For years statistical analysis has been applied to different areas of the natural and applied sciences to determine the degree of confidence that can be placed in research results. This work is a good example of how statistics can be applied to toxicology to enable conclusions and inferences to be made about important areas of interest such as the drugs and driving situation in New Zealand. Two thousand uninjured drivers (Study 1) who had provided an evidential blood alcohol sample, were also tested for cannabis, methamphetamine, benzodiazepines and morphine to determine the incidence of drug use by drinking drivers. To determine the proportion of drivers killed in car crashes who had used drugs and/or alcohol, two hundred and twenty nine fatally injured drivers (Study 2) were tested for alcohol, cannabis, methamphetamine, morphine, benzodiazepines and neutral and basic medicinal drugs that might have an effect on driving performance. Alcohol, cannabis and their combination were found to be the most prevalent drugs used by drivers. The analytical methodologies used were developed and validated by the Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd., where this work was carried out. These techniques involved liquid-liquid and liquid-solid extractions, immunoassays and chromatographic techniques for screening and confirmation assays. The statistical analysis of the results was done under the supervision of the Institute's biostatistician. An approach to cannabis culpability, intended to elucidate the role of this drug in car crashes, was applied to the Study 2 results. The number of samples collected during one year of research was not sufficient to enable statistically robust conclusions to be drawn. Cannabis use is illegal in New Zealand but drugs (different to alcohol) are not regularly tested at the roadside. This work as part of a cross-departmental project titled Drinking and drugged driver control: delineating the problem is expected to support the establishment of strategies designed to reduce the road toll and possibly include the screening of non-alcohol drugs in serious and fatally injured drivers.

Academic dishonesty has been widely reported to be a prevalent occurrence among university students and yet little research has been done to explore, in depth, the meanings the phenomenon holds for students. In response to this gap in research, the purpose of this study was to discover senior Education students understandings of academic honesty and dishonesty. A naturalistic research design was employed and the data were the verbatim discussions of five groups of senior Education degree program students from two western Canadian universities.<p> Findings were focused on the substantive, structural, and future applicability in students understandings. Essential elements of academic dishonesty appearing in students understandings were existence of rules, intent to break those rules, and resulting unearned grade advantages. These elements were extrapolated to serve as a baseline definition of academic dishonesty and as principles of culpability. Numerous situational considerations were volunteered by students that described enticements, deterrents, and beliefs about likelihoods associated with academic honesty and dishonesty. These considerations served as structures for the contemplation of risk that appeared prevalent in students understandings. Future applicability in students understandings was centred on expectations for teaching and professionalism. As teachers, students expected to need to respond to and prevent academic dishonesty. When working in a professional environment, they expected little need to acknowledge sources and a more collaborative climate overall that, for them, meant concerns for academic dishonesty had less relevance. Students expectations suggested rules for teaching and they contrasted the environments experienced as students with those anticipated as teachers.<p> The findings of this study were integrated to suggest students vision of a system for academic honesty that bears some similarity to a moral system. Also extrapolated were four metaphors for the roles of students in the university related to concerns for academic dishonesty: student as subject, student as moral agent, student as trainee, and student as competitor. Implications for higher education policy development and communication were based on students focus on grades and students sense of subculture for academic honesty and dishonesty. Students deference to the authority of the professor suggested implications for instructional practice. A lack of monitoring of students and professors behaviours related to academic honesty and dishonesty had implications for administrative practice in terms of fostering norms for academic integrity. A model for discernment of the student voice is proposed for student concerns appearing to be most freely and richly explored in a discussion among students. Recommendations for approaches to future research of this nature and for research questions and student populations bring the dissertation to a close.

Academic dishonesty has been widely reported to be a prevalent occurrence among university students and yet little research has been done to explore, in depth, the meanings the phenomenon holds for students. In response to this gap in research, the purpose of this study was to discover senior Education students understandings of academic honesty and dishonesty. A naturalistic research design was employed and the data were the verbatim discussions of five groups of senior Education degree program students from two western Canadian universities.<p> Findings were focused on the substantive, structural, and future applicability in students understandings. Essential elements of academic dishonesty appearing in students understandings were existence of rules, intent to break those rules, and resulting unearned grade advantages. These elements were extrapolated to serve as a baseline definition of academic dishonesty and as principles of culpability. Numerous situational considerations were volunteered by students that described enticements, deterrents, and beliefs about likelihoods associated with academic honesty and dishonesty. These considerations served as structures for the contemplation of risk that appeared prevalent in students understandings. Future applicability in students understandings was centred on expectations for teaching and professionalism. As teachers, students expected to need to respond to and prevent academic dishonesty. When working in a professional environment, they expected little need to acknowledge sources and a more collaborative climate overall that, for them, meant concerns for academic dishonesty had less relevance. Students expectations suggested rules for teaching and they contrasted the environments experienced as students with those anticipated as teachers.<p> The findings of this study were integrated to suggest students vision of a system for academic honesty that bears some similarity to a moral system. Also extrapolated were four metaphors for the roles of students in the university related to concerns for academic dishonesty: student as subject, student as moral agent, student as trainee, and student as competitor. Implications for higher education policy development and communication were based on students focus on grades and students sense of subculture for academic honesty and dishonesty. Students deference to the authority of the professor suggested implications for instructional practice. A lack of monitoring of students and professors behaviours related to academic honesty and dishonesty had implications for administrative practice in terms of fostering norms for academic integrity. A model for discernment of the student voice is proposed for student concerns appearing to be most freely and richly explored in a discussion among students. Recommendations for approaches to future research of this nature and for research questions and student populations bring the dissertation to a close.

Teisės mаgistrо bаigiаmоjо dаrbо tikslаs – аtskleisti kаltės nustаtymо prоblemаtiką bylоse žmоgаus gyvybei ir sveikаtаi. Nustаtyti kаltę yrа gаnа sudėtingа, kаdаngi susiduriаmа su žmоgаus sąmоnėje vykstаnčiаis psichiniаis prоcesаis. Gаusi teismų prаktikоs аnаlizė pаdėjо аtskleisti, su kоkiаis sunkumаis teismаi dаžniаusiаi susiduriа, nustаtаnt vieną pаgrindinių subjektyviųjų pоžymių – kаltę. Pirmоje dаlyje аtskleistа kаltės sаmprаtа bаudžiаmоjоje teisėje, аprаšytоs mоkslinės kаltės teоrijоs, jų pаgrindiniаi skirtumаi ir pаnаšumаi. Аntrоje dаlyje išаnаlizuоti kаltės turiniо kriterijаi, kurie lemiа kаltės fоrmоs ir rūšies nustаtymą. Trečiоje dаlyje išnаgrinėtаs neаpibrėžtоs tyčiоs sаntykis su аlternаtyviа tyčiа, tiesiоgine аpibrėžtа tyčiа bei netiesiоgine tyčiа. Ketvirtоje dаlyje аptаriаmi pаgrindiniаi netiesiоginės tyčiоs ir nusikаlstаmо pаsitikėjimо аtribоjimо elementаi. Penktоje dаlyje įvertintа klаidоs įtаkа kаltei. Išnаgrinėjus bаudžiаmąsiаs bylаs, dаrytinа išvаdа, kаd teismаms ne visаdа pаvykdаvо tinkаmаi nustаtyti kаltės fоrmą ir rūšį. Teismаi dаrо klаidų, аtribоjаnt neаpibrėžtą tyčią nuо аpibrėžtоs, ypаtingаi kаi pаnаudоjаmаs žаlоjimui skirtаs įrаnkis, kuris sаvаime pаvоjingаs ne tik žmоgаus sveikаtаi, bet ir gyvybei. Tаipоgi, teismаi kаrtаis kоnstаtuоjа netiesiоginę tyčią kаltininkо veikоje vietоj neаpibrėžtоs tyčiоs, nоrs smūgių lоkаlizаcijа, intensyvumаs, skаičius, pаnаudоti įrаnkiаi аiškiаi rоdо neаpibrėžtоs tyčiоs buvimą, tik nоrimi sužаlоjimаi nebuvо detаlizuоti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpоse оf the criminаl lаw mаster thesis is tо scrutinize the culpаbility аnd its determinаtiоn prоblems in cаses оf humаn life аnd heаlth. It is quite difficult tо determine the culpаbility becаuse it is encоuntered with mentаl prоcesses оf humаn brаin. The аnаlysis оf numerоus criminаl cаses helped tо reveаl the difficulties which аre fаced by cоurts when determining the mаin subjective element – the culpаbility. The cоncept оf culpаbility in criminаl lаw is reveаled in the first pаrt. The scientific theоries оf the culpаbility аre аlsо described in this pаrt, indicаting their mаin similаrities аnd differences. The culpаbility cоntent criteriа, which determine culpаbility’s fоrm аnd type, аre аnаlysed in the secоnd pаrt. The link between the undefined willfulness аnd the аlternаtive willfulness, direct willfulness аnd the indirect willfulness is investigаted in the third pаrt. The delimitаtiоn elements оf the indirect willfulness аnd criminаl reliаnce аre discussed in the fоurth pаrt. The mistаke аnd its influence tо the culpаbility аre reveаled in the fifth pаrt. The investigаtiоn оf criminаl cаses shоws thаt cоurts dо nоt аlwаys determine the right fоrm аnd type оf the culpаbility. Cоurts mаke mistаkes when delimitаting the undefined willfulness frоm the defined willfulness, especiаlly in thоse cаses where vаriоus tооls аre used which cаuse hаrm nоt оnly tо the humаn heаlth but аlsо tо the humаn life. Furthermоre, sоmetimes cоurts stаte the indirect willfulness... [to full text]

Este trabalho aborda a atividade sancionadora da Administração Pública e a necessidade de apreciação da culpabilidade para aplicação da sanção administrativa. Procede-se a uma análise dos fundamentos e conteúdo do Poder Sancionador da Administração Pública, em especial à culpabilidade do agente como elemento da infração administrativa. Defende-se, como regra, a necessidade de apreciação do elemento subjetivo do agente para aplicação da sanção administrativa, sob a ótica constitucional, enquanto garantia do administrado e decorrência da dignidade da pessoa humana. / This study deals with the punitive activity of the Public Administration and the need to appraise culpability as an element of administrative violations. It undertakes a broad analysis of the basis, content and limits of the punish powers of the Public Administration in the Brazilian legal system. It defends, as a rule, the need for an appraisal of the subjective element of the agent in the application of administrative sanctions, from a constitutional viewpoint,as a guarantee for those administered and out of respect for the dignity of the human person.

Este trabalho aborda a atividade sancionadora da Administração Pública e a necessidade de apreciação da culpabilidade para aplicação da sanção administrativa. Procede-se a uma análise dos fundamentos e conteúdo do Poder Sancionador da Administração Pública, em especial à culpabilidade do agente como elemento da infração administrativa. Defende-se, como regra, a necessidade de apreciação do elemento subjetivo do agente para aplicação da sanção administrativa, sob a ótica constitucional, enquanto garantia do administrado e decorrência da dignidade da pessoa humana. / This study deals with the punitive activity of the Public Administration and the need to appraise culpability as an element of administrative violations. It undertakes a broad analysis of the basis, content and limits of the punish powers of the Public Administration in the Brazilian legal system. It defends, as a rule, the need for an appraisal of the subjective element of the agent in the application of administrative sanctions, from a constitutional viewpoint,as a guarantee for those administered and out of respect for the dignity of the human person.

O presente trabalho aborda a relação entre a culpabilidade e a responsabilidade penal das pessoas jurídicas. A pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar as construções teóricas que pretendem responder ainda que criticamente aos problemas existentes na mencionada relação, desenvolvendo (ou rejeitando) um conceito de culpabilidade (ou equivalente) da pessoa jurídica, bem como identificar meios de limitação desse modelo de responsabilidade. Para tanto, o trabalho ressalta o debate havido, na admissão da responsabilidade penal da pessoa jurídica, entre política criminal e dogmática, enfatizando a necessidade de estratégias que transcendam o individualismo, fazendo uma breve descrição da culpabilidade individual e destacando os modelos de responsabilidade das pessoas jurídicas, bem como a relação entre ação e culpabilidade. Por fim, será essencial compreender o conceito de programas de compliance e os efeitos de sua adoção nos mais variados sistemas legais existentes, para, com isso, definir critérios mínimos para uma racional aplicação dessa responsabilidade. / The presente work discusses the relation between culpability and criminal responsability of corporations. The research has as its main goal to analyze the theorical constructions that intend to give answers even criticals to the problems existent in the mentioned relation, developing (or denying) a concept of corporations culpability (or equivalent), and identify limits to this model of responsibility. In order to do so, the work brings out the debate between criminal policy and dogmatic that exists in the admission of corporations criminal responsibility, emphasizing the need for strategies that transcend individualism, doing a brief description of individual culpability and pointing out the models of corporation responsibility, as well the relation between action and culpability. Finally, it will be paramount to understand the concept of compliance programs and the effects of its adoption in legal systems throughout the world, to define minimum requiriments for a rational application of this responsibility.

Este trabalho aborda a atividade sancionadora da Administração Pública e a necessidade de apreciação da culpabilidade para aplicação da sanção administrativa. Procede-se a uma análise dos fundamentos e conteúdo do Poder Sancionador da Administração Pública, em especial à culpabilidade do agente como elemento da infração administrativa. Defende-se, como regra, a necessidade de apreciação do elemento subjetivo do agente para aplicação da sanção administrativa, sob a ótica constitucional, enquanto garantia do administrado e decorrência da dignidade da pessoa humana. / This study deals with the punitive activity of the Public Administration and the need to appraise culpability as an element of administrative violations. It undertakes a broad analysis of the basis, content and limits of the punish powers of the Public Administration in the Brazilian legal system. It defends, as a rule, the need for an appraisal of the subjective element of the agent in the application of administrative sanctions, from a constitutional viewpoint,as a guarantee for those administered and out of respect for the dignity of the human person.

O presente estudo tem como objeto o modelo jurídico da reincidência, a ser analisado, na esteira da teoria tridimensional do Direito de Miguel Reale, em sua três dimensões - normativa, fática e axiológica. Serão pressupostos desta dissertação, além do tridimensionalismo concreto e dinâmico de Reale, a fenomenologia existencial de Martin Heidegger que tem o Dasein como ser fundamentalmente livre, embora desde logo situado e a criminologia crítica, a qual, embora tenha superado o labelling approach em inúmeros aspectos, manteve o interesse deste em tomar como objeto o próprio funcionamento do sistema punitivo. Na dimensão normativa do modelo será exposto o instituto jurídico da reincidência e será feito o juízo de sua adequação constitucional, mormente com relação aos princípios do ne bis in idem, proporcionalidade e, principalmente, culpabilidade. Este guiará o estudo à dimensão fática do tema, em que serão vistos os principais aspectos da prática penal, sobretudo suas características de seletividade e estigmatização, com ênfase no ponto central de todo o sistema punitivo, a pena privativa de liberdade. A seguir, a dimensão axiológica do modelo da reincidência comportará a análise dos valores que subjazem à dimensão normativa, os positivados contextualizados na teoria dos fins da pena e os latentes, embora difundidos em todo o corpo social o medo e a construção dos inimigos da sociedade. Por fim, serão unidas as três dimensões do modelo, em sua interação dialética e complementar, a fim de que este se mostre em sua plenitude. / This dissertation focuses on the legal model of recidivism, to be analyzed, based on Miguel Reales Three-dimensional Theory of Law, in its normative, factual and axiological dimensions. The hypothesis behind this work is apart from Realess concrete and dynamic three-dimensionality Martin Heideggers existential analytic according to which the Dasein is a fundamentally free being, although situated from the beginning and the New Criminology that, despite surpassing the labelling approach in several aspects, kept its focus on taking the performance of the punitive system as an object of study. In the normative dimension of the model, the recidivisms legal provision and its constitutional compatibility will be discussed, with the latter being analyzed according to the legal principles of ne bis in idem, proportionality and culpability. The principle of culpability will guide the work to the factual dimension of the object, that will underlie the study of the most important aspects of the punitive system, such as its main characteristics of selectivity and stigmatization, with emphasis on the core of the whole punitive system, the imprisonment. Then, the third dimension of the model will base the discussion of the values that support the normative dimension, the legal presented in the theory of punishment and the latent, despite widespread through the social fabric the fear and the construction of societys enemies. In the end, the three dimensions of the model will be united, in their dialectic and complementary interaction, so that the model can fully reveal itself.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as bases sistêmicas do pensamento de Günther Jakobs, fazendo o cotejo com o pensamento teórico de Niklas Luhmann, sobretudo no tocante à polêmica teoria do Inimigo. Nesse passo, após uma breve digressão sobre a teoria dos sistemas de Luhmann, analisa-se a forma como a matriz sistêmica aporta no pensamento geral de Jakobs, sendo, em sequência, desenvolvido o pensamento inicial em relação à teoria da pena. Através da ligação radical entre a função da pena e a culpabilidade, verifica-se que os conceitos de acoplamento estrutural e encerramento operativo fornecem as bases para o desenvolvimento teórico da dogmática de Jakobs, sem, contudo, serem desenvolvidos até suas últimas consequências. Por fim, ante a comparação da teoria dos sistemas com os desenvolvimentos dogmáticos, analisa-se o quanto de Luhmann há em Jakobs, e o quanto ambas as teorias se distanciam, em especial, no tocante ao Direito Penal do Inimigo. / The present work aims to analyze the systemic basis of the thought of Günther Jakobs, making comparisons with the theoretical ideas of Niklas Luhmann, particularly with regard to the controversial Enemy´s Theory. In this step, after a brief digression on Luhmanns systems theory, we analyze how the system approach brings in the general thought of Jakobs, being, in sequence, developed the initial thought in relation to the penaltys theory. Through the radical connection between the penaltys function and culpability, we noted that the concepts of structural coupling and operational closure provide the foundation for the theoretical development of Jakobs dogmatic, without, however, being developed to their ultimate consequences. Finally, the comparison of the systems theory with the dogmatics development provides the analysis of how much Luhmann is there in Jakobs, and how long both theories depart, in particular, in regards the Enemy Criminal Law