Tidigare forskning om pedagogisk dokumentation visar att det mest är äldre barn som är delaktiga. Däremot skulle det gynna de yngre barnen eftersom pedagogisk dokumentation kan bidra med anknytning och kan skapa en trygg relation. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur förskollärare resonerar kring yngre barns delaktighet och inflytande i pedagogisk dokumentation. Forskningsfrågorna är: Vad berättar förskollärare om pedagogisk dokumentation med yngre barn? Vad resonerar förskollärare om gällande yngre barns delaktighet och inflytande i pedagogisk dokumentation? Hur ges barnen möjlighet att vara delaktiga och ha inflytande i pedagogisk dokumentation enligt förskollärarna? Studiens empiriska material samlades in genom fokusgrupper. Resultatet visade att det som påverkar yngre barns delaktighet mest är att alla inte har det verbala språket vilket medför att förskollärarna tolkar barnens olika kommunikations uttryck. För att tolka så korrekt som möjligt är reflektioner med arbetslaget en viktig tillgång. Slutsatsen är att dokumentation inte blir pedagogisk om inte barnen är delaktiga. / Previous research on educational documentation shows that it is mostlyolder children who participate. On the other hand, it would benefit theyounger children because educational documentation can contribute toconnection and can create a secure relationship. The purpose of the study isto investigate how preschool teachers reason about younger children´sparticipation and influence in educational documentation. The researchquestions are: What do preschool teachers say about educationaldocumentation with younger children? What do preschool teachers reasonabout the participation and influence of younger children in educationaldocumentation? How are the children given the opportunity to participateand have influence in educational documentation according to the preschoolteachers? The study’s empirical material was collected through focusgroups. The results showed that what affects young children’s participationthe most is that not everyone has the verbal language, which means that thepreschool teachers interpret the children’s different expressions ofcommunication. In order to interpret as correctly as possible, reflectionswith the work team are an important asset. The conclusion is thatdocumentation will not be educational if the children are not involved.

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Malaria is endemic in Uganda. The study attempted to determine how Ugandan caregivers managed home-based care of fever. Structured interviews were conducted with sixty caregivers of children under five. In 15 (25.0%) out of the 60 interviewed households, at least one child had reportedly died from malaria. Caregivers’ decisions were influenced by health education, family members, community leaders and other caregivers. Most caregivers knew about malaria, but lacked knowledge about its danger signs, and about the services of village drug distributors. Most caregivers initiated treatment for fever at home before taking the children to health units. Mosquito nets, indoor residual spraying and other malaria preventive measures were rarely used due to lack of funds. The recommendations include that anti-malaria drugs should always be available and accessible, the services of village drug distributors should be improved, health education should be enhanced, malaria preventive measures should be implemented and sustained. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

This thesis investigates the design of inclusive services by integrating theory and approaches from the domains of Service Design and Inclusive Design. This integration was used to evaluate bus service use by younger and older people and the role of other stakeholders. The research was carried out through the case study of the bus service in Guadalajara, Mexico. As a result of this research, an inclusive service design approach and a tool are proposed to guide the design of inclusive services. Using an inclusive service design approach led to the application of a mixed methodology for data collection, which included: 1) a series of individual and group interviews with stakeholders as well as a document analysis; 2) structured focus groups with younger and older people; 3) observation of younger and older passengers using the service; and 4) accompanied journeys with older people. Data were analysed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques, and the results facilitated 1) the understanding of the service operation; 2) the identification of the main barriers for interaction with the service along a door-to-door journey; and 3) the determination of the gap between what younger and older users need and desire and what bus operators actually provide. The research then focussed on visualising and communicating the findings to stakeholders. An inclusive service blueprint was developed to graphically represent the level of difficulty in using the service by younger and older people across the door-to-door journey, and to highlight areas for service improvements. A final study was undertaken to assess the usefulness of the inclusive service approach and the blueprint in improving the bus service. Collectively, the findings indicate that integrating inclusive principles along with a Service Design approach provided several benefits in investigating and improving the bus service. The uniqueness of data generated by younger and older users and the understanding of inclusive principles by the stakeholders already shows the potential to lead to a more inclusive service given the activities now happening in Guadalajara. This research contributes to the discussion of how the design of services can evolve through the incorporation of inclusive principles in the design process. Whilst the research was undertaken in the context of the bus service in Guadalajara, the approach and some outcomes from this research may be applicable for designing inclusive services in other contexts around the world.

The Cairngorm Mountains contain an outstanding assemblage of glacial landforms from both the deglaciation of the last British Irish Ice Sheet and the Younger Dryas readvance. Glaciers are recognised as sensitive indicators of past and present climate change and, thus, these landforms provide information about past climate and glacier-climate interaction that can be used to contextualise the present climate change. Previous interpretations have left doubt over the extent and style of the Younger Dryas readvance. In addition, the pattern and timing of deglaciation in the southern Cairngorms and, particularly, how local and external ice masses interacted is unclear. New geomorphological mapping from aerial images and fieldwork has been compiled in a GIS for a 600km2 area of the Cairngorm Mountains. This has allowed a complex pattern of ice-dammed lakes and local and regionally sourced ice margins to be reconstructed during the retreat of the last British Irish Ice Sheet. The mapping has been combined with new cosmogenic surface exposure ages taken from areas of hummocky moraine previously subject to differing age interpretations. The effect of moraine denudation on apparent 10Be ages has been checked by inverse modelling of the 10Be concentration vs. boulder height. The results indicate more extensive Younger Dryas glaciation, with glacier reconstructions and equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) comparable with the surrounding areas. Reconstruction of both valley and plateau-fed glaciers are presented, with modelling of local topoclimatic factors, such as radiation, avalanche and snow drifting, combined with precipitation gradients, explaining most of the variation within the glacier ELAs. The geomorphological evidence and palaeoclimatic inferences are important, alongside a growing number of palaeoglaciological studies, in acting as evaluation areas for current numerical models of ice-sheet growth and decay.

Traditionally Latin prose letters have been classified in one of two ways: often they are seen as historical documents to be mined for political, historical and social information; otherwise they are viewed as literature, to be read with a consideration of the role of rhetoric and persuasion. These letters are only rarely approached as letters, and classical scholars have only just begun to discover the benefits of applying epistolary theory to these texts. My thesis examines epistolary exchange within the context of Roman power relations, offering a new interpretation of the correspondences between the most powerful political figure in a given period and one from among the senatorial class. Cicero, Pliny the Younger, Fronto and Symmachus each conducted an epistolary exchange with a powerful figure with whom he hoped to gain influence, and despite the significant differences between them in terms of political and social circumstances, each uses his letters in similar ways to that end. I approach these texts, never before treated together in a comparative study, with a consideration of epistolarity, ‘the use of the letter’s formal properties to create meaning’, a concept developed by J. G. Altman (1982). These properties are identified and examined by means of detailed stylistic analysis of the Latin text. The act of writing a letter is an act of self-definition; the sender constructs a self defined necessarily in relation to a particular addressee. Thus the letter also affords a sender the opportunity to define the You, to whom he addresses himself. In the context of power relations in Roman politics, the letter then becomes a flexible tool of self-fashioning, by which a senator may attempt to influence the emperor.

The Roman Emperor Trajan, who ruled the Roman Empire from 98 CE – 117 CE has always been remembered as one of the good Emperors. The few ancient sources that mention Trajan, namely Pliny the Younger and Cassius Dio, compose a glowing portrait of the Emperor when describing his deeds and abilities. Part of the explanation for such a positive portrayal can surely be accounted for by the comparison of Trajan to one of his predecessors Domitian (who ruled from 51 CE – 96 CE). Domitian came to be memorialized as one of the most hated Emperor of the Principate, especially because of his scornful and suspicious attitude towards the Senate and his pillaging of the Roman provinces for the purpose of his own profit. In a time when the empire was expanding and expert diplomatic and strategic capability was necessary for an Emperor to possess, Domitian’s shortcomings were particularly harmful to Rome and her subjects. Thus when Trajan took control, many Romans must have looked to him to continue the improvements initiated by Domitian’s brief successor Nerva and repair the damage done to the empire. Pliny the younger, an influential and wealthy senatorial aristocrat, was one such Roman who looked to the new Emperor with hope and ambition for better times. During Pliny’s tenure as governor of the province of Bithynia and Pontus from roughly 110-112/3 CE, he exchanged many letters with Trajan which were subsequently collected and published as the tenth book of Pliny’s Letters. These letters generally take the form of advice sought by Pliny about the governance of the province, followed by a concise reply from the Emperor directing Pliny’s actions (or, at times, suggesting that Pliny himself choose the best way to proceed). Previous scholarship has primarily addressed the letters as a “self-fashioning text” (cf. Carlos Noreña and Philip Stadter, among others), but generally ignores the very active role Pliny plays in carefully constructing a particular representation of Trajan. Using this correspondence as a platform on which to create an image of the Princeps, Pliny expertly invents a particular portrait of Trajan that portrays the Emperor as a master at senatorial relations and management of the provinces. By allowing Trajan to perform this role, as is evidenced in the letters of Book 10, Pliny creates our most complete and compelling portrayal of this Emperor which serves both Pliny and Trajan’s interests for posterity. / text

The Fairy Tale Test (FTT) is a projective personality test designed for children aged 6 to 12 years. FTT is based on the association between fairy tales and unconscious processes. Its goal is to assess the child's personality profile and to offer information not only about single personality traits but also their interrelations. It is possible it effectively employed as a method to assess eventual personality changes over time or as a tool in clinical or cross-cultural research as well. The Fairy Tale Test was standardized in five countries of the world Greece, Russia, China, India and Turkey, at the present time we effort to set up standard specification also in the Czech Republic. This diploma paper should also contribute to the standardization with administrating FTT and its evaluation to the selected sample of six and seven-years old children. Key words Fairy tales, interpretation of the fairy tales, projective tests, the Fairy Tale Test, younger school age.

This thesis deals with the strategies that pupils use for solving additive tasks. The theoretical part focuses on younger-school ages, the transformation of education in the 20th century and the addition operation. The practical part describes a series of experiments realized in mathematics lessons with pupils from the 1st elementary school. During the experiment, pupils have met the environment of the hundred board. I compared pupils's numerical strategies for solving additive algorithms, after the end of the experiment. Also I compared results between pupils, who were part of the experiment and are taught by textbooks from "Nakladatelství Fraus" with pupils who did not participate in the experiment and are taught by textbooks from "Nakladatelství ALTER".

Title: Swimming breathing training methods for younger school-age children Author: Klára Kraumanová, DiS. Department: Physical Education Department Supervisor: Mgr. Babeta Chrzanowská Abstract: The present work provides a set of training methods for swimming breathing, that is designed for younger school-age children. It also provides the set of tests, that was used on selected group for proof of validity of statement, that swimming breathing is an integral part of swimming training. Keywords: swimming breathing, basic swimming skills, swimming breathing training methods, younger school-age children