Symptoms of a Cosmic Fluke is a book of poems.

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This dissertation traces debates about youth crime and justice in Canada. On a substantive level, I ask how the social problem of youth crime and justice is constructed, focusing specifically on debates over the culpability of young offenders. I also examine debates over the degree and severity of youth crime and connect the divergent positions on this question to how young offenders are conceptualized. Related to these debates, I examine the search for solutions to youth crime. I argue that positions regarding how to address youth crime are rendered ambiguous given the creation of a hybridized youth justice context which combines various competing goals. On a theoretical level, I explore the relationship between how formulations of "deviant identities" (in this case "young offenders") are related to other areas of advocacy over a social problem. I explore the dynamics of a social problem debate which persists without resolution over an extended period of time. I also address the ways in which social context impacts upon claims made over a social problem. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This dissertation explores the ways in which feminine culpability is verbally articulated by the male courtly lover to his beloved lady within the amorous relationship in three fifteenth-century Spanish sentimental novels: Diego de San Pedro’s Cárcel de amor, published in 1492, and two of Juan de Flores' sentimental novels, Grimalte y Gradissa and Grisel and Mirabella, both published in approximately 1495, and how these motifs of feminine culpability are subverted in the anonymous fifteenth-century Catalan chivalric novel Curial e Güelfa. This subversion of culpability motifs is facilitated in Curial e Güelfa since there is also a subversion of gender roles within the amorous relationship of the novel's protagonists: a female lover, Güelfa, who courts her male beloved, Curial. To execute this study, I begin by discussing the origins of this rhetoric of feminine culpability in patristic, Biblical and philosophical texts, illustrating their sedimentation into the collective ideologies of medieval audiences. I also examine these feminine culpability models in Provençal lyric poetry written and recited by Occitan troubadours between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, as one of its particular genres, the mala cansó, aims to not only blame the beloved lady, but also to publicly defame her, a threat that is also ever-present in the words of the male lover in the sentimental novel. After analyzing the tactics used by the male courtly lover to blame the beloved lady for his suffering and the demise of the relationship, I demonstrate how these same tactics are employed by the female characters of Curial e Güelfa toward the beloved man. However, feminine blame still occurs in Curial e Güelfa, manifested as feminine self-blame and blame between women, while the male characters engage in self-absolution, absolution of other men, and utter shirking of the blame. The theoretical framework employed is that of medieval canon law, and the way in which culpability was determined under this law from the twelfth century onward, which was by the intentions of the offender at the time of the crime or transgression rather than the consequences of the transgression. If we examine these fifteenth-century courtly love texts, it becomes clear that the beloved lady is innocent, while the male lover himself is the culpable party. Finally, following Rouben C. Cholakian's reading of the troubadour poetry through the work of twentieth-century psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, I conclude that although the poet-lover verbally enunciates erotic metaphors and adulating language toward his beloved lady in the guise of courtly love, the true desire that he cannot articulate is to dominate, to overpower, and possibly to eradicate the feminine. Thus, in a Lacanian sense the notion that courtly love literature praises the woman is a fallacy. Both the poet-lover of the Provençal lyric and the courtly lover of the sentimental novel subvert the concept of alleged feminine superiority and exaltation in these texts. / Spanish

A idéia de culpa está impregnada no pensamento ocidental, permeando todos os âmbitos das ciências humanas. Em sede de Direito penal, surge como forma de restrição da responsabilidade pelo resultado delitivo. Com a consolidação da racionalidade penal moderna, todavia, associa-se fortemente com a pena aflitiva, servindo a um só tempo como requisito e medida da mesma, isto é, porque o Direito penal administra uma sanção particular, a pena aflitiva, mister que o delito contenha um requisito a mais que os demais ilícitos a culpabilidade -, cuja intensidade terá repercussão direta na fixação da reprimenda. A primeira noção acabada de culpabilidade no seio da teoria do delito, conseqüentemente, é da atribuição de uma pena a quem agiu livremente em contradição ao ordenamento jurídico, situação que torna do condenado um merecedor da mesma. Está calcada em uma imagem iluminista de ser humano: livre, igual e racional; em uma imagem consensualista de sociedade, cujos bens jurídicos essenciais, em grande parte herdados do Direito natural, seriam igualmente valorados por seus membros; e, finalmente, em uma percepção da pena como espelho do mau uso da razão representado no delito. Em que pese a evolução doutrinária da culpabilidade, tais premissas, aqui denominadas ilustrativamente de pilares, mantém-se inalterados. A Criminologia, porém, demonstra que tal imagem de sujeito não se sustenta; que a sociedade é heterogênea; que os bens jurídicos são escolhas políticas e que a pena aflitiva tem efeitos deletérios tão ou mais graves quanto os do crime. Tem-se, assim, uma contradição entre o discurso e a prática do Direito penal, com um superávit punitivo, anverso de seu déficit ético. Possível correção de rota estaria na desvinculação entre delito e pena aflitiva, redefinindo-se o Direito penal, a culpabilidade e o processo penal com vistas à recomposição dos danos de relacionamento, com explícito desprezo à pena aflitiva. Dentro do marco da racionalidade penal moderna, todavia, é possível vislumbrar o fortalecimento da culpabilidade em vista das criticas criminológicas, sobretudo em sede de erro de proibição e de inexigibilidade de conduta diversa. Limitando o poder punitivo, a dogmática cumpriria a única missão viável no Estado Democrático de Direito, com resgate ético do Direito penal. / The idea of guilt is deeply rooted in western thinking, permeating all areas of humanities. In criminal law, it appears as a restriction of liability by the offense result. With the consolidation of modern criminal rationality, however, it is strongly associated to a painful penalty, serving at the same time as its requirement and extent, that is, because Criminal Law manages a particular penalty, the painful penalty, it is necessary that the offense contains an additional requirement to other illegal acts - guilt - whose intensity will have direct impact on the setting of the reprimand. The first built notion of guilt within the theory of Criminal Law, therefore, is the award of a penalty to those who freely acted in contradiction to the legal system, which makes the criminal someone who deserves such punishment. This is based on the Enlightment Age image of a human being: free, equal and rational; on a consensual society image, whose legal essential goods, largely inherited from Natural Law, would also be valued by its members; and finally, on the perception of the penalty as the mirror image of the misuse of reason, represented by the crime. Despite the doctrinal evolution of guilt, such assumptions, here called pillars, remain unchanged. Criminology, however, demonstrates that such image does not hold; that society is heterogeneous; that legal assets are political choices and that the painful penalty has side effects possibly far more serious than the crime itself. Thus there is a contradiction between the discourse and practice of Criminal Law, with a punitive surplus, opposite to its ethical deficit. A possible track correction would be the untying of crime and punishment, redefining Criminal Law, guilt and criminal prosecution with the purpose of rebuilding the relationship damages with explicit contempt with respect to the painful penalty. Within the framework of modern criminal rationality, however, it is possible to see the strengthening of guilt in the presence of criminological criticism, especially in the presence of the error as to prohibition and exculpation. Limiting punitive power, the dogmatic would meetthe only viable mission in a Democratic State of Law, with the rescue of an ethical criminal law.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carolina Botto Audi.pdf: 375244 bytes, checksum: 56534aebc78d05ce1642bf2fd0e6e552 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-13 / The purpose of this paper is to verify the role of culpability in civil liability and to verify in what hypotheses it would be present in order to determine the compensation of damages, with a conclusion as to whether the Civil Code is subjective or objective. Initially, the general concepts of about fault liability and culpability are exposed, mentioning the development of civil liability over time and the reasons that led to reconsideration of the attachment to culpability. The peculiarities of the current system are also checked, since its main principle is human dignity, which results in the alteration of the cause of civil liability from culpability to unjust damage and the consequent socialization of the risk represented by the insurance agreement, concluding that today there are two general civil liability clauses within the legal system. Subsequently, absolute liability and the so-called indemnity charged for damages resulting from risk activities present in some specific laws are discussed. Finally, the sole paragraph of article 944 of the Civil Code is approached and considerations are made for its inclusion in the provision that upholds the quantification of the indemnity to then make considerations about the co-existence of fault liability and absolute liability within the Civil Code. The whole study was made in the light of human dignity and the need to compensate unjust damage for which it used the constitutional principles according to which all legal doctrines must be analyzed in view of the constitution of an equalitarian and fraternal society / O objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar o papel da culpa na responsabilidade extracontratual, e em que hipóteses estaria ela presente para determinar a reparação de dano, concluindo-se, inclusive se o Código Civil é subjetivista ou objetivista. Inicialmente, são expostas as noções gerais sobre a responsabilidade subjetiva e a culpa, discorrendo-se a respeito do caminhar da responsabilidade civil ao longo do tempo e as razões que levaram a se repensar o apego à culpa. Verificam-se também as peculiaridades do sistema atual, que possui como princípio fundamental a dignidade da pessoa humana, da qual decorre a alteração da causa da responsabilidade civil - da culpa para o dano injusto e a conseqüente socialização do risco operacionalizado por meio do contrato de seguro, concluindo-se, desta feita, que há hoje duas cláusulas gerais de responsabilidade civil no ordenamento jurídico. Posteriormente, cuida-se da responsabilidade objetiva e da denominada indenização tarifada para danos decorrentes de atividades de risco que estariam presentes em algumas leis específicas. Finalmente, aborda-se o parágrafo único do artigo 944 do Código Civil, ponderando-se a respeito de sua inserção no dispositivo que consagra a quantificação da indenização para, então, apresentar as considerações sobre a convivência entre a responsabilidade subjetiva e a responsabilidade objetiva no Código Civil. Todo o estudo foi feito à luz da dignidade da pessoa humana e da necessidade de reparação do dano injusto, tendo-se valido, para tanto, dos princípios constitucionais em consonância com os quais devem ser analisados todos os institutos de direito, com vistas à constituição de uma sociedade igualitária e fraterna

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of responsibility inferences on judgments about helping older parents and stepparents with activities of daily living, health management, and recovery in the aftermath of an illness or injury. Using Weiner’s theory of responsibility inferences as a guiding framework, we evaluated (1) the amount of intergenerational aid adult (step)children should provide, (2) the extent to which adult (step)children were perceived to be obligated to help, (3) the extent to which government agencies should assist, and (4) attitudes about older adults’ responsibilities to help themselves. A sample of 252 adults was obtained using the Qualtrics online survey platform. Hypotheses derived from Weiner’s theory received support regarding responsibility inferences and perceptions about public assistance and personal responsibility to resolve problems. The theory was only partially supported, however, when examining intergenerational help to older kin, being at fault reduced expectations for providing help only under some conditions, and perceived obligations to kin were never affected by culpability.

The purpose of this study is to assess why the race and gender of defendants influence judges’ decisions using the focal concern theory. This study will require around 84 participants. Participants will be federal judges who will be recruited via email. In an online survey, participants will be randomly assigned to one of four conditions . Participants will all read a vignette which an individual was convicted for in trafficking of Xanax. The vignette will be manipulated by the name and accompanying a mugshot based on the race (Black/White) and gender (male/female) of the defendant. The expected result is that there will be a significant effect on sentencing time based on race and gender due to perceived offender characteristics (perceived culpability, perceived aggression). The judges’ prejudice (sexism, racism, and feelings of paternalism toward the defendant) will also have a significant effect on sentencing length. With more research about judges’ perceptions and biases, reforms can be implicated to reduce sentencing disparity and to make the legal system more fair.

One common approach to managing the inevitable erroneous convictions and erroneous acquittals produced by criminal justice systems is to employ various means (rules and procedures) to decrease the number of erroneous convictions at the expense of increasing, even many more times, the number of erroneous acquittals. Blackstone’s famous dictum (1765) that “[i]t is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer” (“the Blackstone ratio”), and others like it, have inspired this error distributing approach to error management. A mathematical analysis is provided demonstrating that, under certain conditions (“the R-conditions”), error distributing approaches result in criminal justice systems that function worse, by all quantitative measures (including the number of innocents convicted), than similar systems in which defendants are randomly acquitted. These results follow from one of a pair of derived fundamental equations applicable to all criminal justice systems, regardless of circumstance. Thus, the results hold irrespective of the means used to avoid convicting the guilty and challenge those who wish to engage in a particular error distributing approach to show that the R-conditions do not obtain for that approach (with reasonably convincing accuracy). Further, the results presented herein identify an upper bound to the Blackstone ratio, according to one conception of that ratio. / text

A idéia de culpa está impregnada no pensamento ocidental, permeando todos os âmbitos das ciências humanas. Em sede de Direito penal, surge como forma de restrição da responsabilidade pelo resultado delitivo. Com a consolidação da racionalidade penal moderna, todavia, associa-se fortemente com a pena aflitiva, servindo a um só tempo como requisito e medida da mesma, isto é, porque o Direito penal administra uma sanção particular, a pena aflitiva, mister que o delito contenha um requisito a mais que os demais ilícitos a culpabilidade -, cuja intensidade terá repercussão direta na fixação da reprimenda. A primeira noção acabada de culpabilidade no seio da teoria do delito, conseqüentemente, é da atribuição de uma pena a quem agiu livremente em contradição ao ordenamento jurídico, situação que torna do condenado um merecedor da mesma. Está calcada em uma imagem iluminista de ser humano: livre, igual e racional; em uma imagem consensualista de sociedade, cujos bens jurídicos essenciais, em grande parte herdados do Direito natural, seriam igualmente valorados por seus membros; e, finalmente, em uma percepção da pena como espelho do mau uso da razão representado no delito. Em que pese a evolução doutrinária da culpabilidade, tais premissas, aqui denominadas ilustrativamente de pilares, mantém-se inalterados. A Criminologia, porém, demonstra que tal imagem de sujeito não se sustenta; que a sociedade é heterogênea; que os bens jurídicos são escolhas políticas e que a pena aflitiva tem efeitos deletérios tão ou mais graves quanto os do crime. Tem-se, assim, uma contradição entre o discurso e a prática do Direito penal, com um superávit punitivo, anverso de seu déficit ético. Possível correção de rota estaria na desvinculação entre delito e pena aflitiva, redefinindo-se o Direito penal, a culpabilidade e o processo penal com vistas à recomposição dos danos de relacionamento, com explícito desprezo à pena aflitiva. Dentro do marco da racionalidade penal moderna, todavia, é possível vislumbrar o fortalecimento da culpabilidade em vista das criticas criminológicas, sobretudo em sede de erro de proibição e de inexigibilidade de conduta diversa. Limitando o poder punitivo, a dogmática cumpriria a única missão viável no Estado Democrático de Direito, com resgate ético do Direito penal. / The idea of guilt is deeply rooted in western thinking, permeating all areas of humanities. In criminal law, it appears as a restriction of liability by the offense result. With the consolidation of modern criminal rationality, however, it is strongly associated to a painful penalty, serving at the same time as its requirement and extent, that is, because Criminal Law manages a particular penalty, the painful penalty, it is necessary that the offense contains an additional requirement to other illegal acts - guilt - whose intensity will have direct impact on the setting of the reprimand. The first built notion of guilt within the theory of Criminal Law, therefore, is the award of a penalty to those who freely acted in contradiction to the legal system, which makes the criminal someone who deserves such punishment. This is based on the Enlightment Age image of a human being: free, equal and rational; on a consensual society image, whose legal essential goods, largely inherited from Natural Law, would also be valued by its members; and finally, on the perception of the penalty as the mirror image of the misuse of reason, represented by the crime. Despite the doctrinal evolution of guilt, such assumptions, here called pillars, remain unchanged. Criminology, however, demonstrates that such image does not hold; that society is heterogeneous; that legal assets are political choices and that the painful penalty has side effects possibly far more serious than the crime itself. Thus there is a contradiction between the discourse and practice of Criminal Law, with a punitive surplus, opposite to its ethical deficit. A possible track correction would be the untying of crime and punishment, redefining Criminal Law, guilt and criminal prosecution with the purpose of rebuilding the relationship damages with explicit contempt with respect to the painful penalty. Within the framework of modern criminal rationality, however, it is possible to see the strengthening of guilt in the presence of criminological criticism, especially in the presence of the error as to prohibition and exculpation. Limiting punitive power, the dogmatic would meetthe only viable mission in a Democratic State of Law, with the rescue of an ethical criminal law.