Previous research has shown that exerting self-control on a demanding task can impair performance on a subsequent demanding self-control task. This phenomenon is known as ego-depletion; however, its underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Notable gaps in the literature exist regarding whether participants’ motivation levels can attenuate the depletion effect, and whether trait self-control is related. Drawing from the process model of depletion and the self-determination theory, the goal of the study was to examine whether motivational incentives in the form of autonomy can impact performance on tasks in an ego-depleted state, and the potential relationship of trait self-control. Amazon Mechanical Turk was utilized to conduct this experimental quantitative study with a 2 (ego-depletion: yes or no) x 2 (autonomous reward motivation: incentivized or nonincentivized) between-subjects factorial design. The effects of an autonomous motivational incentive were compared with the effects of no incentive on a convenience sample of online participants (N = 211), half of whom performed a task designed to be depleting of self-control resources, and half of whom performed a non-depleting task instead. Multivariate ANCOVAs showed no significant differences for performance on a subsequent self-control task for any of the experimental groups, and no co-variance of trait self-control was found (as measured by the Brief Self-Control Scale). This study will contribute to social change by increasing understanding of the factors contributing to self-control. This knowledge will be useful to anyone intending to strengthen their own willpower and achieve their goals, and may enable practitioners to better assist clients struggling with addictions and other maladaptive behaviors.

This study explored the associations of students’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation towards high-stake tests in Physical education. The study collected data with questionnaires from 81 Swedish compulsory school students. The questionnaires in this study were based on the Academic Motivation Scale. Furthermore, this study was based on Self-Determination Theory. In congruence with previous research, this study found that females received a significantly higher grade than male students. The results also suggest that there was no significant difference between the different test-groups actual performance. The results of the study concluded that there are no correlations between motivation [towards high-stake tests] and the actual performance of students. Moreover, students were more motivated by external regulation (receiving higher grades) than intrinsic motivation to know (to learn a skill for life). Students perceived higher test anxiety if they were to perform in front of their classmates. However, the test-groups did not perform statistically differently which then leads to the question on the necessities of using these forms of high-stake test since it does not increase performance but is perceived to be more stressful for students. Further research is necessary to draw any generalizable conclusions if there is any correlation between motivation, high-stake tests, and perceived test anxiety.

Det finns tidigare forskning om distansarbete och hur det samverkar med individersmotivationsupplevelser. Distansarbete har ökat i takt med den pågående Covid-19 pandeminoch Folkhälsomyndighetens rekommendationer. Rekommendationerna har minimerats underen period men återinfördes efter några månader igen, studien avsåg att studera första periodenmed rekommendationer. Medarbetarna på bolåneavdelningen hos Nordea Bank fick välja omde skulle arbeta på kontoret eller på distans. Syftet med studien var att undersöka denupplevda inre motivationen bland medarbetarna på bolåneavdelningen hos Nordea Bankunder tiden med rekommendationer. Undersökningen utgår från Självbestämmandeteorinmed variablerna samhörighet, kompetens och autonomi samt Målsättningsteorin medvariablerna målsättning och feedback. En kvalitativ fallstudie har utförts med avgränsning tillbolåneavdelningen där fyra medarbetare från vardera grupp av arbetssituation har intervjuats.Resultatet visade utifrån Self-Determination Theory att samhörighet har varit viktigt och attkänsla av kompetens funnits under perioden. Autonomi visade på en delad uppfattning ochdet fanns en överensstämmande bild om låg feedback kultur. Hälften av samtligarespondenter har ansett att målsättningen varit hög, de på distans har trots det varit effektivaoch ökat prestationerna. Slutligen har de på distans och en på kontor enligt Goal-SettingTheory känt inre motivation medan de resterande har haft lägre nivå av inre motivation vilketspeglade prestationerna.

Bakgrund: Motivation är något som behövs för att utöva en prestation, motivationen är även något som är väsentligt i skolan. Men hur ser motivationen ut idag och var kommer den ifrån? Efter min vfu period började jag se att elevernas motivation grundades i att få bra betyg istället för kunskap i ämnet. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka elevers generella motivation i Idrott och Hälsa samt om det finns något samband mellan olika motivationsformer under lektionstid och eleverna fysisk aktivitet efter studietid. Metod: Metoden som användes var en kvantitativ undersökning och en enkätundersökning som besvarades av 57 elever på en högstadieskola. Resultat: Resultatet som framgick var att den generella motivationen hos elever var bra (m=3,6). Tjejer (m=3,8) hade en högre generell motivation än killar (m=3,4).                 Det starkaste sambandet var mellan integrerad reglering och fysisk aktivitet efter studietid (r=0,77) även sambandet mellan identifierad reglering och fysisk aktivitet var starkt (r=0,66). Skillnaden mellan tjejer och killar var stor vad gäller samband och varierade noterbart. Diskussion: Resultaten visar att motivationen hos eleverna är bra men att tjejer har högre generell motivation till ämnet idrott och hälsa än killar som går emot forskningen, vilket kan bero på idrottskultur i staden där studien utfördes. Studien visade även att det finns positiva samband mellan motivationsformer och fysisk aktivitet efter studietid. Mellan könen varierar det väldigt mellan sambanden

No description available.

No description available.

Work motivation has been a topic of significance for a very long time, however, since there has been a recent shift towards remote work, traditional motivational theories might need to be reconsidered and applied to the new way of working. The self-determination theory (SDT) is one of many motivational theories, which says that once the three basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are reached, individuals will experience high amounts of motivation. In order to dive deeper into the topic of motivation in remote work, the purpose of our study is therefore to explore this area of research by examining how managerial support measures could be aimed at ensuring the feeling of autonomy, competence and relatedness, and in turn manage to possibly sustain motivation among remote workers.  With the aim of reaching and fulfilling the purpose of this study, in-depth interviews were conducted with five remote workers working in start-ups or SMEs within the IT sectors, or within companies with a digital focus. The data which we collected through interviews was then thematically analysed by careful coding and put into a variety of themes. Following the presentation of our findings was a meticulous analysis of the generated data, which was the base for our final conclusions drawn on the subject.  From the findings, we were able to conclude that autonomy achieved high scores in remote work, and was without exceptions fulfilled for all of our interview subjects. Within competence, the most challenges were detected, however the right supporting measures, like facilitating information sharing, would be able to work against these issues. Lastly, relatedness is oftentimes severely lacking within remote work due to the implied distance, however due to conscious choices to work remotely, individuals will be aware of decreasing relatedness when they start their journey of working remotely. Nonetheless, supporting measures like organising social gatherings or workshops, can limit the lack of feeling relatedness in the remote workplace.  This study can assist future researchers that are conducting studies within the growing remote work environment. Furthermore, it can help managers in the workplace to gain an updated view on motivation in remote working, and shift perspective to remotely adapted supporting measures.

Covid-pandemin förändrade det moderna arbetslivet och distansarbete tros vara här för att stanna. I en kvantitativ studie undersöktes hur distansarbete relaterar till autonom motivation med utgångspunkt i självbestämmandeteorin för motivation och med ett särskilt fokus på arbetsrelationer, då behovet av samhörighet riskerar att bli lidande under distansarbete. Tidigare forskning har visat att distansarbete kan bidra till social isolering, sämre kontakt med kollegor och ensamhet vilket föreslår att distansarbetet bidrar till sämre arbetsrelationer. Hypotesen blev således att distansarbete har ett negativt samband med autonom motivation och att sambandet medieras av arbetsrelationer. I denna studie, som genomfördes via en enkät till 125 deltagare i ett bekvämlighetsurval, hittades inget sådant samband. Däremot fann man ett positivt samband mellan arbetsrelationer och autonom motivation. Studien har vissa begränsningar man bör ha i åtanke, bland annat en låg andel undersökningsdeltagare som arbetar mycket på distans. Framtida studier föreslås att efterforska vidare hur distansarbete relaterar till arbetsrelationer och motivation, men med ett mer strategiskt urval och longitudinell design.

In recent years, Swedish school children have experienced a decline in reading motivation. This is no less true for middle school students both in and outside of school. This thesis aims to find ways in which robot book-talks can be used in a school setting to motivate middle schoolers to read. With a Research through Design approach, the study also aims to find recommendations for designers in the future. These goals were achieved through a design process in three phases, in which the author developed and tested book-talks between fourth graders and the robot Furhat from Furhat Robotics, using the Wizard of Oz (WOZ) technique. In the final evaluative phase, the students had book-talks with Furhat in two different modes, over two sessions. In Passive mode, the robot asked general questions and made little effort to make sure the students were concentrating on the task. This mode served as a baseline for the “novelty effect”. The other – Active mode – built on the ideas created throughout the process. In this mode, the robot asked questions directly related to the students’ books and made more effort to guide the students through their task. Results show that while the robot interaction was appreciated by all partaking students, it was not possible to prove if it spurred genuine reading motivation. Nevertheless, results showed that the interaction could potentially fulfil the basic psychological needs of competence and relatedness. Along with autonomy, both needs are fundamental to motivation and well-being, according to Self-Determination Theory. The book-talks’ effect on students’ autonomy could not be tested properly, as there were too few copies of the books which the students could read for the book-talks. The study also showed signs of the “novelty effect”, as some students were interested in reading more so that they could talk to the robot again. Three main takeaways for future designers were found as a result of the study: using Self-Determination Theory to create UX goals and to design; make designs that encourage people to interact with people; both follow and guide the users throughout the WOZ interaction, to create moments where the students can experience relatedness and show competence.

An improved working model at the daily activity center. An improvement work and a qualitative study on the perception of professionals on motivating participants with high-functioning autism to attend daily activities. Despite daily activities efforts to contribute to personal development, through offering meaningful activities, attendance among participants with high-functioning autism is low as those who have been granted the decision do not fully attend. This increases the likelihood of social isolation. In the absence of evidence-based working methods, the improvement team tested whether modifying the ordinary model would increase participants' attendance. This was through incorporating a model called Step Out. Step Out’s five components focused on increasing participants' motivation, by the professionals seeing the big picture, actively creating trust, working with solution-focused methods, and using motivational interviews. Four participants with low attendance were selected to take part in the intervention. The improvement work was conducted at a daily activity center in a small city in Sothern Sweden. The improvement work aimed to understand why the attendance of participants was low and to increase participant attendance through Step Out. The study aimed to gain an understanding of the professionals' perception of working with Step Out in the improvement work. The study was conducted through a qualitative study with five individual interviews and where the self-determination theory formed the basis for the analysis of professionals' perceptions. The results indicate that the smart goal to double the average attendance of the participants during the intervention was achieved in two participants but was not achieved in the other two participants. In addition, six reasons were shared by the participants on why they did not attend their daily activities. The professionals perceived that Step Out had given them new tools to strengthen the participant's autonomy, competence, and sense of belonging. Structural barriers were perceived as the greatest hindrance to the implementation of Step Out. In conclusion, participants are individuals with unique skills and interests, and professionals at the daily activity center must use an individualized approach.  Keywords: low-attendance, motivation, self-determination theory, Step Out / Ett förbättrat arbetssätt på dagligverksamheten. Ett förbättringsarbete samt en kvalitativ studie om de professionellas uppfattning om att motivera deltagarna med högfungerande autism att delta på daglig verksamhet. Trots Daglig verksamhets goda intentioner att bidra till personlig utveckling och främja delaktighet i samhället genom att erbjuda meningsfull sysselsättning, är närvaron bland deltagarna med högfungerande autism låg eftersom de som beviljats insatser inte deltar fullt ut.  Detta ökar risken för social isolering.  I brist på evidens-baserade arbetsmetoder testade förbättringsteamet att modifiera den ordinarie arbetsmodellen genom att införliva en modell som heter Kliv Ut.  Kliv Ut bestod av fem delar vars fokus låg på att öka deltagarnas motivation. Detta till dels genom att personalen skaffade sig en mer komplett bild av deltagaren, delvist genom ett aktivt skapande av initialt förtroende hos deltagarna, delvist lösningsfokuserade arbetsmetoder samt motiverande samtal. Fyra deltagarna med låg närvaro valdes ut för att delta i interventionen. Förbättringsarbetet genomfördes på en dagligverksamhet i en mindre stad i södra Sverige. Syftet med förbättringsarbetet var att förstå varför deltagarnas närvaro var låg och att öka närvaron med modellen Kliv Ut. Syftet med studien var att förstå de professionellas uppfattningar om att arbeta med Kliv Ut under förbättringsarbetet. Studien genomfördes genom en kvalitativstudie med fem enskilda intervjuer där självbestämmande teori utgjorde underlag för analys av de professionellas uppfattningar av Kliv Ut.  Resultaten visade att SMART-målet att fördubbla deltagarnas genomsnittliga närvaro under interventionsperioden uppnåddes för två av deltagarna men inte hos två. Dessutom identifierades sex grundläggande orsaker till att deltagarna inte deltog i sina dagliga aktiviteter. De professionella uppfattade att Kliv Ut hade gett dem nya verktyg att stärka deltagarnas autonomi, kompetens och tillhörighet. Strukturella barriär identifierades av de professionella som det största hindret att genomföra Kliv Ut.  Sammanfattningsvis betraktas deltagarna som individer med unika färdigheter och personliga intressen varför de som arbetar på dagligverksamheten behöver använda ett genomgående individanpassat tillvägagångssätt.   Nyckelord: låg närvaro, motivation, självbestämmande teori, kliv ut