Text in Afrikaans / Students who study part time find themselves in a situation, with much pressure, which causes stress. The reason for this study was therefore to investigate the effectiveness of Rational Emotive Therapy as a coping technique for students in order to handle stress. A qualitative analysis was conducted and data was gathered primarily through group therapy and interviewing. The results of the research led to the conclusion that Rational Emotive Therapy could be effectively applied by students as a stresscoping mechanism / Educational Studies / M.Ed.

Can the HEXACO personality dimensions and facets be used to explain the principal-agent problem and the disposition effect? The proposed research is designed to address the relationship between personality dimensions and individuals’ propensity to engage in self-interested behavior (agency effect) and irrational investment decisions (disposition effect). This paper proposes a correlational study that will be one of the first to apply Ashton and Lee’s (2009) HEXACO framework of personality to examine the association between the six personality dimensions and measurements of the agency and disposition effect. The HEXACO model of personality dimension includes Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Openness to Experience, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness. Total participants in both experiments will be 480 undergraduate college students. Participating students will complete the HEXACO-60 self-report inventory and take part in a stock simulation where measurements of interests are recorded. Higher scores along the Honesty-Humility and Emotionality dimensions are expected to have a strong negative relationship with the agency effect measurement, while Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Extraversion will have a weak to moderate positive association. Higher scores along the Emotionality dimensions are expected to have a strong negative association with the disposition effect measurement, while lower scores of Conscientiousness are expected to have a positive relationship.

The purpose of this essay was to examine Islamic State’s (IS) self-image and perception of their enemies, and also what kind of propaganda technique that they use in their movies. To do so three questions were formulated: 1. According to Social Identity Theory the ingroup’s social identity is the same as the ingroup’s prototype. How is IS’s prototype portrayed, and thus their social identity, in the movies Flames of War and Clanging of the Swords IV? 2. According to Social Identity Theory a consequence of group membership is that the ingroup will associate outgroups with stereotypic images. What stereotypic images does IS’s associate outgroups with in the movies Flames of War and Clanging of the Swords IV? 3. According to Jacques Ellul propaganda can be categorized as either rational or irrational. So, based on his definition of propaganda, what kind of propaganda technique is used in Flames of War and Clanging of the Swords IV ? In this paper four segments were analyzed from two of IS’s movies: Flames of War and Clanging of the Swords IV. Two theories were used in this essay: Ellul’s theory on rational and irrational propaganda, and also Social Identity Theory. The first theory presents different techniques of argumentation that can be classified as either rational or irrational propaganda. The second theory describes the phenomenon known as prototype and stereotype. The most common propaganda technique used in the movies was that of social evidence, which is a rational strategy of propaganda. This means that the propaganda mainly uses symbols in its arguments, which in this case is the symbol of Allah. IS uses Allah, as well as their leader Al-Baghdadi, to justify their actions. Irrational propaganda is also used quite often. It can be seen in the way IS describes their own group and their enemies. IS always describes themselves with positive attributes and characteristics, while their enemies are described as their complete opposite. The purpose of this is to make the viewer automatically start to associate the ingroup (IS) as good and the outgroups (enemies) as evil. The prototype of IS is that they see themselves as the holy warriors of Allah executing His will on earth. The stereotypic image of IS’s enemies is that they are apostates and enemies of Allah. Their infidelity has provoked Allah, they’re sinners and thus IS considers it to be their duty to punish them.

The diploma thesis analyses the influence of money on the economic instability by the view of Post Keynesian economic theory. The paper answers the question, what creates the economic instability and if it's possible to eliminate or least reduce the instability. The money is here always seen as credit, which is made by institutions on the financial market. We need trust to create money. However the confidence is based on long-term expectations, which are not rational. The result of the analysis is that the trust growth in economy leads to growth of creation of money, whereby more money based on irrational, by psychology influenced expectations, is made. The economy becomes less stable, because there is more money in it, than people will have in the future to pay for its extinction. As the irrational expectation is an exogenous variable, which basically cannot be influenced, the economic instability is ineliminable and therefore allied to economy. We can only reduce instability by focusing on limiting factors in the creation of money, or on areas, where the irrational action can vent itself. Into consideration comes regulation of the financial institutions size, or regulation of international capital flow.

Esta dissertação analisa uma organização ocultista, sediada na cidade de São Paulo, com o auxílio da Teoria Crítica da Escola de Frankfurt e da psicanálise freudiana. Pretendemos com isso compreender em parte o processo de formação da subjetividade moderna dentro da sociedade totalmente administrada, bem como discutir a irracionalidade da cultura refletida no sujeito como um eco do social. O trabalho conclui que a transição do capitalismo concorrencial para o capitalismo de monopólios gerou uma busca por valores espirituais muito de acordo com a lógica do consumo de massas. Concluímos também que a irracionalidade de tais renascimentos religiosos, dos quais a Pró-Vida é um exemplo, representam o reflexo da patologia social da razão humana. / This thesis analyses an occultist organization, placed in the city of São Paulo, with the help of the Frankfurt Schools Critical Theory and the Freudian psychoanalysis. Our intention is to understand in part the modern subjectivity formation process inside the wholly administrated society, and to discuss the culture irrationality reflected on the subject as an echo of the social. The thesis concludes that the transition from concurrent to monopolist capitalism has generated a search for spiritual values according to the logic of mass consumption. We also conclude that this religious revival irrationality, of that which the Pró-Vida group is an example, represents the reflex of the social pathology of human reason.

Considerando-se como fonte primária os manuais escolares brasileiros de Matemática, o saber a ser ensinado ainda situa uma apresentação dual, polarizado no viés pragmático ou teórico, ao que se segue um procedimento temático padrão que privilegia o desenvolvimento operatório envolvendo contextos exatos, finitos e determinísticos. Em particular, essas características se acentuam gravemente no momento de introdução dos números irracionais no ensino básico, o que ocasiona uma abordagem restritiva. Para superar este quadro, Bruner (1987) fundamenta que não devemos adiar o ensino de assuntos essenciais com base na crença de que são difíceis demais, pois as ideias fundamentais de qualquer assunto podem ser ensinadas na escolaridade básica, porém demanda um trabalho para além dos aspectos técnicos, o que equivale a retomada de características ligadas à compreensão. Neste trabalho, tivemos por hipótese que os pares discreto/contínuo; exato/aproximado; finito/infinito, presentes na análise da evolução epistemológica dos números reais e descritos em Machado (2009), se constituem em pilares conceituais essenciais para fundamentar um panorama favorável a uma abordagem significativa do tema dos números irracionais, de modo a compor um amálgama entre os aspectos técnicos e semânticos. Em face da necessária reflexão, em nível educacional, em torno de tal tema, delimitamos inicialmente um contexto investigativo pautado em um estudo qualitativo orientado pela questão Como são abordados os números irracionais no ensino básico, considerando-se como fonte o livro didático de Matemática?, a fim de mapear a apresentação deste assunto no Ensino Fundamental II e no Ensino Médio. O fundamento metodológico se inspirou nos núcleos de significação, descritos em Aguiar&Ozella (2006), que buscou apreender os sentidos que constituem o conteúdo do discurso expresso nos textos dos livros didáticos. O percurso dos núcleos de significação confirmou que, nos livros didáticos analisados, a apresentação dos números irracionais ocorre de modo polarizado: alguns optam por um viés empírico e outros pela definição formal. Verificou-se que, após uma abordagem inicial, não ocorre intercâmbio destas opções, o que acarreta um rápido esgotamento das ferramentas para se desenvolver as temáticas, limitando a compreensão da complexidade dos números irracionais no ensino básico. A partir das hipóteses e da pesquisa empírica, nos propusemos a delinear as contribuições presentes no movimento dialético entre os pares discreto/contínuo, finito/infinito e exato/aproximado, cujas mútuas conexões permeiam um espaço de significações, um campo que possibilita organizar, tecer e ampliar a rede de significados, conforme Machado (1995), favorecendo um quadro de maior compreensão à apresentação dos números irracionais. O enfoque epistemológico realizado revelou uma multiplicidade de relações envolvendo os números irracionais e diversos assuntos do currículo de Matemática, não devidamente caracterizadas e exploradas no ensino básico, o que serviu de mote para a apresentação de algumas situações de ensino para ilustrar os aportes orientadores sugeridos. Acreditamos que o caminho epistemológico trilhado viabilizou uma abertura para ampliar o quadro de significados em relação a outros tópicos presentes na Matemática Elementar, considerando-se como suporte a potencialidade presente nos eixos discreto/contínuo; exato/aproximado; finito/infinito, assim como no par determinístico/aleatório. / Considering Brazilian mathematics school textbooks as a primary research source, the knowledge to be taught still has a dual presentation, polarized in a pragmatic or theoretical way, what follows a thematic procedure pattern that favors an operational development involving exact, finite and deterministic contexts. In particular, these characteristics are seriously accentuated by the time of irrational numbers introduction at basic education, which leads to a restrictive approach. To overcome this situation, Bruner (1987) states that we should not postpone teaching key issues based on the belief that they are too hard, because the fundamental ideas of any subject can be taught at basic education, but it demands a work that overcome technical aspects, considerations that are equivalent to the resumption with aspects related to understanding. In this work, we had by hypothesis that the tension inherent on discrete/continuous, exact/approximate, finite/infinite pairs, extracted from analyses on real numbers epistemological evolution and described at Machado (2009), constitutes an essential conceptual pillar to establish a helpful framework to enable a significant irrational numbers approach, in order to compose an amalgam between technical and semantic aspects. Considering the necessary educational discussion involving this theme, we initially delimited an investigative context based on a qualitative study guided by the question How irrational numbers are approached in basic education, considering mathematics textbook as a source?\' in order to map this subject presentation at Middle and High School. The methodological foundation was inspired in meaning core, described in Aguiar and Ozella (2006), which aims to capture the sense that constitutes the speech content expressed inside mathematics scholar textbooks. The analysis from meaning core route reveals that, in the textbooks examined, the most known irrational numbers introduction occurs in a polarized way: some opt for a pragmatic bias and others by formal definition. However, it was found that after an initial approach, there is no further relationship between these options, which causes a rapid depletion of the tools to develop these themes, which limits the complexity understanding of irrational numbers in basic education. From the hypotheses and the empirical research, we intended to delineate contributions presented on the dialectical movement between discrete/continuous, finite/infinite and exact/approximate pairs, whose mutual connections permeate a \'space of meanings\', a field that allows to organize, to weave and to expand a network of meanings, as Machado (1995), favoring a framework for better understanding the irrational numbers development in basic school. The epistemological approach performed revealed a multiplicity of relationships involving irrational numbers and various subjects of mathematics curriculum, not properly characterized and exploited in basic education, references which served as contexts for the presentation of some teaching situations to illustrate the contributions guidance suggested. We believe that the epistemological path trodden enables an opening to increase possibilities of meanings in relation to other topics of Elementary Mathematics, considering as support the capability constituents presented in discrete/continuous, exact/approximate, finite/infinity axis, as well as in deterministic/random pair.

O presente trabalho tem como perspectiva a caracterização dos números Racionais e Irracionais, e a sua devida aplicabilidade e variações no que tange o aspecto algébrico e transcendental. Sabe-se que o Número e (de Euler), pode ser classificado como um número transcendental, isto é, aqueles que não são raízes de nenhum polinômio que possua coeficientes inteiros. Nesse pressuposto, o Número deve ser considerado existente e irracional. O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em caracterizar os fatores que abrangem os Números Racionais e Irracionais, oferecendo a compreensão necessária referente ao Número e e a sua ação nos Números Algébricos e Transcendentes. Como recurso metodológico, utilizou-se uma revisão de literatura, com um crivo pautado nos fatores qualitativos e quantitativos, a fim de se refletir sobre a temática proposta. Assim, nesta presente pesquisa, buscouse apresentar informações dentro das melhores formas e possibilidades de favorecer a compreensão, considerando a dificuldade em torno deste respectivo tema, devido a sua característica abstrata, o que dificulta o entendimento por parte de muitos. Portanto, destacam-se as iniciativas e argumentos em torno deste princípio temático, como forma de, possivelmente, fomentar o interesse de muitos pelo mesmo, além de que, tal trabalho possa ser relevante às necessidades de investigação de outros desejosos por este universo de pesquisa. / The present work has as its perspective the characterization of Rational and Irrational numbers, and their due applicability and variations regarding the algebraic and transcendental aspects. It is known that the number e (of Euler) can be classified as a transcendental number, that is, those that are not roots of any polynomial that has integer coefficients. In this assumption, the Number should be considered existent and irrational. The objective of this research is to characterize the factors that comprise the Rational and Irrational Numbers, offering the necessary understanding regarding Number e and its action in Algebraic and Transcendent Numbers. As a methodological resource, a literature review was used, based on qualitative and quantitative factors, in order to reflect on the proposed theme. Thus, in this present research, we sought to present information within the best ways and possibilities to favor understanding, considering the difficulty around this respective theme, due to its abstract feature, which makes it difficult for many to understand. Therefore, we highlight the initiatives and arguments around this thematic principle as a way of possibly fostering the interest of many by the same, and that such work may be relevant to the research needs of others desirous by this universe of research.

Esta dissertação apresenta um trabalho didático desenvolvido com turmas de 8º ano do Ensino Fundamental visando uma introdução significativa aos números irracionais, tanto quanto ao enfrentamento de dificuldades conceituais inerentes ao tema, como quanto ao envolvimento ativo dos estudantes no seu próprio aprendizado. Para elaborar, aplicar e analisar as atividades didáticas foram utilizados como embasamentos teóricos principais: a tese de doutorado de Olga Corbo (CORBO, O., 2012) sobre os conhecimentos necessários para a exploração de noções relativas aos números irracionais na Educação Básica e textos sobre investigações matemáticas de pesquisadores portugueses, sob a coordenação de João Pedro da Ponte (PONTE, J. P., et al., 1998 e ABRANTES, P. et al., 1999). As atividades foram planejadas visando abordagens dos conteúdos ricas em significados e acessíveis à faixa etária alvo. Estudantes de 8º ano realizaram pesquisas e apresentações em grupos sobre o número de ouro e atividades investigativas para explorar propriedades características dos números racionais e irracionais: representação decimal, associação à medida de segmentos de reta, localização na reta numerada, infinidade e densidade nesta reta. Em 2017, novas turmas desenvolveram atividades investigativas ampliando os objetivos para incluir a noção de comensurabilidade de segmentos de forma a viabilizar um debate participativo sobre a demonstração da incomensurabilidade entre o lado e a diagonal de um quadrado elaborada na Grécia antiga. Tudo isso contribuiu para que os estudantes concebessem, de maneira significativa para eles, a necessidade de uma infinidade de novos números para além dos racionais. / This dissertation presents a didactical work developed with 8th grade classes of Elementary School aiming a significant introduction to the irrational numbers in the sense that it confronts the conceptual difficulties related to the theme, as well the observation of the stimulating involvement of students in their learning process. In order to elaborate, apply and analyze the didactical activities, we considered as the main theoretical basis the doctoral thesis of Olga Corbo (CORBO,O., 2012) about the fundamental knowledge necessary for the exploration of irrational numbers in Basic Education and texts on mathematical investigations written by portuguese researchers and coordinated by João Pedro da Ponte (PONTE, JP, et al., 1998 and ABRANTES, P. et al., 1999). The activities were planned aiming to make the content approaches meaningful and accessible to the target age group. Eighth-grade students conducted researches and group presentations on the golden number and investigative activities to assess specific characteristics of rational and irrational numbers as: decimal representation, association to the measurement of straight segments, location in the numbered line, infinity, and density in this line. In 2017, new groups developed researches broadening the objectives to include the notion of commensurability of segments, in order to enable a debate in classroom about the demonstration of the incommensurability between the side and the diagonal of a square elaborated in ancient Greece. All of these steps contributed to the students understanding of the need for a multitude of new numbers besides rational ones.

This thesis aimed to investigate predictors of body image which were irrational beliefs, socially-prescribed perfectionism, social comparison, physical activity level and satisfaction with life among university students. Participants were included of 790 undergraduate students from different departments of in a large state university and sample is selected according to convenience sampling method. Multidimensional Body Self Relations Scale, Irrational Beliefs Scale-Short, Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism Scale, Social Comparison Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale and demographic information form were used to collect the data. Multiple regression analysis was used to explain the hypothesized model of predictors of body image. Results indicated that irrational beliefs, social comparison, physical activity level and satisfaction with life predicted body image positively whereas the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism was positive but non-significant. In addition comparing the mean scores of scales by gender, total score of body image was higher in men than women. Findings of this study revealed that social comparison was playing a significant role in forming body image followed by spending little time vs. much time engaging with sportive activities, irrational beliefs, satisfaction with life and having little time vs. average time for physical activities. Results were discussed regarding to the relevant literature.

Unga tillväxtföretag är svåra att värdera då tillgången till information är bristfällig. En potentiell investerare måste därmed uppskatta det unga tillväxtföretagets framtida utveckling då trender inte kan spåras i historisk data. Osäkerhetsfaktorn, såväl som den höga risken för misslyckande, måste således vägas in. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur värderingen av unga tillväxtföretag går till i praktiken samt se hur risk och irrationalitet hanteras i processen. Vårt delsyfte är även att urskilja de faktorer som styr priset på ägarandelen. Vi har valt en kvalitativ ansats för att besvara vår frågeställning och för att få en djupare förståelse för de faktorer som inverkar på värderingen samt få en inblick i det mänskliga beteendet i investeringsprocessen. I denna undersökning har vi intervjuat tre representanter från Venture Capital-bolag samt tre affärsänglar. Respondenternas svar har sedan analyserats med utgångspunkt i uppsatsens teoretiska referensram som berör ämnena investeringsprocess, värdedrivare, värderingsmodeller, riskhantering samt irrationellt beteende. Studiens analys och slutsats visar att entreprenörens kvalitéer är den främsta värdedrivaren när ett ungt bolag med stor tillväxtpotential ska värderas och en avgörande faktor för ett investeringsbeslut. Andra viktiga parametrar är tillväxtmöjligheter så som goda marknadsförutsättningar och konkurrensfördelar gentemot andra aktörer. Mjuk och hårddata som finns till förfogande samt bedömarens intuition och erfarenhet från tidigare investeringar bildar tillsammans den slutgiltiga uppfattningen om hur företaget rimligtvis kan utvecklas. Intuitionen ses som ett viktigt kompletterande verktyg när informationsbrist råder vid värderingen. Avkastningen kan emellertid påverkas negativt när intuitionen vilseleder och resulterar i misstolkning av verkligheten. Den vanligaste värderingsmetoden som används är jämförande värdering där multiplar från liknande bolag används. Dock minskas kravet på en preciserad värdering ju större den potentiella avkastningen är. Innan investeringsbeslutet utförs en due diligence för att undersöka om den information de fått av bolaget stämmer samt att ingen information undanhållits. Investerarens uppfattning om bolagets värde ställs sedan mot entreprenörens under en förhandling där aktiepriset slutligen fastställs. En entreprenör som är en skicklig förhandlare och duktig på att marknadsföra sig i riskkapitalbranschen kan dock generera en högre värdering. Detta kan resultera i att investeraren vill förhandla om reglerande mekanismer som ska säkra investerarens avkastning. Strikta avtal, krav på preferensaktier samt andra specialklausuler kan då reducera värderingens betydelse. / Young companies with high growth potential are difficult to value since access to information is inadequate. A potential investor must therefore estimate the young growth company’s future development, since trends cannot be based on historical data. Thus the uncertainty factor as well as the high risk of failure must be weighed in. The purpose of this paper is to examine how valuation of young companies with high growth potential works in practice and see how risks and irrational behavior are managed during the evaluation process. Part of our purpose is also to identify factors that affect the price of ownership. We have chosen a qualitative approach to answer our question of formulation and to get a deeper understanding of the factors affecting valuation, as well provide insights into the human behavior in the investment process. In this paper, we have interviewed three representatives from venture capital companies, as well three business angel investors. The respondents' answers were then analyzed on the basis of the essays formulated theoretical framework, which affects the areas investment process, value-drivers, valuation models, risk management and irrational behavior. The study analysis and conclusions indicate that the entrepreneur’s own quality’s is the primary value-driver when a young company with great growth potential is valued and a decisive factor for an investment decision. Other important parameters are growth potentials such as favorable market conditions and competitive advantages over other players. Soft and hard data that is available as well as the assessor's intuition and experience from previous investments form together the final view of how the company reasonably can be developed. Due to the limited information, intuition is seen as a complementing tool in the valuation. The return may be negatively affected when intuition misleads and results in a misrepresentation of reality. The most common valuation method used is comparative valuation applying multiples of comparable companies. However, the greater the potential return is, the less important a precise value becomes. Before the investment decision is made, the investor executes a due diligence to ascertain whether the information gained by the company is correct and that no information is withheld. The investor's perception of the company's value is then set against the entrepreneur’s during a negotiation at which the stock price is finally determined. An entrepreneur who is a skilled negotiator and good at marketing themselves in the venture capital industry can however generate a higher valuation. This can result in that the investor wants to negotiate regulatory mechanisms that will secure the investor's return. Strict contracts, requirements for preferred stock and other special clauses can reduce the significance of the value.