O objeto desta pesquisa é o desempenho térmico de edifícios residenciais na cidade de São Paulo, tendo em vista as mudanças climáticas previstas e a maior vulnerabilidade da população idosa. O objetivo é a avaliação de desempenho térmico e de conforto ambiental de edifícios residenciais no cenário RCP 8.5 do Quinto Relatório do IPCC - IPCC AR5 e durante a onda de calor ocorrida em janeiro e fevereiro de 2014. Este trabalho se utiliza de estudos de casos reais e de simulações computacionais. O método é indutivo, por meio de levantamentos de campo, e dedutivo, por meio de comparações entre os resultados das medições e das simulações computacionais; o trabalho apresenta, ao final, estudos preditivos do comportamento térmico e do conforto ambiental dos usuários nos edifícios estudados. Para tanto, foram levantadas e monitoradas seis residências de idosos voluntários, além de uma residência de controle, e foram realizadas simulações com o modelo EDSL/Bentley TAS (Thermal Analysis Software). Para a simulação computacional foram utilizados dados climáticos simulados e medidos. Os dados climáticos simulados foram tratados a partir de dados cedidos pelo Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas/IAG-USP representando os períodos presente (1975 a 2005), futuro próximo (2015 a 2044), futuro intermediário (2045 a 2074) e futuro distante (2076 a 2096). Os dados medidos foram os registrados pela estação meteorológica do IAG-USP, localizada na zona sul de São Paulo, para três períodos distintos: o ano de 2013, quando foram monitoradas as residências, o ano de 1972, selecionado como representativo do período de construção das residências estudadas, e também o ano de 2014, para fins de estudo dos efeitos da onda de calor ocorrida em janeiro e fevereiro desse mesmo ano. Os resultados foram analisados comparativamente entre os diferentes cenários climáticos e também entre as unidades habitacionais estudadas, adotando-se os índices de conforto adaptativo De Dear et al. (1997) / ASHRAE 55 (2013) e Humphreys et al. (2010), considerados os mais adequados para a avaliação térmica da operação em modo passivo no clima local, dentre os índices já existentes. As análises revelaram que, com a progressão dos cenários climáticos futuros, há tendência de alteração na condição de conforto dos usuários com aumento da sensação de calor e redução da sensação de frio, expressos aqui em número de horas e de graus-hora de desconforto. Além disso, sob a ocorrência de ondas de calor, o aumento abrupto e persistente da temperatura do ar tende a tornar as condições de desconforto térmico ainda mais acentuadas. Dentre todos os cenários estudados, e aplicando-se os dois modelos de conforto, foi encontrado um valor médio de aumento da condição de calor de 271%, variando de 83% a 694%, e uma redução média da condição de frio de 51%, variando de 24% a 70%. Os resultados mostram que a conjugação desses dois fenômenos, mudança climática e onda de calor, pode provocar um efeito potencializador para o desconforto térmico por calor, tornando as condições inóspitas para o conforto humano, além de implicar em maior consumo de energia para climatização artificial. / The subject of this research is the residential buildings performance in the city of São Paulo, taking into account the climate changes predicted for the next decades and the greater vulnerability of the elderly related to the environmental conditions. The aim is the evaluation of thermal performance and comfort in residential buildings under the RCP 8.5 scenario from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report - IPCC AR5, as well as under the heat wave occurred in January and February 2014. This work is based on real case studies and computer simulations. The method is inductive, by field surveys, and deductive, though the comparison between measurements and computer simulation; finally, predictive studies of thermal performance and comfort are presented. For this purpose, six elderly dwellings, besides a control one, were surveyed and monitored, and computer simulations were carried out using EDLS/Bentley TAS (Thermal Analysis Software). For the computer simulations, simulated and measured climate data were employed. The simulated data were treated starting from data provided by the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences/IAG-USP representing the periods present (1975 to2005), near future (2015 to 2044), intermediate future (2045 to 2074 and far future (2076 to 2096). Measured data were recorded by the IAG-USP meteorological station, located in southern São Paulo, for three different periods: 2013, when the residences were monitored; 1972, selected as representative of the buildings\' construction period, and also 2014, to study the January and February heat wave effects. Results were analyzed comparing comfort conditions in the different climate scenarios and also among the case studies, following the adaptive comfort indices De Dear et al. (1997) / ASHRAE 55 (2013) and Humphreys et al. (2010), which were considered the two most appropriate ones, among the existing indexes, for the passive mode operation in the local climate. Analysis revealed a tendency of change in comfort conditions throughout the progression of future climate scenarios, showing an increase in heat sensation and a decrease in cold sensation, which were expressed in number of hours and degree-hours of discomfort. Furthermore, in the occurrence of heat waves, the unexpected and persistent increase in air temperature tends to make thermal discomfort even more pronounced. Among all the studied scenarios, and applying both comfort models, in average, discomfort by heat increased 271%, ranging from 83% to 694%, and discomfort by cold decreased 51%, ranging from 24% to 70%. The results show that the combination of both phenomena, climate change and heat wave, may lead to a potential effect of heat discomfort, making thermal conditions inhospitable for human comfort, besides implying a higher energy consumption for air conditioning.

Submitted by Sandro Camargo (sandro.camargo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2015-05-09T22:40:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 117110027.pdf: 2705925 bytes, checksum: 22617f402005b98190c3067b1402ee2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-09T22:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 117110027.pdf: 2705925 bytes, checksum: 22617f402005b98190c3067b1402ee2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-01 / A variação do comportamento de consumo elétrico ao longo do dia vem sendo um constante desafio para planejamentos e operação de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. A diversidade de ocorrência dos picos de demanda, considerando diferentes classes de consumo, para um transformador de distribuição, são determinados de uma forma estatística, assim possibilitando uma aproximação do real comportamento dos consumidores de energia elétrica. Mas não basta apenas considerar dados estatísticos, e sim adicionar outros fatores que são determinísticos para definição real desse comportamento destes consumidores ao longo do dia. Neste contexto, é fundamental considerar dados climáticos. Durante um período de 12 meses foi realizada uma campanha de medições e paralelamente um arquivamento de informações utilizando sites da internet sobre dados climáticos da região. Como as medições (amostragens) foram, geograficamente, muito próximas, foi possível acompanhar e perceber a modificação de comportamento dos consumidores, como a utilização de condicionadores de ar e refrigeração em geral. Portanto, como objetivo de aperfeiçoar a caracterização de curvas típicas de demanda de energia elétrica, neste trabalho, utilizando metodologias de redes neurais, serão agrupadas as curvas de demanda considerando: classes, subclasses, consumo médio (últimos 12 meses) de energia elétrica, e adicionalmente dados climáticos. / The variation of the behavior of electrical consumption throughout the day has been a constant challenge for planning and operation of electric power distribution systems. The diversity of occurrence of peak demand, considering different classes of consumption to a distribution transformer are determined in a statistical manner, allowing an approximation of the actual behavior of consumers of electricity. But not enough to consider only statistical data, but add other factors that are deterministic for real definition of the behavior of these consumers throughout the day. In this context, it is crucial to consider climate data. During a period of 12 months, a measurement campaign was carried out in parallel and an archive of information using the internet sites on climatic data of the region. Because measurements (samples) were geographically very close, it was possible to follow and realize the change in consumer behavior, such as the use of air conditioners and cooling in general. Therefore, the objective of improving the characterization of typical curves of electricity demand, this paper, using methodologies neural networks, are grouped considering the demand curves: classes, subclasses, middle (last 12 months) of electricity, and additionally climatic data.

O estudo da ventilação natural como forma de amenização climática tem sido tema de diversos trabalhos científicos apresentados em congressos e encontros da área de conforto ambiental tanto no país como no exterior. E segundo o Método de Givoni, em 74% das horas do ano, a ventilação natural é a principal estratégia de projeto para se obter o conforto térmico dos usuários na cidade de Aracaju SE. Assim sendo, tem-se como objeto desta pesquisa a ventilação natural nas habitações, e como objetivo geral um estudo do aproveitamento do vento para promover a ventilação natural em edificações residenciais na cidade de Aracaju, a fim de proporcionar melhores condições térmicas ambientais para os usuários sem a necessidade do condicionamento artificial do ar. O produto final consiste em recomendações de projeto baseadas nas pesquisas teóricas e simulações computacionais com o ANSYS CFX Computacional Fluid Dynamics Software que serviram de base para verificar a influência da ventilação natural na edificação por meio de propostas de alterações no projeto original. / Studies of natural ventilation as a way to minimize climate influences has been theme of several scientific papers presented in congresses and meetings concerning environmental comfort, in Brazil as well as in other countries. According to Givonis method, in 74% of the year hours, natural ventilation is the main strategy to obtain thermal comfort for the inhabitants of Aracaju (Sergipe capital city). Based on that information, the object of this research is the housing natural ventilation, and its general objective is a study of wind use to promote housing natural ventilation and provide better thermal comfort conditions of its users without the need of artificial air conditioning. The final product of this research consists in design recommendations based on theoretical research and computer simulations with ANSYS CFX Computacional Fluid Dynamics Software which became the base to verify the influence of natural ventilation in a building by proposing alterations in the original project.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-05-05T14:17:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leila Maria Tamanini Roman.pdf: 1478472 bytes, checksum: 52db0d09c275b5afd54c35d29758e75d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-05T14:17:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leila Maria Tamanini Roman.pdf: 1478472 bytes, checksum: 52db0d09c275b5afd54c35d29758e75d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-01 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação energética, através do software EnergyPlus, de uma sala externa com climatização e um prédio de sete andares com ventilação natural. Para tanto, monitoram-se o consumo de energia mensal, os dados climáticos, características arquitetônicas, número de funcionários, localização e demais características que possam interferir direta ou indiretamente no consumo de energia do ambiente de estudo. Os dados obtidos através de levantamento in loco, memoriais da área de infraestrutura e recursos humanos, juntamente com a análise das faturas de energia elétrica mensais, servem de parâmetro para a simulação, bem como validam os resultados, permitindo a busca de novas alternativas que visem eficiência e redução no consumo. As avaliações são realizadas tendo como base duas edificações pertencentes ao Centro Administrativo de Lojas Colombo, localizadas em Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul. A análise visa minimizar o consumo de energia elétrica buscando garantir o máximo de horas em conforto. Para tanto avalia os índices de conforto térmico, as temperaturas internas, os ganhos internos de calor, as condições de operação do ar condicionado na sala externa e a potência necessária de ar condicionado para instalação nas quinze zonas térmicas pertencentes ao prédio, verificando o consumo energético das alternativas utilizadas e a relação custo-benefício. Através das simulações na sala externa constatou-se que, com a utilização de materiais eficientes termicamente, as trocas térmicas do interior com o exterior são minimizadas, o mesmo ocorrendo com a substituição de equipamentos antigos, a exemplo de monitores de tubo. Nas quinze zonas térmicas do prédio, a instalação de um sistema de ar condicionado se apresenta como alternativa para melhorar os índices de conforto térmico em dias com temperaturas mais elevadas ou mais baixas, situações estas em que a ventilação natural não é suficiente para garantir um ambiente confortável. Esta adequação de climatização dos ambientes elevou o consumo com energia elétrica total do prédio em 17%, contudo ocorreu melhora significativa nos índices de conforto térmico. Na sala externa foi obtida uma redução no consumo de energia elétrica de 14% sobre o consumo total e a garantia de 86% de horas ocupadas em conforto. / This study presents the energetic evaluation, through the software EnergyPlus, of an external room with acclimatization and of a seven-story building with natural ventilation. For this, the monthly energy consumed, the climatic data, the architectonic characteristics, the number of people, the location and other characteristics which can interfere directly or indirectly the room’s energy consumption were monitored. The data obtained through in loco survey, memorials of the infrastructure area and human resources, as well as the analysis of the monthly electrical energy bills, are considered as parameters for the simulation and they validate the results, allowing the search for new alternatives that aim at consumption efficiency and reduction. The evaluations are performed based on two buildings which are part of Centro Administrativo de Lojas Colombo, located in Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The analysis aims at minimizing the electric energy consumption with the purpose of ensuring the maximum of comfort hours, so it evaluates the indexes of thermal comfort, the inside temperatures, the inside heat gains, the operation conditions of the air-conditioning in the outside room, and the necessary air-conditioning power for the installation in the fifteen thermal zones which belong to the building, verifying the energetic consumption of the used alternatives and the cost-benefit ratio. Through the simulations in the outside room, it was detected that with the use of thermally efficient material, the thermal exchanges between inside and outside are minimized, the same occurs with the substitution of old equipment, such as tube monitors. In the fifteen thermal zones of the building, the installation of an air-conditioning system is an alternative to improve the thermal comfort indexes in days with higher or lower temperatures. These are situations in which the natural ventilation is not enough to ensure that the environment is comfortable. The air conditioning simulated increased the building energy consumption in 17%, although a significative increase in thermal comfort was achieved. At the external room a 14% reduction in electricity consumption, over the total consumption, and the guarantee of 86% of occupied hours in comfort was obtained.

O ser humano consome grandes quantidades de energia para satisfazer as suas necessidades de conforto. Dentro do setor automotivo, depois da energia consumida com a mobilidade em si, o ar condicionado é o maior consumidor. O sistema de climatização para aplicações automotivas tem características particulares, diferentes de sistemas de climatização para outros ambientes. Em uma aplicação automotiva a variação de condições é bastante significativa, como por exemplo, a carga solar que é imposta, a velocidade do veículo, umidade do ar, as temperaturas interna e externa, variação do número e da posição dos ocupantes no interior do veículo, diferentes regimes de rotação e carga do motor, etc. O sistema deve, portanto, ser projetado para funcionar sob todas estas condições e propiciar condições de conforto térmico com o menor consumo de energia. No presente trabalho o objetivo é o projeto e a simulação de um ciclo de refrigeração que atenda aos requerimentos de carga térmica para um automóvel compacto em um ensaio específico realizado em túnel de vento. A partir da carga térmica, o ciclo de refrigeração é dimensionado seguindo-se o procedimento de projeto, que engloba o dimensionamento dos componentes principais como compressor, condensador, evaporador e o dispositivo de expansão. Os resultados dos cálculos teóricos são comparados com o dimensionamento do veículo real, permitindo se chegar a conclusões sobre o projeto. A avaliação do desempenho do sistema projetado é realizada por meio de um procedimento de simulação proposto, e os resultados comparados com os do veículo testado. O objeto de estudo é o sistema de refrigeração de um veículo compacto de quatro portas de fabricação nacional, submetido a um teste de desempenho do ciclo em um túnel de vento. O procedimento de dimensionamento pode ser usado para o projeto básico do sistema de refrigeração. Os resultados obtidos com o modelo de simulação proposto são bastante razoáveis. O modelo pode ser utilizado para prever o resultado de modificações no ciclo de refrigeração, como a troca de componentes, ou mesmo para prever o funcionamento do sistema sob outras condições de operação. A utilização do modelo fica restrita aos limites da validade dos modelos semi-empíricos dos componentes, não sendo recomendada a utilização fora desses limites. Ainda assim, a faixa de aplicação é grande o suficiente para simular a maioria das condições de trabalho encontradas na climatização veicular. / Human being spends a large amount of energy to satisfy its comfort needs. In the automotive applications, air conditioning is the second larger energy consumption system, after the mobility system itself. The refrigeration system for automotive application has peculiar characteristics, which are different from other refrigeration systems (e.g. buildings, food refrigeration, etc). In an automotive application, variation of several conditions are highly significant, such as the sun load, ambient temperature and humidity, the number and position of the occupants inside the vehicle, different engine loads and speeds and so on. The system must, therefore, be designed to operate satisfactorily under all these conditions and to provide thermal comfort with smallest possible energy consumption. The objective of this work is to present the project and simulation of a refrigeration cycle for a compact size vehicle in order to meet thermal load requirements of a specific wind tunnel test. From the thermal load, the refrigeration cycle is designed according to a design procedure, which includes the sizing of main components such as compressor, condenser, evaporator and expansion device. The results of the calculations are compared with the actual vehicle design. The performance evaluation is achieved by using a proposed simulation procedure, and the simulation results are compared with the actual vehicle test results. The study is conducted on the refrigerating system of a 4-door compact size vehicle locally manufactured, which was submitted to a refrigeration cycle performance test in a wind tunnel. The design procedure can be used for sizing a baseline refrigeration cycle. The results achieved with the proposed simulation model are acceptable. The model can be used to predict the impact of a modification in refrigeration cycle such as a component change, or even to predict the system balance point under different operating conditions. The application of the model is restricted to the range of validation of the component semiempirical models, so that the use beyond these limits is not recommended. The range of application, however, is wide enough to accommodate most of the operating conditions found in the vehicular refrigeration applications.

<p>Nowadays, office buildings often have large temperature variations during the day and building envelope acts as an energy storing mass and damp these effects and so Offices need more cooling because of internal heat sources. But we know that cooling is more expensive than heating and it uses the very good quality of energy sources (exergy). Controlled Active Mass (CAM) is new approach to absorb radiant heating and acts as a passive cooling device. It has direct cooling effect and reduces the peak load. CAM is a new cooling system design with applying the low energy sources and operates at water temperature close to room temperature and increase the efficiency of heat pumps and other systems.</p><p>In this project, we calculated the transient heat transfer analysis for CAM in a very well insulated test room with façade wall, Internal heat generators (such as Manikin, Computer simulator & lighting) and ventilation.</p><p>Then Polished (shiny) CAM constructed from Aluminum sheets with 0.003 m thickness. It is cube shape with 0.6 m length. This size of CAM is according to 2.5 times larger than human body volume and initial water temperature assumed near half of human body temperature. Then in order to more radiation damping (absorption) by CAM, it painted black (also based on color analysis in heat transfer calculation).</p><p>Some velocity and temperature measurement have been carried out on both polished CAM and black CAM, after visualization by smoke and Infrared Camera. And more cases tested to see the effect of façade wall, IHG’s and ventilation inlet temperature. Thermal comfort measurement also have been done for finding PMV, PPD and temperature equivalent for a seated person which is doing an office job with normal closing.</p><p>At the end results discussed which includes the effect of CAM in room, differences between polished CAM and black CAM and effect of main heat sources on both CAM types (Polished / Black).</p>

The paper will highlight the use of heating regimes throughout the twentieth century both in large cathedrals and rural churches of medieval origin in Sweden. How have norms of thermal comfort been balanced against conservation needs of the buildings, their interiors and valuable objects? The choice of heating regime in an old church can be seen as a negotiation between different stakeholders. Together these voices have been articulating a discourse on indoor climate since the late nineteenth century when churches in Sweden were first heated. The historical indoor climate in churches is poorly known but often referred to in discussions on what kind of heating and climate is suitable for interiors and their artifacts. This is why it is important to collect empirically based knowledge on the features of the past climate. The historical indoor climate is shaped by several factors. Here we look at heating regimes, meaning how heating and ventilation systems have been selected, designed and used. By studying decision making regarding the choice of regimes and also what experience was drawn from the application of technology we will better understand the priorities made between comfort and conservation aims and how scientific knowledge has been used (or not used) to reach these aims. / Kulturarvet och komforten: frågan om lämpligt inomhusklimat i kulturhistoriska byggnader under 1900-talet

Energy price are on the way up to a high level that will not diminish in the future make us to focus more on the sustainable development for a better solution of residential houses. Passive house or low energy housing are one of the solution to make residential more environment friendly, in same time it´s a financial security using less energy, and saving money. The last 10 years in Germany and all around Europe the concept of passive house been developed, and people aim to know more about these concept that leading the market more attractive for passive houses. A passive house is a well designed building highly insulated and air tight with mechanical ventilated system for the whole building envelope that minimizes the use of energy for heating [1]. The housing company Mimer has chosen to invest in low energy consumption in every new housing project.  These future plan projects are decided to use less than 75 kwh per square meter annually in purchased energy [2]. This thesis is about new constructed passive houses, and focuses on the evaluations of the temperature, and moisture condition for attic, external walls and joist. Reason for doing this investigation is to see if passive houses fulfill the building codes regarding moisture, and temperature changes, and to find in early stage suspicious changes that could affect badly on the building envelop. The aim of this study is -         Moisture risk analyses of the attic, external walls and joist -         Studying temperature analysis   With highly insulated walls the risk for moistures extra sensitive than normal building construction.  Also during summer time the comfort inside may be surprised by high indoor temperature and one solution for that could be using sun shading.

Human thermal environments constitute complex combinations of various interacting thermal factors. The transient and non-uniform nature of those thermal factors further increases the complexity of the thermal comfort problem. The conventional approach to the thermal comfort problem has been simplifying the problem and providing steady thermal environments which would satisfy the majority of the people in a given space. However, several problems emerged with this approach. People became finely tuned to the narrow range of conditions and developed expectations for the same conditions which made them uncomfortable when there were slight deviations from those conditions. Also, the steady approach didn't solve the comfort problem because, in practice, people move between spaces, and thermal conditions such as metabolic rate, surface temperatures, airflow speed and direction vary in a typical day. A human subject test was designed to determine the transient relationship between the people and their environments. In the first part, thermal perceptions of people were taken during various metabolic rate conditions. In the second and the third parts, transient conditions of different thermal factors were created. Various combinations of airflow frequencies, airflow location around the body, metabolic rate, and room temperatures were tested for their individual and interaction effects of providing thermal comfort. The concept of Localized Dynamic Airflow was proposed in which room airflow was simply redirected to different parts of the body with a varying airflow speed. Results showed that males and females respond differently to the thermal conditions. The room temperatures they found neutral were significantly different. People‟s thermal comfort during transient metabolic conditions was similar to high metabolic conditions. This heightened response extended into the next ten minutes after the high metabolic conditions ended. Test results suggested that people tolerate higher temperatures during transient environmental conditions. The average response was for comfortable even during the high temperature (83°F) and high metabolic rate (4 met) conditions. Low energy use of the localized dynamic airflow and the increased room temperatures has significant potential for monetary savings.

The aim of this study was to investigate the bio-climatic characteristics of traditional and contemporary residential architecture in three different climatic/geographical regions of Libya, which are represented by Tripoli in the &ldquo / coastal region&rdquo / Gharyan in the &ldquo / mountainous region&rdquo / and Ghadames in the &ldquo / desert region&rdquo / . It was undertaken to understand and evaluate the effects of building layout and orientation, wall thicknesses, ceiling height, construction materials, thermal mass and size of windows, on the resultant thermal comfort conditions of the buildings/dwellings in question. An architectural survey of the dwellings was carried out and indoor and outdoor photos of houses were taken. Temperature and humidity data in pre-determined rooms of the dwellings, in addition to data relevant to exterior weather conditions were recorded by thermo-hygrometers. Residents who had experience of living in both traditional and contemporary dwellings were interviewed informally before preparing a comprehensive questionnaire, which was distributed to them to gather the required data. It was found that traditional dwellings in Tripoli and Ghadames, in their present condition, did not provide the desired level of thermal comfort. This was attributed to a number of reasons. One was the abandonment of these dwellings by their occupants, in favor of those of modern style. The resulting collapse of some parts of adjacent house blocks, which used to provide a degree of protection against climatic conditions when working as a whole block of several attached houses. Another was the introduction of new construction materials that were incompatible with the original ones. However, traditional dwellings in both cities appeared to provide relatively better thermal comfort conditions in comparison with the use contemporary dwellings of recent years, except for those with air conditioning. This situation was different in Gharyan, where the troglodyte dwellings were concerned. These dwellings were thermally more comfortable than the modern ones in the city. This was attributed to the fact that most of the existing troglodyte dwellings still preserved their original features to a large extent. At length, this study recommends that modern types of dwellings should adapt those features of the traditional ones that are more compatible and suitable for the local climatic conditions, in a way which guarantees optimum exploitation of local resources in terms of energy consumption and cost.