communication.

Planejadores têm recomendado políticas de uso do solo e desenho urbano visando à promoção do transporte não motorizado e a consequente redução do uso do automóvel. A grande parte destes estudos foi desenvolvida em países industrializados. Em cidades em desenvolvimento, com rápido crescimento urbano, e problemas de transporte intensificados, tais como congestionamento e poluição do ar, qual o impacto que é possível esperar de mudanças na estrutura urbana no padrão de viagens a pé? Esta tese pretende responder essa questão no contexto de América Latina, focando o estudo na cidade de Porto Alegre, Brasil. O desenvolvimento do trabalho ocorre através de cinco etapas, que são apresentadas em formato de artigos. Os artigos procuram analisar através de diferentes abordagens e diferentes fontes de dados a interação entre estrutura urbana e viagens a pé. Assim, em alguns artigos os dados de viagens são coletados através de questionários domiciliares realizados especificamente para fins do estudo, em outros, são utilizados dados de pesquisas domiciliares Origem- Destino realizadas em Porto Alegre. Os dados da estrutura urbana analisados são de dois tipos: (i) subjetivos percebidos pelos entrevistados, e (ii) objetivos, medidos e processados através de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (GIS). Os resultados obtidos apontam que existe uma relação entre estrutura urbana e viagens a pé. Ainda, a relação existente é primariamente uma função das características socioeconômicas dos viajantes, e, secundariamente, função da estrutura urbana. Dentre as características urbanas, densidade populacional, padrão viário em forma de grelha, topografia pouco acentuada e comércios e serviços próximos à residência mostraram ser as mais significativas. Resultados similares foram obtidos em estudos realizados em cidades em desenvolvimento, como é o caso de Santiago (Chile), Bogotá (Colômbia) e São Carlos (Brasil). Efeitos decorrentes de mudanças na estrutura urbana serão positivos. Porém, efeitos maiores serão obtidos, provavelmente, por políticas que tornem a posse do carro menos desejável ou mais cara. Enquanto no longo prazo os esforços devem ser dirigidos à construção de estruturas urbanas que melhor acomodem e estimulem a realização de viagens a pé, no curto prazo deve ser destacada a importância de ações que influenciem a atitude e as percepções das pessoas sobre a caminhada. / Researchers have studied the impact of policies for land use and urban design in order to promote non-motorized trips and the consequent reduction in car use. However, the majority of these studies had been performed in cities of developed countries. In developing countries, cities undergo rapid urban growth, fast increase in car ownership rates and this enhanced transportation problems such as congestion and air pollution. This dissertation aims to better understand what impact can be expected from changes in urban structure in the pattern of walking trips, in the context of Latin-American city such as Porto Alegre, Brazil. The research conducted in this dissertation is structured in five stages, which are presented in the form of five scientific papers. These articles seek to analyze through different approaches and different data sources, the interaction between urban structure and walking trips. Thus, in some of them travel data were collected through household surveys, which were conducted specifically for this study, while in others, data from household surveys obtained from the Origin-Destination Study for the City of Porto Alegre was used. The data about the urban structure analyzed are of two types: (i) subjective perceived by respondents, and (ii) objective, measured and processed using Geographic Information System (GIS). The results indicate that there is a relationship between urban structure and walking trips. Though, this relationship is primarily a function of socioeconomic characteristics of travelers and secondarily a function of urban structure. Among the urban characteristics that favor walking trips, the following proved to be the most significant: population density, road pattern in a grid, topography without high slopes, and shops and services close to home. Similar results were obtained in studies conducted in developing cities, such as Santiago (Chile), Bogotá (Colombia) and San Carlos (Brazil). Effects arising from changes in the urban structure will be positive. However, larger effects are obtained, probably due to policies that make car ownership less desirable or more expensive. While the long-term efforts should be directed to the construction of urban structures that better accommodate and encourage walking trips, in the short term should be highlighted the importance of actions that influence individual’s attitudes and perceptions towards walk.

O objetivo principal desse estudo foi identificar as contribuições dos ambientes (escolar e urbano) na atividade física dos adolescentes em diferentes contextos: (1) no período total do dia (diário) e especificamente, (2) no turno escolar; (3) na aula de educação física; (4) no recreio e (5) no período que corresponde ao tempo fora da escola. É um estudo de corte transversal, desenvolvido em 176 adolescentes (71 meninos e 105 meninas) de 10 escolas da rede estadual de ensino médio na cidade de Passo Fundo - RS, selecionadas por procedimento aleatório. A atividade física foi avaliada através de pedometria, verificando o número de passos nos diferentes contextos avaliados. O ambiente escolar foi avaliado por observação direta, observou-se a quantidade e a qualidade das estruturas físicas da escola, com o auxílio de uma ferramenta de auditoria. O ambiente urbano também foi avaliado por observação direta, através do Physical Activity Resource Assessment Instrument. Os adolescentes foram geocodificados e as características do ambiente urbano foram avaliadas em um raio de 500 metros (buffer) circundantes as suas residências. Para análise de dados utilizou-se estatística descritiva, test t independente e regressão linear generalizada. Os resultados indicaram que os meninos são mais ativos fisicamente em relação as meninas na aula de educação física, no recreio, fora da escola e no diário (p<0,05). As análises descritivas indicam que as escolas estaduais se diferem em relação a estrutura física e que metade dos adolescentes (52,5%) não possuem espaços públicos no buffer. Com relação as análises de associações, os resultados mostram, que não houve contribuição significativa das características do ambiente escolar com a atividade física realizada dentro da escola, nos diferentes contextos avaliados. Foi encontrada uma associação inversa, onde os meninos que estudam nas escolas com estruturas de qualidade regular, realizaram em média 208,04 (IC Intervalo de Confiança 95%=16,44/ 399,65; p=0,03) passos a mais quando comparados aos meninos das escolas com estruturas de qualidade boa. No ambiente urbano os resultados mostram que os meninos que tem um espaço público no buffer, aumentaram em média de 3.239,90 (IC 95%=1.133,86/ 5.345,93; p=0,003) passos diário e 4.073,29 (IC 95%=1.915,27/ 6.231.32; p<0,0001) passos fora da escola, em relação aos meninos que não tem espaços ou os que tem duas ou mais estruturas disponíveis. Ainda para os meninos, a proximidade de até 250 metros da sua residência até um espaço público, está associada com um aumento em média de 2.855,61 (IC 95%=785,25/ 4.925,97; p=0,007) passos diário e 3.907,96 (IC 95%=1.818,63/ 5.997,29; p<0,0001) passos fora da escola, em relação aos meninos que não tem espaço público no buffer e aos que possui esses espaços acima de 250 metros. Para as meninas a única associação encontrada foi que a menor distância até um espaço público (até 250 metros), está associada a um aumento de em média 1.908,88 (IC 95%= 98,51/ 3.719,26; p=0,03) passos diários, com relação as meninas que não tem espaço público no buffer ou as que possui esses espaços acima de 250 metros. A partir dos resultados encontrados, conclui-se que não há contribuição do ambiente escolar para a atividade física na aula de educação física, no recreio e no turno escolar. Com relação ao ambiente urbano, ter espaço público no buffer e se esses forem mais próximos de suas residências os adolescentes tendem a realizar mais atividades físicas. / The main objective of this study was to identify the contributions of environments (scholar and urban) in adolescent’s physical activity in different context: (1) total time of day (daily) and specifically, (2) the school period; (3) in physical education class; (4) in recess and (5) the period corresponding to the time out of school. This is cross sectional study, developed in 176 adolescents (71 boy and 105 girls) of 10 public high school from Passo Fundo city, Rio Grande do Sul state, selected by random procedure. Pedometer evaluated the physical activity, checking the different context of steps number. School environment was valued by direct observation, was observed the quantity and quality of school physical structures, with auditing tool helps. The urban environment was valued by direct observation too, with Physical Activity Resource Assessment Instrument. The adolescents were geocodified and the urban characteristics were valued in residence buffer (500 meters radius). Descriptive statics were used for data analysis, independent t test and generalized linear regression. The results indicate what the boys are active physically more in related girls in physical education class, in recess, out of school and daily (p<0,005). The descriptive analysis indicate that public schools differ in relation to physical structure and the half of adolescents (52,5%) don’t have public spaces in buffer. Regarding the analyzes of associations, the results show no significant contribution of environment scholar characteristics in physical activity in school, in the different context. Was found a inverse association, in which boys what study in regular structure quality school realized in mean 208.04 (CI Confidence Interval 95%=16,44/ 399,65; p=0,03) more steps related the boys what study in good structure quality school. In the urban environment the results show, the boys what have one public space in buffer realized in mean 3,239.90 (CI 95%=1.133,86/ 5.345,93; p=0,003) daily steps and 4,073.29 (CI 95%=1.915,27/ 6.231.32; p<0,0001) out school steps more related the boys what don’t have public space in buffer or have two or more structures available. Also for the boys, the proximity of up to 250 meters from his residence to a public space, is associated with an increase mean of 2,855.61 (CI 95%=785,25/ 4.925,97; p=0,007) daily steps and 3,907.96 (CI 95%=1.818,63/ 5.997,29; p<0,0001) out school steps more related the boys what don’t have public spaces in buffer and when have public spaces more than 250 meters. To girls, only found association what was the smaller distance to public space (up to 250 meters), it’s associate with increase mean of 1,908.88 (CI 95%= 98,51/ 3.719,26; p=0,03) daily steps, related the girls what don’t have public space in buffer or have a space more than 250 meters. From these results, it has concluded that there is contribution of the school environment for physical activity in physical education class, in recess and in the school period. Regarding the urban environment, have public space in buffer and these are closer to their homes teenagers tend to perform more physical activities.

Promover a segurança viária no entorno escolar é uma estratégia que contribui para que sejam construídas cidades seguras, saudáveis e sustentáveis. Nesse sentido, este estudo é dedicado a identificar a influência das características da estrutura urbana na frequência e na severidade dos acidentes no entorno de escolas de educação básica de Porto Alegre. A análise da frequência e da severidade de acidentes foi conduzida através da estimação de modelos econométricos: binomial negativo e logit ordenado, respectivamente. Para esses, foram calculados os efeitos marginais, permitindo a observação da magnitude dos impactos das variáveis explicativas sobre as variáveis dependentes. As variáveis dependentes frequência e severidade foram extraídas dos acidentes registrados em Porto Alegre entre 2012 e 2014. Foram incluídas, simultaneamente, variáveis da estrutura urbana, das escolas, socioeconômicas e dos acidentes (para a severidade). A partir do geoprocessamento dos dados existentes, os entornos escolares puderam ser caracterizados para três diferentes áreas circulares de análise (buffer ring) de raios de 100, 150 e 200 metros, permitindo a comparação do uso das diferentes áreas. O conjunto de estimativas indica que áreas menores produzem modelos de melhor desempenho para ambas as técnicas empregadas. No entanto, áreas maiores permitem a análise de maior quantidade de variáveis relativas à estrutura urbana. Essa relação sugere os benefícios da escolha a partir do trade-off entre ajuste do modelo e sua capacidade de propiciar análises de variáveis. Foi identificado que a frequência e a severidade de acidentes podem estar relacionadas a uma única variável explicativa de formas opostas – a partir de sinais contrários. Essa diferença de resultados para frequência e severidade de acidentes indica que há maiores benefícios em analisá-las em conjunto. Identificou-se ainda que existem benefícios para a segurança viária em áreas de estrutura urbana com quarteirões menores e maior quantidade de interseções de quatro vias, em frequência e severidade, respectivamente. Já as áreas mais arborizadas tendem a apresentar acidentes de menor severidade nos casos de usuários de modos ativos. / Fostering road safety nearby schools is a strategy that contributes to build safe, healthy and sustainable cities. The aim of this study is to identify the influence of the built environment characteristics in the frequency and severity of accidents nearby elementary and secondary schools in Porto Alegre. The frequency and severity of the accidents were analyzed using econometric models: negative binomial and ordered logit, respectively. The evaluation of their marginal effects allowed the magnitude of the impact caused by the explanatory variable on the dependent variables to be observed. The measured variables frequency and severity were extracted from accidents registered in Porto Alegre from 2012 and 2014. Built environment, socioeconomic and school variables were also included, as well as accident data (for severity). Data geoprocessing allowed school surroundings to be characterized for three different buffer rings, measuring 100, 150 and 200 meters of radius. Thereby it was possible to compare the inclusion of different areas in the study. The estimations indicates that models based on smaller areas have better performances for both employed techniques, whereas larger areas allow the study of a bigger quantity of urban infrastructure variables. That indicates the benefits of choosing based on a trade-off between model adjustment and capacity to engender the analysis of variables. It was shown that frequency and severity of accidents could be related to a single explanatory variable in opposite ways – based on contrary signs. This difference in the results found for frequency and severity indicates that there are more benefits when analyzing them together. Moreover, there are benefits for road safety in areas where the city blocks are shorter and where there are more four-way intersections, in frequency and severity of accidents, respectively. Also, areas of more important afforestation tend to decrease the severity of accidents involving users of active modes.

Submitted by WILTON DIAS DA SILVA null (wilton_ds@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-14T21:38:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arborização de vias urbanas_potencial de sobreamento das espécies.pdf: 4722505 bytes, checksum: 75274908a80326de917b8364e0f7f834 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-18T17:37:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_wd_me_bauru.pdf: 4722505 bytes, checksum: 75274908a80326de917b8364e0f7f834 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T17:37:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_wd_me_bauru.pdf: 4722505 bytes, checksum: 75274908a80326de917b8364e0f7f834 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / A arborização de vias urbanas pode se constituir num elemento bastante eficaz na amenização de altas temperaturas na camada intraurbana, através de mecanismos de sombreamento e evapotranspiração. Entretanto, entre os variados tipos de espécies arbóreas, quais seriam as mais indicadas para utilização na arborização das vias, a fim de mitigar a temperatura do ar no ambiente urbano? A utilização de ferramentas computacionais é uma alternativa para análise desta questão, tendo em vista que, o uso destes programas auxilia as pesquisas na área de planejamento e avaliação do ambiente construído, por meio da simulação de variados cenários. Um programa bastante utilizado para estudos de interação entre a vegetação e microclimas urbanos é o ENVI-Met, o qual, no entanto, não contém em seu banco de dados, parâmetros relativos a espécies brasileiras, em particular as de cerrado, o que pode gerar cenários microclimáticos incorretos. O objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um método para avaliação do potencial de sombreamento de espécies usadas em arborização de vias urbanas. Para tanto, foram realizados medições de radiação solar incidente sob copas de algumas espécies, usadas no sombreamento de vias urbanas da cidade de Bauru (SP), cujos resultados foram comparados com os parâmetros das mesmas espécies simulados pelo ENVI-Met. A partir do tratamento dos dados foi gerada uma ferramenta, através da qual é possível extrapolar os resultados para escolha de outras espécies. Assim, espera-se que este método contribua para a indicação de espécies que contenham potencial para mitigação da temperatura do ar nos ambientes construídos. / The afforestation of the urban streets can be a very effective element in the mitigation of high temperatures in urban layer through shading mechanisms and evapotranspiration. However, among the various types of tree species, which are the best indicated for use in street afforestation, to mitigate the air temperature in the urban environment? The use of computational tools would be an alternative to analyze this question, given that the use of these programs help in the research on planning and evaluation of the built environment through the simulation of various scenarios. A program widely used to study the interaction between urban vegetation and microclimates is the ENVI-Met, which, however, does not contain parameters in your database relating to brazilians species, particularly the cerrado species, which can create incorrect microclimatic scenarios. The aims of this research is to propose a method to evaluation of potencial shading of species used in afforestation of urban streets. For that, radiation measurements were performed in incident solar canopies of some species used in shading urban streets of the city of Bauru (SP), whose results were compared with the parameters of the same species simulated by ENVI-Met. From the processing, a tool was generated through which it is possible to extrapolate the results to select other species. Thus, it is expected that this method contributes to the indication of species that contain potential for mitigating the air temperature in the built environment

The following thesis explores construction policy discourses within the context of the United Kingdom (UK). The research was deemed both important and necessary as the construction sector represents a major portion of the UK economy, accounting for approximately seven per cent of GDP, and employing millions (Rhodes: 2015). Adopting an ontology of becoming and an interpretive epistemological perspective, it is argued that construction policy documents are best characterised as crystallised snapshots of a community s attempts at meaning making in time. Utilising a qualitative methodology, the thesis primarily achieves its aims through the textual analysis of three prominent construction policy documents ( Rethinking Construction - the Egan report, the Government Construction Strategy , and the Industrial Strategy: Construction 2025), as well as informational interviews with eleven contemporary, senior construction policy stakeholders, from nine different organisations. The empirical element was inspired by interpretive approaches to policy analysis, and in particular the works of Yanow (2000; 2003; 2007) and drew upon the Hermeneutical approach repopularised by Taylor (1971), and Gadamer (1975). Four primary discourses were discovered, these being: The discourse of the need to be competitive ; The discourse of the essentialness of efficiency ; The discourse of unfulfilled potential ; The discourse of fear of not being Modern . The analysis suggests that construction policy discourses at the time of writing are predominantly influenced by the dominant cultural trends known as neoliberalism and the enterprise culture , but that these too must be seen as emerging from, and as informed by, the super-ideology of political declinism (Tomlinson: 2000). It is from these cultural sources that the pools of meanings articulated in the texts are drawn (Marton: 1986). Furthermore, tracing the etymology of the word policy , it is suggested that construction policy documents police behaviour by shaping it towards particular directions in keeping with specific normative visions concerning the good life policy elites have. The findings are important as they suggest that contemporary construction policy discourses are in danger of becoming increasingly myopic, with alternative perspectives and visions increasingly marginalised, and so any potential for the flexible adaptation or reimagining of future policies is reduced. As a result, the thesis argues for greater involvement from a broader spectrum of social actors in all stages of construction policy, to both contribute to strengthening citizenry and democracy in the UK, whilst reducing the potential for myopia amongst policy elites.

Information technology plays an increasingly important part in representing, managing, and driving the field of sustainable energy. However, current paradigms for representing much of this information can be fragmented, singular, and extremely domain focused. Linkage with wider concepts, for example between energy supply and demand data, can be minimal. This dissertation investigates ways in which such data linkages can be expanded upon, applying the latest concepts of Semantic Web technology to the area. This dissertation examines the role of the Semantic Web in representing information relevant to sustainable energy, with a particular focus on energy policy, energy supply, and the demands of the built environment. An approach for representing such information is outlined in the dissertation, which introduces new ontologies for representing energy policy and building information data and methodologies for modelling such data. Existing ontologies for representing energy supply are discussed, as are common connections between these areas and a server platform for knowledge storage and presentation. Additionally, some focus is directed towards the usability and accessibility of such data and the implementation of proof of concept applications targeted at specific areas within sustainable energy are presented. Using the outlined approach, energy information can be interlinked to allow multilevel data navigation from international policy data, through energy infrastructure, to individual energy demands, and ultimately to extremely detailed building component levels of granularity. Such data can be interlinked into wider linked data initiatives, increasing usefulness and expanding the scope for increased analysis. The implications of the outlined approach are discussed and evaluated with regard to various identified use cases requiring different levels of data granularity, in addition to impact on the wider domain of information management. This dissertation demonstrates, at a proof of concept level, that Semantic Web technology can be of significant benefit across the domain of sustainable energy.

Promover a segurança viária no entorno escolar é uma estratégia que contribui para que sejam construídas cidades seguras, saudáveis e sustentáveis. Nesse sentido, este estudo é dedicado a identificar a influência das características da estrutura urbana na frequência e na severidade dos acidentes no entorno de escolas de educação básica de Porto Alegre. A análise da frequência e da severidade de acidentes foi conduzida através da estimação de modelos econométricos: binomial negativo e logit ordenado, respectivamente. Para esses, foram calculados os efeitos marginais, permitindo a observação da magnitude dos impactos das variáveis explicativas sobre as variáveis dependentes. As variáveis dependentes frequência e severidade foram extraídas dos acidentes registrados em Porto Alegre entre 2012 e 2014. Foram incluídas, simultaneamente, variáveis da estrutura urbana, das escolas, socioeconômicas e dos acidentes (para a severidade). A partir do geoprocessamento dos dados existentes, os entornos escolares puderam ser caracterizados para três diferentes áreas circulares de análise (buffer ring) de raios de 100, 150 e 200 metros, permitindo a comparação do uso das diferentes áreas. O conjunto de estimativas indica que áreas menores produzem modelos de melhor desempenho para ambas as técnicas empregadas. No entanto, áreas maiores permitem a análise de maior quantidade de variáveis relativas à estrutura urbana. Essa relação sugere os benefícios da escolha a partir do trade-off entre ajuste do modelo e sua capacidade de propiciar análises de variáveis. Foi identificado que a frequência e a severidade de acidentes podem estar relacionadas a uma única variável explicativa de formas opostas – a partir de sinais contrários. Essa diferença de resultados para frequência e severidade de acidentes indica que há maiores benefícios em analisá-las em conjunto. Identificou-se ainda que existem benefícios para a segurança viária em áreas de estrutura urbana com quarteirões menores e maior quantidade de interseções de quatro vias, em frequência e severidade, respectivamente. Já as áreas mais arborizadas tendem a apresentar acidentes de menor severidade nos casos de usuários de modos ativos. / Fostering road safety nearby schools is a strategy that contributes to build safe, healthy and sustainable cities. The aim of this study is to identify the influence of the built environment characteristics in the frequency and severity of accidents nearby elementary and secondary schools in Porto Alegre. The frequency and severity of the accidents were analyzed using econometric models: negative binomial and ordered logit, respectively. The evaluation of their marginal effects allowed the magnitude of the impact caused by the explanatory variable on the dependent variables to be observed. The measured variables frequency and severity were extracted from accidents registered in Porto Alegre from 2012 and 2014. Built environment, socioeconomic and school variables were also included, as well as accident data (for severity). Data geoprocessing allowed school surroundings to be characterized for three different buffer rings, measuring 100, 150 and 200 meters of radius. Thereby it was possible to compare the inclusion of different areas in the study. The estimations indicates that models based on smaller areas have better performances for both employed techniques, whereas larger areas allow the study of a bigger quantity of urban infrastructure variables. That indicates the benefits of choosing based on a trade-off between model adjustment and capacity to engender the analysis of variables. It was shown that frequency and severity of accidents could be related to a single explanatory variable in opposite ways – based on contrary signs. This difference in the results found for frequency and severity indicates that there are more benefits when analyzing them together. Moreover, there are benefits for road safety in areas where the city blocks are shorter and where there are more four-way intersections, in frequency and severity of accidents, respectively. Also, areas of more important afforestation tend to decrease the severity of accidents involving users of active modes.

O objetivo principal desse estudo foi identificar as contribuições dos ambientes (escolar e urbano) na atividade física dos adolescentes em diferentes contextos: (1) no período total do dia (diário) e especificamente, (2) no turno escolar; (3) na aula de educação física; (4) no recreio e (5) no período que corresponde ao tempo fora da escola. É um estudo de corte transversal, desenvolvido em 176 adolescentes (71 meninos e 105 meninas) de 10 escolas da rede estadual de ensino médio na cidade de Passo Fundo - RS, selecionadas por procedimento aleatório. A atividade física foi avaliada através de pedometria, verificando o número de passos nos diferentes contextos avaliados. O ambiente escolar foi avaliado por observação direta, observou-se a quantidade e a qualidade das estruturas físicas da escola, com o auxílio de uma ferramenta de auditoria. O ambiente urbano também foi avaliado por observação direta, através do Physical Activity Resource Assessment Instrument. Os adolescentes foram geocodificados e as características do ambiente urbano foram avaliadas em um raio de 500 metros (buffer) circundantes as suas residências. Para análise de dados utilizou-se estatística descritiva, test t independente e regressão linear generalizada. Os resultados indicaram que os meninos são mais ativos fisicamente em relação as meninas na aula de educação física, no recreio, fora da escola e no diário (p<0,05). As análises descritivas indicam que as escolas estaduais se diferem em relação a estrutura física e que metade dos adolescentes (52,5%) não possuem espaços públicos no buffer. Com relação as análises de associações, os resultados mostram, que não houve contribuição significativa das características do ambiente escolar com a atividade física realizada dentro da escola, nos diferentes contextos avaliados. Foi encontrada uma associação inversa, onde os meninos que estudam nas escolas com estruturas de qualidade regular, realizaram em média 208,04 (IC Intervalo de Confiança 95%=16,44/ 399,65; p=0,03) passos a mais quando comparados aos meninos das escolas com estruturas de qualidade boa. No ambiente urbano os resultados mostram que os meninos que tem um espaço público no buffer, aumentaram em média de 3.239,90 (IC 95%=1.133,86/ 5.345,93; p=0,003) passos diário e 4.073,29 (IC 95%=1.915,27/ 6.231.32; p<0,0001) passos fora da escola, em relação aos meninos que não tem espaços ou os que tem duas ou mais estruturas disponíveis. Ainda para os meninos, a proximidade de até 250 metros da sua residência até um espaço público, está associada com um aumento em média de 2.855,61 (IC 95%=785,25/ 4.925,97; p=0,007) passos diário e 3.907,96 (IC 95%=1.818,63/ 5.997,29; p<0,0001) passos fora da escola, em relação aos meninos que não tem espaço público no buffer e aos que possui esses espaços acima de 250 metros. Para as meninas a única associação encontrada foi que a menor distância até um espaço público (até 250 metros), está associada a um aumento de em média 1.908,88 (IC 95%= 98,51/ 3.719,26; p=0,03) passos diários, com relação as meninas que não tem espaço público no buffer ou as que possui esses espaços acima de 250 metros. A partir dos resultados encontrados, conclui-se que não há contribuição do ambiente escolar para a atividade física na aula de educação física, no recreio e no turno escolar. Com relação ao ambiente urbano, ter espaço público no buffer e se esses forem mais próximos de suas residências os adolescentes tendem a realizar mais atividades físicas. / The main objective of this study was to identify the contributions of environments (scholar and urban) in adolescent’s physical activity in different context: (1) total time of day (daily) and specifically, (2) the school period; (3) in physical education class; (4) in recess and (5) the period corresponding to the time out of school. This is cross sectional study, developed in 176 adolescents (71 boy and 105 girls) of 10 public high school from Passo Fundo city, Rio Grande do Sul state, selected by random procedure. Pedometer evaluated the physical activity, checking the different context of steps number. School environment was valued by direct observation, was observed the quantity and quality of school physical structures, with auditing tool helps. The urban environment was valued by direct observation too, with Physical Activity Resource Assessment Instrument. The adolescents were geocodified and the urban characteristics were valued in residence buffer (500 meters radius). Descriptive statics were used for data analysis, independent t test and generalized linear regression. The results indicate what the boys are active physically more in related girls in physical education class, in recess, out of school and daily (p<0,005). The descriptive analysis indicate that public schools differ in relation to physical structure and the half of adolescents (52,5%) don’t have public spaces in buffer. Regarding the analyzes of associations, the results show no significant contribution of environment scholar characteristics in physical activity in school, in the different context. Was found a inverse association, in which boys what study in regular structure quality school realized in mean 208.04 (CI Confidence Interval 95%=16,44/ 399,65; p=0,03) more steps related the boys what study in good structure quality school. In the urban environment the results show, the boys what have one public space in buffer realized in mean 3,239.90 (CI 95%=1.133,86/ 5.345,93; p=0,003) daily steps and 4,073.29 (CI 95%=1.915,27/ 6.231.32; p<0,0001) out school steps more related the boys what don’t have public space in buffer or have two or more structures available. Also for the boys, the proximity of up to 250 meters from his residence to a public space, is associated with an increase mean of 2,855.61 (CI 95%=785,25/ 4.925,97; p=0,007) daily steps and 3,907.96 (CI 95%=1.818,63/ 5.997,29; p<0,0001) out school steps more related the boys what don’t have public spaces in buffer and when have public spaces more than 250 meters. To girls, only found association what was the smaller distance to public space (up to 250 meters), it’s associate with increase mean of 1,908.88 (CI 95%= 98,51/ 3.719,26; p=0,03) daily steps, related the girls what don’t have public space in buffer or have a space more than 250 meters. From these results, it has concluded that there is contribution of the school environment for physical activity in physical education class, in recess and in the school period. Regarding the urban environment, have public space in buffer and these are closer to their homes teenagers tend to perform more physical activities.