In this thesis, I analyze the Minions from Universal Pictures' Despicable Me franchise (2010-2020), Olaf from Disney's Frozen franchise (2013-2019), and Ducky and Bunny from Pixar's Toy Story 4 (2019). Although these characters are not intended to represent human beings but are fictional nonhuman species, examining them through the lens of racialization defamiliarizes them and reveals how children's media not only perpetuates specific caricatures of people of color but subtly naturalizes what race is as an assemblage of visual, verbal, performative, and affective components. While scholars studying racial representations in children's animated films often focus on how animated characters speak in non-white dialects, engage in stereotypes, and reproduce visual aspects of race, this interpretive framework does not address the ways in which race goes beyond the surface, nor does it address complex interactions between race, gender, and sexuality. Rather than asserting that nonhuman animated characters are certain races, my term "submerged racialization" suggests that animated characters are not direct representations of "real" non-white bodies but are aggregates of what it is to be racialized in historically specific ways that are co-constitutive with gender and sexuality. These features dwell beneath the surface like a skeleton, overdetermining how the characters perform without necessarily influencing their outward appearance in easily recognizable ways. In the first chapter, I analyze how the Minions enact a multi-layered submerged racialization as Black, Asian American, and indigenous beings. The second chapter discusses how Olaf's racialization shifts across different objects in the Frozen franchise, addressing his relationship to Blackness and Hawaiianness in the first film, the featurette, "pull apart" plush toys, and Hula Olaf figures. Finally, in my third chapter, I show how Ducky and Bunny fulfil roles as Black comedic sidekicks and demonstrate how Black men have been constructed as aggressive, hypersexual threats. By uncovering the submerged racialization underlying today's most popular children's franchises, I stress that race is reproduced and reinvented in the seemingly innocent intimate spaces around us. / Master of Arts / What race are the Minions? While this may seem a strange question, scholars of children's animated films have often described the race of nonhuman animated characters based on whether they speak in non-white dialects, engage in stereotypes, and reproduce certain visual characteristics, such as black skin. However, I argue that the Minions from Universal Pictures' Despicable Me franchise (2010-2020), Olaf from Disney's Frozen franchise (2013-2019), and Ducky and Bunny from Pixar's Toy Story 4 (2019) are "submerged racialized figures" and not direct representations of "real" non-white bodies. These characters demonstrate what it means to be racialized in historically specific ways that intersect with their gender and sexuality. Their racial features dwell beneath the surface like a skeleton, affecting their representation without necessarily influencing their outward appearance in easily recognizable ways. In the first chapter, I analyze how the Minions demonstrate a multi-layered submerged racialization throughout the franchise as Black, Asian American, and indigenous beings. The second chapter discusses how Olaf's racialization shifts across different objects in the Frozen franchise, changing his relationship to Blackness and Hawaiianness in the first film, the featurette, "pull apart" plush toys, and Hula Olaf figures. Finally, in my third chapter, I show how Ducky and Bunny fulfil roles as Black comedic sidekicks and demonstrate how Black men have been constructed as aggressive, hypersexual threats. By uncovering the submerged racialization within today's most popular children's franchises, I demonstrate how race is reproduced and reinvented in the seemingly innocent intimate spaces around us.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Contemporary South African artist William Kentridge’s experimentation with the visual strategies of European modernism and nineteenth-century optical devices, particularly the fragmented figure and shadow perception, has been well documented in contemporary cultural discourse. It is, however, something for which he is often criticized. In this dissertation I will demonstrate that Kentridge’s enduring interest in European modernism and the processes of human perception are in fact inextricably linked. I will further argue that the significance of this connection resides in that they are both critical visual strategies for exploring the fragmented nature of a postmodern postcolonial subjectivity in a South African contemporary cultural context. Kentridge’s concern with the subjective nature of the construction of knowledge, of the space between seeing and knowing, memory and reality, is a central motif in his art practice and is understood to be a personal attempt to reconcile his present with the past, South Africa’s colonial history with Western history and modernism with postmodernism. Shaped by theories of altermodernity, neomodern anthropology, and the relationship between the observer and ‘the gaze’ in contemporary discourse, my dissertation will thus also argue that Kentridge’s interrogation of the fragmented nature of human subjectivity could be regarded as being ethnographic and Gothic in nature. His multi-channel video installation, I am not me, the horse is not mine (2008), will provide the key visual text for my argument, for it is in this artwork that the inseparability of these concerns are best exemplified, particularly in his experimentation with fragmentation, the Russian avant-garde and shadows. I conclude this research with a discussion of my own creative work, which is a re-imagining and critical investigation of my maternal grandfather’s archive of late eighteenth-century family silhouette portraits. As such, I interrogate notions of subjectivity, human perception and an ‘altermodern’ anthropological quest through a personal lens, in the context of the broader concerns raised by Kentridge’s work. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die kontemporêre Suid-Afrikaanse kunstenaar William Kentridge se eksperimentering met die visuele strategieë van die Europese modernisme en negentiende-eeuse optiese toestelle, veral die gefragmenteerde figuur en skaduwee persepsie, is goed gedokumenteer in die hedendaagse kulturele debat. Dit is egter ook waarvoor hy dikwels gekritiseer word. In hierdie verhandeling sal ek aantoon dat Kentridge se volgehoue belangstelling in die Europese modernisme en die prossese van menslike waarneming onlosmaaklik aan mekaar verbind is. Ek sal verder aanvoer dat die betekenis van hierdie verband daarin geleë is dat albei krities belangrike visuele strategieë is waardeur die gefragmenteerde aard van 'n post-moderne, post-koloniale subjektiwiteit in ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse kontemporêre kulturele konteks verken kan word. Kentridge se besorgheid oor die subjektiewe aard van die konstruksie van kennis, van die ruimte tussen ‘om te sien’ en ‘om te weet’, herinneringe en die werklikheid, is ‘n sentrale motief in sy kuns. Dit word beskou as 'n persoonlike poging tot versoening tussen sy hede en die verlede, Suid-Afrika se koloniale geskiedenis en die Westerse geskiedenis, en modernisme en post-modernisme. My verhandeling is gebaseer op die teorieë van alter-moderniteit, neo-moderne-antropologie, en die verhouding tussen die waarnemer en ‘die staar na’ in kontemporêre debat. Ek neem dus ook standpunt in dat Kentridge se ontleding van die gefragmenteerde aard van die menslike subjektiwiteit beskou kan word as etnografies en Goties van aard. Sy multi-kanaal video-installasie, I am not me, the horse is not mine (2008), sal die sleutel visuele teks in my beredenering wees, aangesien dit is in hierdie kunswerk is dat die onlosmaaklikheid van hierdie verskynsels die beste beliggaam word, en veral ook in sy eksperimentering met fragmentering, die Russiese avant-garde en skaduwees. Ek sluit die navorsing af met ‘n bespreking van my eie kreatiewe werk, wat ‘n herinterpretasie en kritiese ondersoek van my grootvader aan moederskant se argief van die laat agtiende-eeu se familie silhoeët portrette. As sodanig, sal ek, in die konteks van die breë knelpunte wat in Kentridge se werk voorkom, die begrippe van subjektiwiteit, menslike waarneming en ‘n ‘alter-moderne’ antropologiese strewe deur ‘n persoonlike lens ontleed.

A consensus exists in the body of academic literature that stocks with high BE/ME characteristics outperform stocks with low BE/ME characteristics. Researchers disagree, however, as to the cause of the phenomenon. Two competing theories have emerged. The value premium originates either from the relative riskiness of high BE/ME value and low BE/ME growth stocks or from the persistent irrational pricing of those stocks. Market participants question whether the long lineage of academic research showing the existence of the value premium can actually be applied to their portfolio decision-making. The lack of a pervasive value premium across stock size strata suggests the return phenomenon may result from information asymmetry or trading noise, and not from the pricing of greater risk. The value premium appears to be exclusively available to market participants who can effectively navigate the smallest, most illiquid segment of the stock market. In other words, the value premium does not appear to be available to large institutional investors.

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This is an exploration of the director's role in autobiographical theatre. The director is in a unique position when storytelling on a personal level is being executed theatrically. I explored this topic over the course of directing three plays, each of which contained a strong personal storytelling element, which broadened my perspective of the director's role. The three plays were Slashtipher Coleman’s The Neon Man and Me, Birth by Karen Brody, and Will Power to Youth Richmond presents: William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. Traditionally, the director’s role includes a myriad of tasks. These tasks can include and are not limited to creating pictures on stage that reflect the story being told, coaching actors in their craft specific to the production, vocal and movement coaching, viii creating a concept, interpreting and translating the action, and being the intermediary amongst the creative team in reaching the overall artistic vision. However, when the director is presented with personal stories to shape and mold, this role changes; no longer can the director wear a traditional hat and assume that the story will tell itself through a series of pictures, but now the director dons different hats and accesses other skills that more closely reflect those of mentor, spiritual leader, psychologist, teacher, and friend. This thesis is a narrative of the explorative process that one director experienced when staging these three prototypes of autobiographical theatre.

Les m?canismes de l?emphys?me pulmonaire, caract?ris? par la destruction des alv?oles pulmonaire, sont incompl?tement connus. L?hypoth?se d?fendue par cette th?se est qu?une alt?ration des syst?mes d?alv?olog?n?se et de r?paration alv?olaire port?s par les fibroblastes pulmonaires contribue au d?veloppement des l?sions au cours de cette maladie. Les travaux pr?sent?s ici ont permis d??tablir que les fibroblastes pulmonaires cultiv?s in vitro ? partir de poumon emphys?mateux pr?sentaient un ph?notype alt?r? dans le sens d?une perte de leur capacit? ? participer ? la r?g?n?ration et ? la r?paration des alv?oles : Ces cellules s?cr?taient ? un niveau faible ou non stimulable le Hepatocyte Growth Factor et le Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF), qui ciblent les cellules ?pith?liales et endoth?liales de l?alv?ole. De plus, l?expression par ces cellules de l??lastine, le composant majeur de la matrice extracellulaire pulmonaire, n??tait pas induite par l?acide tout-trans r?tino?que, stimulus central de l?alv?olog?n?se, du fait d?une faible expression de Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein 2 (CRABP2). Le r?le du KGF dans l?hom?ostasie de l?alv?ole a ?t? d?montr? dans le mod?le d?emphys?me induit par l??lastase in vivo : Les souris trait?es par le KGF avant l?instillation d??lastase ?taient prot?g?es de l?emphys?me. Les souris dont le g?ne de CRABP2 ?tait inactiv? de fa?on globale n??taient pas sensibilis?es vis-?-vis de l?emphys?me dans ce mod?le. Les donn?es physiopathologiques pr?sent?es dans ce m?moire pourraient contribuer ? l?identification de nouvelles cibles th?rapeutiques pour l?emphys?me. / The mechanisms of pulmonary emphysema, characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls, remain incompletely understood. Our hypothesis is that a deficiency in fibroblast-borne alveolar repair systems accounts partly for the constitution of lesions in this disease. In our experiments, we show that fibroblasts isolated in vitro from human emphysematous lung express the Hepatocyte Growth Factor and the Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF), which target alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells, at low or unstimulable levels. Additionally, emphysema fibroblasts did not increase their expression of elastin, the main component of the pulmonary extracellular matrix, in response to retinoic acid, due to a low expression of Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein 2 (CRABP2). The role of KGF In alveolar homeostasis was demonstrated in vivo in the elastase-induced emphysema model: Mice treated with KGF before elastase instillation were protected against emphysema. CRABP2- knockout mice were not protected against emphysema in this model. Our pathophysiological data may help in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for emphysema.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar e analisar os principais fatores que interferem na expansão e continuidade dos programas municipais de coleta seletiva de materiais recicláveis em parceria com grupos organizados de catadores. A pesquisa se baseou na revisão bibliográfica e documental sobre o tema, e na análise comparativa de estudo de casos em três municípios da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados questionários aplicados em entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto aos três gestores municipais dos programas de e cinco presidentes das organizações de catadores. O enfoque escolhido foi a análise de políticas públicas, nesse caso, voltadas ao desenvolvimento de programas de coleta seletiva, com ênfase na inclusão social. Os resultados permitirão prover os formuladores de políticas e as organizações de catadores com propostas de ações e recomendações para fortalecer os programas. A pesquisa mostrou que os programas pesquisados enfrentam graves problemas decorrentes principalmente, mas não somente, da queda da quantidade de material reciclável arrecadado devido à competição com outros atores da cadeia de reciclagem e recomenda ações, diretrizes de planejamento e operacionalização dos programas e a implementação urgente de políticas públicas mais eficientes que possibilitem a inserção destas organizações nos sistemas municipais de limpeza pública e fortaleçam a sua autonomia. / This research identified and analyzed the main factors that interfere in the expansion and continuity of the municipal programs of selective collection of recyclabes in partnership with organized groups of scavengers. The work was done based on bibliographical and documental review and a comparative study in these municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo through questionnaires applied in semi-structured with three municipal managers of the programs and five presidents of scavengers organizations. The approach that was used is the analysis of public policies, and particularly adressed to the development of programs of selective waste collection, with an emphasis on social inclusion. The outcomes will allow to provide the municipal decisionh makers and scavengers organizations with proposals of action a nd recommendacions to strengthen these programs. The research indicates that the programs that were studied have serious problems due, mainly, but not only, the decrease of the quantity of recyclable material given the competition with others actos of the recycling chain. It recommends actions, directives of planning and operacionalization of programs and the urgent implementacion of more efficient public policies that will allow the insercion of these organizations in the municipal systems of solid waste management to strengthen their autonomy.

Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, was der Vorruhestand für die Ostdeutschen lebensbiographisch bedeutet und welche Funktion und Effekte dieser Aspekt des Institutionentransfers arbeits-markt- und sozialpolitisch hatte. Der Autor entwickelt zur Charakterisierung dieses Vorgangs den Begriff des "Verordneten Ruhestands". Eine theoretisch modellierte umfangreiche Empirie zeigt die subjektiv biographischen Erfahrung und Verarbeitung des "Verordneten Ruhestands" im Kontext der umfas-senden Probleme der deutschen Einigung. Die Darstellung macht deutlich, daß der Institutionentransfer im Zuge der Einigung zwar eine Einheit institutioneller Regeln, zugleich aber auch eine Differenz der Mentalitäten erzeugt und verstärkt hat. Im Ergebnis entwirft der Autor eine theoretisch begründete und empirisch differenzierte Typologie kultureller Handlungs- und Rückzugsmuster. Die Darstellung zeigt, wie differenziert Lebens- und Systemgeschichte zusammengehören. Unübersehbar, daß Probleme des Wohlfahrsstaates im Zuge fortschreitender Modernisierung von den Menschen Anstrengungen, Neuarrangements und Verantwortung verlangen. / This thesis focuses on the effect of early retirement on the lives of East Germans, the function of this aspect of institutional transfer and its consequences for the job market and socio-political structures. The term coined by the author to describe this process is "prescribed retirement". Comprehensive empirical analysis based on a theoretical model has been used to demonstrate in subjective, biographical terms how "prescribed retirement" is experienced and dealt with within the problematical context of German unification. This account shows clearly that, while generating a uniform set of institutional norms, the institutional transfer necessitated by unification has also served to produce and heighten differences in mentality between the respective citizens of the two former German states. In his conclusions, the author has set up a theoretically based and empirically differentiated typology of cultural patterns of action and withdrawal. His account demonstrates the many ways in which human lives can be linked with the history of the system. The obvious conclusion is that in view of the modernisation process, the problems of the welfare state will necessitate an increased contribution from its members in terms of effort, re-arrangement and responsibility.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:58:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula dos Santos.pdf: 912313 bytes, checksum: 02aa2f684268eb67ca90975d86479455 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-13 / This present research has as its main objective to analyze the work Água Viva , from Clarice Lispector as a writing made of impressions that oscillates between poetry and prose. The research question which has instigated was in which measure this impression writing was close and also different from the impressionist Brazilian prose from the end of 19th century? The hypotheses that leaded the investigation were, in the first place, that its propulsive strength was trying to search for a conflict solution in the poetic creation base: the inevitable mediation between words and things; In the second place, that this difference was the invention of an impression writing that is able to catch the present-instant through words that invest against the representation and operate as live things, which happens in a kinesthetic correlation among sound-image-sense of a short break in a fast apparition. The hypotheses analysis was done in three chapters: in the first, the focus was the genesis of Água Viva in a Screaming Object, besides the criticism work analyzed through a poetic language optic. The second has covered two aspects: the impressionist prose elaborated in Brazilian literature in the end of 19th century and the theoretical basis of this impression writing using authors like: Paul Valery, Ezra Pound , Octávio Paz, Barthes and Décio Pignatari; the third one consists in the analysis of Água Viva as a strength field between poetry and prose, very similar to a stave where sound, image and word cross each other, vertically and horizontally, reverberating in a mass of sensations from three structural focuses: the I and the writing scene in the water trajectory; the instances of You ; time-space: the circle and the line. We came to a conclusion that Água Viva, interpreted from the impression writing perspective, has received a new dimension that is able to illuminate the meaning of a text that has resisted any traditional genre classification / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a obra Água Viva, de Clarice Lispector, enquanto uma escritura feita de impressões que oscilam entre a poesia e a prosa. A questão de pesquisa que nos instigou foi a de responder em que medida essa escritura de impressões se aproximava e se diferenciava da prosa impressionista brasileira de final do séc. XIX? As hipóteses norteadoras da investigação foram, em primeiro lugar, a de que a sua força propulsora estava na busca de solução para um conflito de base da criação poética: a mediação inevitável entre as palavras e as coisas; em segundo lugar, que essa diferença estava na invenção de uma escritura de impressões capaz de captar o instante-já por meio de palavras que investissem contra a representação e operassem como coisas vivas, em correlações sinestésicas entre som-imagem-sentido, no breve intervalo de uma aparição súbita. A análise das hipóteses fez-se em três capítulos a saber: no primeiro, o foco foi a gênese de Água Viva em Objeto Gritante, além da fortuna critica da obra em análise sob a ótica da linguagem poética; o segundo abarcou dois aspectos: a prosa impressionista elaborada na literatura brasileira em finais do século XIX e os fundamentos teóricos dessa escritura de impressões a partir de pensadores como: Paul Valéry, Ezra Pound, Octávio Paz, Barthes e Décio Pignatari; o terceiro pautou-se pela análise da obra Água Viva como um campo de forças entre a poesia e a prosa, à semelhança de uma pauta onde som, imagem e palavra se entrecruzam, vertical e horizontalmente, reverberando em massas de sensações a partir de três focos estruturais: O eu e a cena da escrita no percurso água; as instâncias do tu ; tempo-espaço: o círculo e a linha. A conclusão a que chegamos foi a de que Água Viva, interpretada a partir dessa perspectiva de uma escritura de impressões , ganhou uma nova dimensão capaz de iluminar o sentido de um texto que tem resistido às classificações tradicionais de gêneros

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar e analisar os principais fatores que interferem na expansão e continuidade dos programas municipais de coleta seletiva de materiais recicláveis em parceria com grupos organizados de catadores. A pesquisa se baseou na revisão bibliográfica e documental sobre o tema, e na análise comparativa de estudo de casos em três municípios da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados questionários aplicados em entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto aos três gestores municipais dos programas de e cinco presidentes das organizações de catadores. O enfoque escolhido foi a análise de políticas públicas, nesse caso, voltadas ao desenvolvimento de programas de coleta seletiva, com ênfase na inclusão social. Os resultados permitirão prover os formuladores de políticas e as organizações de catadores com propostas de ações e recomendações para fortalecer os programas. A pesquisa mostrou que os programas pesquisados enfrentam graves problemas decorrentes principalmente, mas não somente, da queda da quantidade de material reciclável arrecadado devido à competição com outros atores da cadeia de reciclagem e recomenda ações, diretrizes de planejamento e operacionalização dos programas e a implementação urgente de políticas públicas mais eficientes que possibilitem a inserção destas organizações nos sistemas municipais de limpeza pública e fortaleçam a sua autonomia. / This research identified and analyzed the main factors that interfere in the expansion and continuity of the municipal programs of selective collection of recyclabes in partnership with organized groups of scavengers. The work was done based on bibliographical and documental review and a comparative study in these municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo through questionnaires applied in semi-structured with three municipal managers of the programs and five presidents of scavengers organizations. The approach that was used is the analysis of public policies, and particularly adressed to the development of programs of selective waste collection, with an emphasis on social inclusion. The outcomes will allow to provide the municipal decisionh makers and scavengers organizations with proposals of action a nd recommendacions to strengthen these programs. The research indicates that the programs that were studied have serious problems due, mainly, but not only, the decrease of the quantity of recyclable material given the competition with others actos of the recycling chain. It recommends actions, directives of planning and operacionalization of programs and the urgent implementacion of more efficient public policies that will allow the insercion of these organizations in the municipal systems of solid waste management to strengthen their autonomy.