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Background: Patients with mental illness is commonly present in physical healthcare for either mental illness or both mental illness and physical illness. Earlier research shows that patients feel aggrieved and discriminated against by healthcare professionals in physical healthcare due to mental illness. Patient experience that they do not receive good care, increasing the suffering. Aim: The aim was to describe nurses' experiences of caring for patients with mental illness in physical healthcare. Method: Systematic literature review with a descriptive synthesis according to Evans (2002), where 14 qualitative research articles where analyzed with an inductive approach. Result: The nurses experienced patients with mental illness as a danger and as not being their responsibility. They could not meet the patients' needs and experienced a lack of knowledge to care for them. They were sceptical about these patients and described negative attitudes and prejudices against them, and that the physical healthcare environment was not suitable for those patients. Conclusion: Nurses need skills in psychiatric nursing and a broader introduction into the basic psychiatric care. These skills are necessary to provide quality care that protects patients’ privacy and dignity and reduces the stigma of patients with mental illness.

After the Second World War, the service sector in many countries, including the highly developed and the developing countries, started growing and making up the bulk of the economies of those countries. Some of the factors for that radical change are: the changing patterns of government ownership and regulation, privatization, technological innovations, servitization, internationalization, globalization, etc. The purpose of this article is to investigate and to suggest a classification of the existing literature in the field of service economy. The results of the systematic review of the area of the service economy are presented in a thematic order. Moreover, the findings are connected with the economical schools of thought - welfare state and neoliberalism. The key findings reveal that the social, economic, and technological changes brought by the Third Industrial Revolution were essential for the dissemination and development of the service sector.

Throughout the twenty-first century, the lowering cost and increased availability of travel options has resulted in virtually uninterrupted economic growth of the international tourism sector. While financially beneficial, the increased movement of people has also been shown to have a negative impact on the environment, leading to the growth of a more environmentally-friendly approach to travel called nature-based tourism. One country at the forefront of the nature-based tourism movement is Iceland, and while the sector has grown significantly in the country over the past decade, the way in which information concerning environmental issues is communicated to tourists has not been widely researched. Being the case, the aim of this study was to examine the extent to which environmental issues are communicated to the general public through the use of the ecosystem services framework. Four popular nature-based tourism activities were selected for analysis; a whale watching tour, a horse riding tour, a boat tour of a glacial lagoon and a spa experience in a geothermal hot spring. A literature review concerning how the ecosystem services framework related to each of these tours was carried out and findings were compared to observatory data gathered through participation in said tourism activities. Results showed that while scientific publications could be found for each tour/ecosystem service combination, information concerning environmental issues was not widely communicated to participants in the nature-based tourism activities using the ecosystem services framework.

Bakgrund: Redan på 300-talet f. Kr. undersökes humor och dess effekter på människan. Senare forskning har visat att humor och skratt har goda effekter på människors hälsa. Att sjuksköterskan ser patienten som en helhet och inte bara en sjukdom är en viktig aspekt i omvårdnaden. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva betydelsen av humor för sjuksköterskor och patienter i vården samt hur sjuksköterskan kan använda humor som ett redskap i omvårdnaden. Metod: En litteraturöversikt som genomförts utifrån 15 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Humor visade sig vara ett sätt att underlätta kommunikation mellan patient och sjuksköterska. Humor kunde även användas för att skapa trygghet för patienten och kunde även lindra smärtupplevelse. Timing, patientens status och kulturella skillnader visade sig påverka hur humorn uppfattades. Konklusion: Resultatet av denna litteraturöversikt pekar på att humor kan användas som ett redskap i omvårdnaden om det används på rätt sätt. Humor hade betydelse för både sjuksköterskor och patienter i vården och både positiva och negativa upplevelser framkom. Litteraturöversiktens resultat tyder på att de positiva upplevelserna var mest betydande, men att det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan tar patientens hela situation i beaktande innan humorn används som ett redskap. / Background : As far back as 300 BC, humor and its effects on humans begun to be explored. More recent research has shown that humor and laughter have beneficial effects on human health. An important aspect in nursing care is to see the patient as a whole, and not only the disease. Aim : The aim was to describe the meaning of humor for nurses and patients in health care and how nurses can use humor as a tool in nursing care. Method : A literature review based on 15 articles was conducted. Result: Humor proved to be a way to facilitate communication between patient and nurse. Humor could also be used to provide security for the patient and could also alleviate the pain experience. Timing, patient status and cultural differences appeared to affect how humor was perceived. Conclusion : The result of this literature review indicates that humor can be used as a tool in nursing care if used properly. Humor was important for both nurses and patients in the care and both positive and negative experiences emerged. The results of the literature review indicate that the positive experiences were most significant, but it is important that the nurse takes into account the entire situation of the patient before using humor as a tool.

Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma är ett ökande problem i världen. Det finns idag flertalet faktorer som bidrar till att befolkningen blir överviktig, som bland annat en ökad tillgång till onyttig mat med hög fetthalt och en stillasittande livsstil. Övervikt och fetma är även en riskfaktor till flertalet sjukdomar som bland annat hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar. Syfte: Att belysa vedertagna metoder som kan främja viktnedgång bland vuxna individer med fetma och överviktsproblematik. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt där 15 artiklar har använts för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställning. Sökningarna gjordes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Resultat: Viktnedgång handlar till stor del om att ändra på levnadsvanor som kost och motion.Andra metoder som tycks främja viktnedgång är stresshantering och olika tekniska hjälpmedel som främjar individens egna förmåga. Även självövervakning i form av att skriva ner kaloriintaget varje dag och fysisk aktivitet i minuter hjälper individer till att gå ner i vikt. Motivation och utbildning om kost och motion är faktorer som främjar individernas egen förmåga till att gå ner i vikt. Slutsats: Det finns flertalet olika metoder som kan hjälpa individer att gå ner i vikt, att ändra kost och motionsvanor är en viktig grund. Trots att övervikt och fetma är ett växande problem världen över finns det lite forskning om vad sjuksköterskan kan göra för att hjälpa dessa individer och därför behövs mer forskning kring detta. / Background: Overweight and obesity is an increasing problem in the world. In today's society several factors contribute to the increase of overweight in the population, for instance an increase of fast food chains and a sedentary lifestyle. Overweight and obesity is a risk factor for several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To examine established methods that promote weight loss in overweight and obese adults. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review where 15 different articles were used to answer the purpose and research question of the study. The searches were made in the databases Cinahl and PubMed. Result: Weight loss is about changing lifestyle habits such as diet and physical activity. Other methods found to promote weight loss are stress management and technical tools which helped the individual to self-efficacy. Self-monitoring as writing down calorie intake and minutes of physical activity every day helped individuals to lose weight. Motivation and education about nutrition and exercise were factors which promoted individuals self-efficacy to lose weight. Conclusion: There are several methods that can help the individual to lose weight, to change lifestyle habits is an important basis. Even though overweight and obesity is a growing problem worldwide there is still little research about what the nurse can do to help those people and therefore more research is needed.

Several models have been developed for understanding and predicting innovation adoption in organizations and literature has identified several factors that impact the adoption and implementation of Information Technology (IT). This research examines the process of adoption of IT innovations in organizations. The study explores the processes involved in the adoption of IT and verifies the key factors that influence IT innovation adoption in organizations. Using a systematic literature review, the study developed a conceptual model of IT innovation adoption in organizations. The model is a theoretical combination of Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and a framework which contains characteristics of innovation, organization, environment, chief executive officer (CEO) and user acceptance. The model represents IT innovation adoption as a stage-based process, progressing from initiation to adoption-decision to implementation. The study aggregated findings of past research on IT adoption to identify key factors that influences IT adoption in organizations. The study performed a meta-analysis of innovation, organization, environment, CEOs and user acceptance determinants to assess the magnitude and the strength of these factors on IT innovation adoption. Results confirmed that relative advantage, compatibility, cost, observability and trialability are strong determinants of IT innovation adoption. In terms of organizational context, IS department size, top management support, organizational size, IT expertise, product champion, IS infrastructure, information intensity, resources and specialization was found influential in the adoption of IT. As for environmental characteristics, the meta-analysis verified the significance of external pressure, government support and competitive pressure. Meta-analysis results verified that CEO‟s innovativeness, attitude and IT knowledge as key determinants. The findings confirmed the importance of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm and facilitating conditions for the user acceptance of IT in organizations.

Bakgrund: Stroke är en av de vanligaste orsakerna till funktionsnedsättningar och död i Sverige. De flesta som fått en stroke blir beroende av stöd från sina anhöriga. Anhöriga bör delta i vården av den som fått stroke för att underlätta i deras tillvaro. Syfte: Att beskriva upplevelsen av att vara anhörig till en människa som har fått stroke. Metod: En litteraturstudie med tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar med beskrivande syntes. Resultat: Först kände de anhöriga en osäkerhet över situationen, en känsla av kaos uppstod och de var oroliga inför framtiden. Sedan kände de anhöriga sig ensamma i tillvaron, de upplevde brist i stödet från hälso- och sjukvården samt obehag över det stora ansvaret som nu följde. De anhöriga började sedan acceptera framtiden, de kände tacksamhet över sin livssituation och de började omprioritera sitt liv. Slutsats: Genom att låta sjuksköterskor ta del av de anhörigas upplevelser kan de ge bättre och mer anpassad information och stöd individuellt till de anhöriga. Detta skulle ge patienten ett bättre stöd och minska onödigt lidande. / Background: In Sweden, Stroke is one of the most common causes to disability and death. Stroke can provide serious consequences and most of patients need to be helped by their close family members. It is important for close family members to be involved in the care of patients who have had a stroke to facilitate the life. Aim: To describe the experience of being a close family member of a person who has had a stroke. Method: A literature review based on ten qualitative scientific articles with descriptive synthesis. Result: At first, close family members felt the uncertainty of the situation because of a sense of chaos and worries about future. At second, they felt loneliness in life because they experienced a lack of support from health care and overwhelming responsibility that followed. Lastly, the family members accepted the future because they felt gratitude for their lives and they began to re-prioritize their life. Conclusion: By allowing nurses to take more knowledge of the family members' experience, they can understand why it is important to provide better and more detailed and individual support to the family members. This would give the patient a better support and reduce unnecessary suffering.

Bakgrund: Cirka 130 000-150 000 personer i Sverige har en demenssjukdom. Demens är en obotlig sjukdom som kan leda till exempelvis minnessvårigheter, svårigheter att kommunicera, svårigheter att sköta sin personliga hygien. På grund av dessa symtom kan omvårdnaden av personer med demenssjukdom vara en svårighet för vårdpersonalen och de kan ställas inför olika utmaningar. Syfte: Att beskriva vårdpersonalens erfarenheter kring utmaningar i omvårdnad av personer med demenssjukdom. Metod: Litteraturöversikt där resultatet är baserat på arton vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: I resultatet har författarna till denna litteraturöversikt studerat vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av utmaningar kring omvårdnad av personer med demenssjukdom. Vid olika situationer i omvårdnaden av personer med demenssjukdom identifierades svårigheter och utmaningar för vårdpersonalen. Utmaningar som urskiljes: Bevara integritet eller förebygga skada, personlig hygien, administrera läkemedel, måltidssituationer, att undanhålla sanning för att lugna, teknisk övervakning och kommunikation. Slutsats: Det finns flera utmaningar inom omvårdnad av personer med demenssjukdom, där vårdpersonalen ställs inför valet att främja individens självbestämmande och integritet eller att förebygga skador genom att gå emot individens vilja. / Background: Around 130 000-150 000 people in Sweden is suffering from dementia. Dementia is a terminal illness which can lead to memory loss, difficulty in communication and difficulties to manage their personal hygiene. Due to these symptoms, the care of people with dementia can be challenging and healthcare professionals are often faced with problematic questions. Aim: Describe healthcare professionals experiences concerning care of people affected by dementia. Method: A literature review, including eighteen scientific articles. Results: The authors to this systematic review has been studying the health care professionals experiences with different challenges within the healthcare of people with dementia. In different situations difficulties and challenges could be identified for the healthcare professionals. These challenges could include: maintain integrity or prevent injuries, personal hygiene, administration of medicinal products, meal situations, withhold the truth to keep the calm, technical monitoring, communication. Conclusion: Within the healthcare of people with dementia it occurs several dilemmas. The healthcare professionals are facing the choice between the individuals right to autonomy and integrity or provide against injury by acting against the patients individual will.

Bakgrund: I Sverige lever idag ungefär 130 000 - 150 000 personer med demenssjukdom. Sjukdomen orsakas av skador i hjärnan som medför en rad symtom som påverkar olika förmågor negativt hos personen som är drabbad. Detta leder i sin tur att personen blir beroende av omgivningen. Malnutrition är ett av de problem som personer med demenssjukdom drabbas av. Det är sjuksköterskans ansvar att ha kunskap och kännedom om tecken på risk för undernäring och att arbeta på ett personcentrat sätt för att motverka malnutrition. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva förebyggande åtgärder som motverkar undernäring hos personer med demenssjukdom. Metod: Denna litteraturöversikt grundas på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserats och sammanställts. Resultat: Fyra olika teman framkom med omvårdnadsåtgärder som främjade nutritionsintaget hos personer med demenssjukdom. Dessa var fysisk och psykosocial måltidsmiljö, individuellt anpassande åtgärder för att öka nutritionsintaget och personalens behov av utbildning och kännedom om individen. Slutsats: Resultat av denna litteraturöversikt visade olika åtgärder som medförde ökat intag av mat och vätska hos personer med demenssjukdom. Hälsotillståndet hos personer med demenssjukdom kan försämras om åtgärder för att motverka undernäring inte tillämpas vilket kan leda till komplikationer så som undernäring och ohälsa. Det är centralt att åtgärderna utgår från den enskilda individen vilket ökar välbefinnande och dennes autonomi. / Background: It is about 130 000-150 000 people in Sweden living with dementia. The disease are caused by brain damage and it entails various numbers of symptoms that affect different abilities in the person with dementia. This leads to that the person becomes dependent on his or her surroundings. Malnutrition is one of the problems people with dementia suffers from. It lays in the nurse responsibility to have knowledge, to pay attention in signs of risk for malnutrition and to work with person-centered care to counteract malnutrition. Object: The purpose of this study was to describe interventions that prevent malnutrition in people with dementia. Method: This literature review was based on 15 scientific articles that were analyzed and complied. Results: Four different themes with nursing actions emerged that support the nutrition intake among people with dementia. The themes where physical and psychosocial dining environment, individually customized care actions to increase nutrition intake and health professionals need for education and their knowledge about the individual. Conclusion: The result of this literature review showed various care actions that increase food and fluid intake among persons with dementia. The state of health among people with dementia can be impaired if actions are not applied which can cause complications as malnutrition and illness. It is essential that the interventions assume from the individual, which improves the personal well-being and their autonomy.