1 ABSTRACT The objective of the diploma thesis is to create a rating scale that would be convenient for the evaluation of the swimming crawl technique of the early age school children. The assumption of the thesis is to specify a model technique, which is corresponding with the stage of development of the children and also formulates criteria for evaluation of the swimming crawl technique. The created scale is later used within a group of children from the swimming school Žabička. The theoretical part of the thesis consists of the closer look at the characteristic of the early age school children, specification of the model swimming crawl technique and possible deviation of this technique. To follow up on this knowledge, a rating scale yes/no is developed, as well as a record sheet and an evaluation procedure. For determination of the results is used a method of observing, scaling and a method of quantitative analysis of statistical data. The final research results revealed deviation from the crawl technique mostly in the body posture, movements of legs, movements of arms and coordination of breathing together with arm movements. KEYWORDS swimming, swimming crawl, rating scale, younger school age

Diplomová práce se zabývá obezitou a šikanou dětí mladšího školního věku. V teoretické části jsou vymezeny základní pojmy: obezita, dětská obezita a šikana. Těžiště teoretické části práce tvoří téma psychosociální důsledky obezity u dětí s důrazem na šikanu těchto dětí ve školním prostředí. Praktickou část tvoří výzkumné šetření zaměřené na problematiku obezity a šikany dětí ve školním prostředí. Výzkumné šetření bylo realizováno formou krátkých dotazníků.

- v anglickém jazyce This diploma thesis called 'Differentiation in English language teaching at the elementary school' deals with employing differentiated instruction in a fifth-grade class at an elementary school in order to make learning more effective by balancing the stronger and the weaker students' needs. The theoretical part focuses on topics of learning and effective learning with an emphasis on English language teaching, mixed ability classes, learner differences and differentiated instruction. The final chapter of this part proposes a set of example activities and ideas that might be used in mixed-ability classes. The practical part uses action research to determine whether differentiate instruction was employed successfully. The outcomes of the research are discussed at the end of this part. The assumption is that after the research is finished, the situation in the class will improve since all students will feel adequately engaged in the lessons.

The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with possible adjustments to the education of pupils with specific learning disabilities (SLD) throughout primary school of the main educational system. The theoretical part defines specific learning disabilities, their aetiology, and psychological impacts of SLD on the pupils, their school performance and family. Attention is paid to the counselling system, intervention services in schools, and the most frequently used approaches. The empirical part of the work combines the quantitative and qualitative research. It was determined, using a questionnaire survey, what forms and methods of teaching and intervention approaches are provided to pupils. The questionnaire was also concerned with the number of pupils with special educational needs in classes, and the representation of special counsellor and psychologists in school counselling. The piece of the research part is an example of good practice in primary school. The results of this work demonstrate the extent of interventional approaches, and adjustments of education, that can help students with SLD to meet their educational goals, as well as they demonstrate the representation of these experts in school counselling centres in more than in half of the schools surveyed. KEYWORDS specific learning...

This dissertation is based on specific areas of learning and disabilities that are related to gross and fine motor skills and the main focus is on the manifestations of dysgraphia. The aim is to affect the peculiarity of these disorders depending on the drawing and artistic abilities of students which requires Rey-Osterrieth's complex figure and additional tasks that are compared with this figure. Rey-Osterrieth's complex figure is a well-known and used diagnostic tool in the field of learning disabilities and it is used to compare the performance of students. The student's artistic ability, perception of perspectives, spatial composition, and work with lines are very important. The performance of each student is described in detail in this dissertation, both through quantification and through a written description. In the dissertation, there can found a case study and a comparison of students that differ from the average data.

Title: Swimming level of pupils of urban basic schools and village basic schools Objectives: The aim of this work is to ewaluate the records of the monitored records of input and output values of the swimming level of children of younger school age in compulsory swimming lessons at primary school. The basic criterion for the assessment will be whether the children will complete swimming lessons as part of their education at a city school or a village school. The results will be monitored in children of different classes and boys and girls. Methods: In this work, I used a mixed type of research, in which I used both qualitative and quantitative research of this problem. The qualitative part of the work is based on the study of available literature, respectively the study of printed and electronic sources. The qualitative part is based on the examination of the material, teaching records from teachers at the swimming school Aquasvět Chomutov. Data obtained from these materials were analyzed using descriptions, graphs and tables. The researched data were collected during the school year 2018/2019. The evaluation of the documents took place in 2020. Results: The result shows that there is no significant difference between the performance of urban primary school pupils and rural primary school pupils....

Enligt tidigare forskning kan en uppväxt i en stadsmiljö medföra negativa effekter på barns hälsa, det är därför viktigt att förstå barns sårbarhet i urbana miljöer. Halmstad kommun har en vision att färdigställa en stadsomvandling av områdena Larsfrid och Vilhelmsfält till år 2050. På uppdrag av Halmstad kommun har författarna genomfört föreliggande studie som ett bidrag till stadsomvandlingen, med fokus på barn i åldern 1-6. Syftet med studien var att belysa förskollärares perspektiv på skapandet av lekfulla och hälsofrämjande lärmiljöer i ett stadsområde med tillhörande natur. De två teorierna sociokulturellt lärande och känsla av sammanhang (KASAM) har tillämpats för att förstå hur barns hälsa och lärande kan främjas i en pedagogisk stadsmiljö. I studien användes en kvalitativ metod med deskriptiv design. Empirin resulterade i tre huvudkategorier: Stadsområdet ska vara en miljö som väcker nyfikenhet, Barn lär sig tillsammans med andra barn samt Barn behöver goda förutsättningar för att må bra. Studiens slutsats visade att lekfulla miljöer i ett stadsområde, utformat kreativt och med inslag av natur, kan bidra till barns interaktion, lärande och hälsa. Utformningen av stadsområdet bör ta hänsyn till en lekfull barndom, som kan gynna goda förutsättningar för lärande och hälsa under hela livet. / According to previous research, growing up in an urban environment can have negative effects on children's health, why it is important to understand children's vulnerability in urban environments. The municipality of Halmstad have a vision to complete an urban transformation of the regions Larsfrid and Vilhelmsfält to the year 2050. On the assignment of Halmstad municipality, the authors conducted this study as a contribution to the urban planning, focusing on children aged 1-6. The purpose of this study was to elucidate preschool teachers' perspectives on the creation of playful and health-promoting learning environments in an urban area with associated nature. The two theories, sociocultural learning and sense of coherence (SOC) have been applied to understand how children's health and learning can be promoted in an educational urban environment. The study used a qualitative method with descriptive design. The empiric resulted in three main categories: The urban area must be an environment that arouses curiosity, Children learn together with other children and Children need good conditions to feel good. The study's conclusion showed that playful environments in an urban area, designed creatively and with elements of nature, can contribute to children's interaction, learning and health. The design of the urban area should take into account a playful childhood, which can benefit good conditions for learning and health throughout life.

The study investigated aspects of self-rated autobiographical memory between young and middle-aged adults, as well as examined sex differences. A Swedish version of a self-rating questionnaire was used online to assess autobiographical memory. The Survey of autobiographical memory assesses autobiographical memory abilities in episodic, semantic, spatial, and future domains. Forty-one healthy volunteers were included. The youngest group (Mage=26), had 70% women and middle-aged adults (Mage=44) had 50 % percent women. The mean age for women was (M= 30, range = 30) and the mean age for men was (M=34, range= 30). Univariate General Linear Model was performed to determine whether there is a significant mean difference between the age-groups and sex, while a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance assessed the interaction between age group and memory type. It was hypothesized that there would be no difference between young and middle-aged adults in semantic autobiographical memory, but that episodic autobiographical memory would be rated lower by the middle-aged adults. The two dependent variables were semantic and episodic scores. No significant effects were found for age-group or sex on the total, episodic, and semantic scores. The age-group by memory-type interaction showed that semantic and episodic memories were not rated differently by the two age-groups. One reason for these non-significant outcomes could be the overall small sample sizes. Further elaboration is needed to assess the aspects of self-rated AM changes from young to middle adulthood, including sex differences in the self-assessment since not many studies have addressed such questions. / Studien undersökte aspekter avsjälvskattat självbiografiskt minne mellan unga vuxna och individer i medelåldern samt även könsskillnader. En svensk version av ett självsskattningsfrågeformulär användes online för att undersöka självbiografiskt minne. Frågeformuläret bedömer autobiografiska minnesförmågor inom episodiska, semantiska, rumsliga och framtida domäner. Fyrtio friska deltagare medverkade i undersökningen. Den yngsta gruppen (M ålder=26), hade 70% kvinnor, medan medelålders vuxna (M ålder =44), hade 50% kvinnor. Medelåldern för kvinnor var (M = 30, intervall = 30) och mäns var (M = 34, intervall = 30). Univariata allmänna linjär modeller utfördes för att bestämma om det finns en signifikant genomsnittlig skillnad mellan åldersgrupperna och kön, medan en multivariat variansanalys med upprepade mätningar bedömde interaktionen mellan åldersgrupp ochminnestyp. Det antogs att det inte skulle finnas någon skillnad mellan unga och i det semantiska självbiografiska minnet, men att episodiskt självbiografiskt minne skulle skattas lägre efter medelåldern. De två beroende variablerna var semantiska och episodiska poäng. Inga signifikanta effekter hittades för åldersgrupp eller kön på den totala, episodiska och semantiska poängen. Interaktionen mellan åldersgrupp och minnestyp visade att semantiska och episodiska minnen inte bedömdes annorlunda av de två åldersgrupperna.

This essay is a discourse analysis of preschool teachers' speeches about children's influence in connection with planned teaching opportunities. We chose to focus on the form of teaching that educators call ”project work” because we see that teaching is largely conducted through this form. To investigate the overall theme, we have also chosen to focus on the influence of younger children in relation to teaching with a project work form. The purpose of this study is to examine how preschool teachers talk about the importance of the balance between teaching and children's influence at a younger age. This study is based on structured interviews with preschool teachers. We have chosen to use discourse analysis that also adheres to the French philosopher, Foucault's theory of power and control, which we believe the preschool teacher can have towards children in planned teaching sessions. The result shows that preschool teachers believe that children's influence is an important aspect of teaching. According to them, you can get children's influence in project work by planning project work based on children's interest, but that it is a challenge as not all children share the same interest. It was also found in the study that the younger children cannot have the same influence because they lack the verbal language and one must therefore be able to interpret their body language. It was also revealed in our study that stronger individuals often take over project work, which may also be due to, among other things, the verbal language. To get all the children to the teaching opportunities, the preschool teachers use the method of attracting to create an interest in the children in project work. Based on a discourse analysis, we have been able to see in this study the concepts and discursive structures that express and motivate how children's influence is limited. In other words, we see the motivations and ways of talking about the attraction and lack of verbal language of the youngest that the preschool teachers use, which in practice characterize how their exercise of power is expressed. Even in children's environment, we have been able to see that it is the preschool teachers who possess the power and decide which material should be present and when.

This diploma thesis is focusing at analysis of childrens younger school age - 1st grade primary school out-of-school time activities during Covid-19 pandemic. The results of this analysis were collected from 1st - 5th class of primary school pupils. Teoretical part is dedicated to younger school age and specifics of this age from physical, mental, social, emotional and movement development point of view. We also dedicate this part to Covid-19 pandemic. Big part of this thesis is dedicated to move activity. We focus more in detail at move activity, factors, which influence move activity and impacts on human health. Part of the thesis is dedicated to move inactivity, it's impacts on younger school age children or recommended amount of move activities. The theoretical part is dedicated to free time activities, out-of-school activities of younger school age children and it's characteristics and functions. The reaserch part is then orientated on out-of-school move activities results of younger school age children and it's interpretation before pandemic period and during pandemic period of Covid-19. The results of our reasearch is presented via bar and pie charts. At this part of the thesis is also described the research part, used methods and work conclusions. Realized research proved higher level of...