O desajuste de copings obtidos por fundição por cera perdida está sujeita à vários fatores tais como: contração de fundição do metal, expansão do revestimento, uso de espaçadores, entre outros. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desajuste marginal pré e pós cimentação de copings obtidos com três ligas de metais básicos - Ni-Cr-Be (VB), Ni-Cr (V2) e Co-Cr (KE) fundidos a partir de dois revestimentos - Termocast (TE) e Microfine (MI) e Titânio comercialmente puro (TR) fundido com dois revestimentos - Rematitan Plus (RP) e Rematitan Ultra (RU), nas condições E0, sem espaçador, E1, com uma camada de espaçador e E2, com duas camadas de espaçador. A partir de uma matriz metálica, foram obtidos 240 copings, sendo 10 para cada combinação metal-revestimento-espaçador. Foi utilizado Microscópio Óptico para determinação do desajuste nas condições pré e pós cimentação, efetuada com cimento de fosfato de zinco. Foi realizado teste de tração pós cimentação para determinação da carga de remoção dos copings da combinação KE-MI. Foram realizados ensaios dilatométricos para a definição dos coeficientes de expansão térmico linear dos metais e dos revestimentos, determinação da expansão de presa dos revestimentos, além de ensaio para determinação da variação dimensional das fundições e análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados de desajuste marginal foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes Anova e Student-Newman-Keulsa que revelaram significância estatística (0,05) para os fatores isolados. Para os metais, os valores de desajuste (&mu;m) foram V2 (85) = VB (89) < KE (119) < TR (171) e para os revestimentos, MI (68) < TE (128) < RP (153) < RU (188). Para o espaçador os desajustes foram E2 (76) < E1 (125) < E0 (147). Os menores valores de desajuste pós cimentação foram obtidos pelas combinações: VB-MI-E2 (44), V2-MI-E2 (47), VB-MI-E1 (52), VB-MI-E0 (55), TR-RU-E2 (67), V2-MI-E1(70), V2-TE-E2 (77), V2-MI-E0 (86), VB-TE-E2 (103), todas as demais combinações tiveram valores acima de 120 &mu;m, adotado como referência clinicamente aceitável. Houve diferença significante para as cargas de remoção entre as condições E2 (49 Kgf) < E1 (74 Kgf) < E0 (102 Kgf). Os valores de expansão de presa foram: TE (1,05%), MI (0,88%), RP (0,19%) e RU (0,02%). Para o ensaio dilatométrico, os valores de contração dos metais foram: KE (0,270%), V2 (0,262%), VB (0,256%) e TR (0,160%). Para os revestimentos, houve diferença significante, entre MI (0,74%) e RU (-1,63%). A análise da variação dimensional revelou diferença significante para os metais: V2 (0,08%) &ge; VB (-0,12%) &ge; KE (-0,21%) &ge; R (-0,85%) e para os revestimentos: MI (0,09%) > TE (-0,26%) = RP (-0,50%) > RU (-1,19%). Os revestimentos MI e RU apresentaram micro estrutura mais refinada, contendo cristais mais homogêneos e menos porosidade que os revestimentos RP e TE. Com base nos dados analisados, é válido afirmar que, embora a utilização de revestimentos com boas propriedades dilatométricas facilite a confecção de copings com ajuste marginal adequado, a utilização de espaçadores pode ser indispensável para obtenção de resultados clínicos satisfatórios. / The marginal fit of copings made by lost-wax casting are subject to different variation factors, such as contraction of molten metal, investment thermal expansion, die spacer use and others. This study aimed to evaluate the marginal adaptation of copings before and after cementation, obtained with three basic alloys - Ni-Cr-Be (VB), Ni-Cr (V2) and Co-Cr (KE), melted with two investments - Termocast (TE) and Microfine (MI) - and commercially pure titanium (TR) melted with Rematitan Plus (RP) and Rematitan Ultra (RU), in the conditions: E0 (without die spacer), E1 (one die spacer layer) and E2 (two die spacer layers). From a metal matrix, 240 copings were obtained, 10 for each combination metal-investment-spacer. An optical microscope was used to determine the misfit before and after the cementation with zinc phosphate cement. A tensile strength test was carried out after the cementation in order to determine the remotion load. Dilatometric tests were used to calculate the linear thermal expansion coefficients of metals and investments, to determine the setting expansion of the investments and to determine the dimensional variation as well. After the tests, the data were analyzed statistically. The analysis of variance for the marginal adaptation showed statistical significance (0.05) for all variation factors. For the metals, the misfit, in &mu;m, was: V2 (85) = VB (89) < KE (119) < TR (171); and for investments, MI (68) < TE (128) < RP (153) < RU (188). The misfit for factor die spacer was: E2 (76) < E1 (125) < E0 (147). Having accepted the value of 120 &mu;m as a reference limit of clinically acceptable results, the lowest misfit values for different combinations after cementation were: VB-MI-E2 (44), V2-MI-E2 (47), VB-MI-E1 (52), VB-MI-E0 (55), RU-TR-E2 (67 &mu;m), V2-MI-E1 (70), E2-V2-TE (77), V2-MI-E0 (86), VB-TE-E2 (103). All the other combinations had values above 120 &mu;m. There was a significant difference for tensile strength under the conditions E2 (49 Kgf), E1 (74 Kgf) and E0 (102 kgf). The setting expansion values were: TE (1.05%), MI (0.88%), RP (0.19%) and RU (0.02%). According to the dilatometer test, the values of contraction for the metals were: KE (0.27%), V2 (0.262%), VB (0.256%) and TR (0.16%), and for the investments: MI (0.74%) and RU (-1.63%). The analysis of variance revealed significant differences for metals dimensional variation: V2 (0.08%) &ge; VB (-0.12%) &ge; KE (-0.21%) &ge; TR (-0.85%) and investments: MI (0.09%) > TE (-0.26%) = RP (-0.50%) > RU (-1.19%). In conclusion, the use of investments with good dilatometric properties improves the marginal fit of the copings, but the die spacer use may be essential for obtaining satisfactory clinical results.

L'objectiu general d'aquest treball és l'obtenció de nous materials nanoestructurats magnètics tous produïts mitjançant la tècnica de l'aliatge mecànic. Forma part d'un projecte més ampli de desenvolupament d'aquests tipus d'aliatges amb altres tècniques, com les de solidificació ràpida, i la seva posterior molturació i compactació per a l'aplicació a la indústria pulverimetal·lúrgica. Aquests materials tindran una estructura amorfa i/o nanocristal·lina que comportarà una millora de les seves propietats magnètiques. Els objectius particulars d'aquest treball són:- Síntesi d'aliatges de Fe-Ni-Zr-B-(Co), Fe-Nb-B-(Cu), i Fe-Ni-Nb-B mitjançant aliatge mecànic. Es parteix de precursors cristal·lins i es tracta d'obtenir un aliatge bàsicament nanocristal·lí. En concret, es pretén obtenir aliatges:·&#61472;Amb una alta estabilitat tèrmica que afavoreixi posteriors estudis de consolidació.·&#61472;Amb la presència de nanocristalls de reduïdes dimensions o d'una fase amorfa que permeti posteriors tractaments tèrmics per a produir aliatges de nanoestructura controlada.-Comparació entre les mostres produïdes per aliatge mecànic amb diferents micromolins de les mostres Fe-Nb-B. Els micromolins utilitzats són un P7 i un SPEX 8000-Estudi de la influència dels diferents precursors i de la quantitat relativa delsmateixos que s'ha utilitzat per a cada mostra, concretament:·&#61472;La substitució en els aliatges de Fe-Nb-B de Fe per Ni, tot i que interessa que els aliatges tinguin una alta quantitat de ferro perquè tingui millors propietats magnètiques.·&#61472;La substitució en els aliatges de Fe-Ni-Zr-B de Fe per Co.·&#61472;La inclusió de Cu en les mostres Fe-Nb-B·&#61472;La comparació entre els aliatges amb Nb i amb Ni-Zr-Modelització del comportament termodinàmic d'equilibri dels compostos Fe-Nb-B, mitjançant software de minimització de l'energia lliure dels diferents elements. S'han utilitzat una sèrie de tècniques analítiques per a avaluar l'estabilitat tèrmica i realitzar la caracterització estructural dels aliatges obtinguts. Anàlisi de l'estabilitat tèrmica mitjançant anàlisi calorimètrica diferencial (DSC) itermogravimetria (TG). També s'analitzarà la cinètica de cristal·lització mitjançanttractaments isotèrmics i dinàmics.-Anàlisi morfològic de les diferents mostres per microscòpia electrònica de rastreig (SEM) i caracterització estructural de les diferents fases presents i de les diferentsmicroestructures obtingudes mitjançant difracció de raigs X XRD)i microscòpia electrònica de transmissió(TEM). S'identificaran les diferents fases presents i es calcularan els diferents paràmetres de cel·la, així com la dimensió de lesmicroestructures. L'anàlisi microestructural es complementarà amb algunes mesures 'espectroscòpia Mössbauer de transmissió (TMS)

La conversion photovoltaïque (PV) de l’énergie solaire repose sur la capacité qu’ont certains matériaux à convertir l’énergie des photons en courant électrique. Le développement des systèmes de conversion PV ces trente dernières années a permis des améliorations considérables en terme de coût et de performances dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables.Une cellule multi-jonctions (MJ), à base de matériaux semi-conducteurs III-V, est un empilement de sous-cellules aux gaps décroissants qui permet notamment une plus large utilisation du spectre solaire. Soumettre ces cellules PV à un flux solaire concentré permet d’augmenter significativement la puissance électrique créée par celles-ci, et ainsi d’abaisser substantiellement le coût de l’électricité produite.Le record du monde est actuellement détenu par le partenariat Soitec / Fraunhofer ISE avec un rendement de 46,0 % mesuré sur une cellule quadruple-jonctions en GaInP/GaAs//InGaAsP/InGaAs pour un taux de concentration de 508 X (où 1 X =1 soleil = 1 kW/m²).L’objectif du travail réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse est de proposer une alternative aux cellules existantes plus simple à mettre en œuvre avec des cellules MJ monolithiques accordées sur substrat de GaSb pour des concentrations solaire de 1 000, soit une irradiance directe de 1 MW/m². Ce type de cellules, du fait de la très bonne complémentarité des gaps des matériaux et ses alignements de bandes favorables, constitue une alternative crédible et originale aux cellules existantes pour une utilisation sous flux solaire fortement concentré.Afin de mieux comprendre la cellule multijonctions III-Sb optimale, les travaux réalisés ont porté sur la fabrication et la caractérisation des trois sous-cellules fabriquées indépendamment. Ces trois échantillons épitaxiés sont l’Al0,9Ga0,1As0,07Sb0,93 (cellule Top), l’Al0,35Ga0,65As0,03Sb0,97 (cellule Middle) et le GaSb (cellule Bottom) ayant comme gaps respectifs 1,6 eV, 1,22 eV et 0,726 eV à 300 K.Le travail présenté dans cette thèse porte sur :- La réalisation et la mise au point de toutes les étapes technologiques nécessaires à la fabrication des cellules (dépôts métalliques, gravure humide et sèche par plasma …).- La caractérisation des métallisations par structure TLM (Transmission Line Method) dont le meilleur résultat obtenu concerne une métallisation tri-couche Cr/Pd/Au (30/30/30 nm) sur substrat GaSb type P.- La caractérisation sous obscurité courant-tension des paramètres électriques des cellules PV à température ambiante et en fonction de la température.- La caractérisation thermique par mesure de la conductivité thermique des matériaux et une cartographie de température de surface en fonction du flux solaire concentré en conditions réelles.- La caractérisation électro-optique par réponse spectrale, à partir de laquelle nous avons calculé le rendement quantique externe qui représente le rapport entre la quantité d’électrons créés et la quantité de photons incidente.- La caractérisation sous illumination à 1 soleil (1 000 W/m²) sous simulateur solaire et en conditions solaire dont nous avons comparé les paramètres électriques.- La caractérisation des cellules sous flux solaire (fortement) concentré au laboratoire PROMES. Les meilleurs rendements obtenus pour les cellules PV Bottom, Middle et Top respectifs de 4,6 % à 40 X (proche de l’état de l’art), 8,2 % à 96 X et 5,4 % à 185 X (première mondiale pour ces matériaux quaternaires).Ce travail a été cofinancé par le Ministère de l’Education et de la Recherche (Allocation ED) et le Labex SOLSTICE.Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy consists on the ability of certain materials to convert the photon energy into electric current. The development of PV conversion systems in the past thirty years has led to considerable improvements in terms of cost and performance in the field of renewable energies. / Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy consists on the ability of certain materials to convert the photon energy into electric current. The development of PV conversion systems in the past thirty years has led to considerable improvements in terms of cost and performance in the field of renewable energies.A multi-junction (MJ) cell, based on III-V semiconductor materials, is a stack of sub-cells with decreasing gaps which notably allows wider use of the solar spectrum. Exposing these PV cells to a concentrated solar flux can significantly increase the electrical power generated, and therefore substantially lower the cost of electricity yielded.The world record is currently held by the partnership Soitec / Fraunhofer ISE with an efficiency of 46.0 % measured on a four-junction cell GaInP/GaAs//InGaAsP/InGaAs for a concentration ratio of 508 X (where 1 X = 1 sun = 1 kW/m²).The objective of the work in this thesis is to propose an alternative to existing cells, easier to implement with monolithic MJ cells grown on a GaSb substrate for solar concentrations of 1 000, which corresponds to a direct irradiance of 1 MW/m². This type of cell, due to the good complementary of the material gaps and its favorable band alignments, is a realistic and original alternative to existing cells for use under highly concentrated solar flux.To better understand the optimal multijunction III-Sb cell, the work carried out consisted on the manufacturing and characterization of the three sub-cells independently.These three epitaxial samples are Al0,9Ga0,1As0,07Sb0,93 (Top cell), the Al0,35Ga0,65As0,03Sb0,97 (Middle cell) and GaSb (Bottom cell) having as respective gaps 1.6 eV, 1.22 eV and 0.726 eV at 300 K.The work presented in this thesis is:- The establishment of all the technological steps required to manufacture the cells (metal deposition, wet and dry plasma etching ...).- The characterization of metallization by TLM structure (Transmission Line Method) with the best result being a three-layer metallization Cr/Pd/Au (30/30/30 nm) on a GaSb P-type substrate.- The characterization under dark of current-voltage electrical parameters of PV cells at room temperature and in function of the temperature.- The thermal characterization by measuring the thermal conductivity of the materials and a surface temperature mapping in function of the concentrated solar flux in realistic conditions.- The electro-optical characterization by spectral response, from which we calculated the external quantum efficiency which is the ratio between the amount of electrons created and the amount of incident photons.- The characterization under 1 sun illumination (1 000 W/m²) in a solar simulator and in realistic conditions of which we compared the electrical parameters.- The characterization of solar cells under (highly) concentrated solar flux in the PROMES laboratory.The best efficiencies for Bottom, Middle and Top PV cells respectively are 4.6 % for 40 X (close to the state of the art), 8.2 % for 96 X and 5.4 % for 185 X (world first for these quaternary materials).This work was cofounded by the Ministry of Education and Research (ED Research grant) and Labex SOLSTICE.

Orientador: Roberto da Silva / Banca: Nei Pereira Júnior / Banca: Maurício Boscolo / Resumo: O aproveitamento de resíduos agrícolas e agro-industriais como fonte de energia pode se tornar uma alternativa viável. O alvo principal para esta empreitada, pela sua disponibilidade e proximidade das indústrias fermentativas é o bagaço de cana, que ainda retém 2/3 da energia presente na cana, é largamente disponível no Brasil e hoje é parcialmente rejeitado ou subaproveitado. Uma forma de aproveitamento que tem se mostrado bastante promissora refere-se ao uso dessa biomassa na produção do bioetanol. No presente trabalho, avaliou-se o perfil de produção enzimática dos fungos Thermoascus aurantiacus CBMAI 756, Thermomyces lanuginosus, Penicillium viridicatum RFC3 e Trichoderma reesei QM9414, através de fermentação em estado sólido em meio com bagaço de cana e farelo de trigo. Aplicou-se esses extratos enzimáticos na hidrólise de bagaço de cana submetido a diferentes pré-tratamentos térmicos: água quente, explosão a vapor, e água quente em combinação com HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4, H2O2 ou NaOH. Determinou-se os principais inibidores (furfural e 5-hidroximetilfurfural) e açúcares redutores (glicose, xilose, arabinose, galactose, xilobiose e celobiose) gerados no processo. O fungo T. aurantiacus foi o melhor produtor de enzimas celulolíticas (536,3 U/g de CMCase) e hemicelulolíticas (3419,2 U/g de xilanase), apresentando juntamente com o extrato enzimático de T. reesei os melhores rendimentos na sacarificação do bagaço. Os extratos enzimáticos foram mais eficientes na hidrólise do bagaço pré-tratado com NaOH e explosão a vapor com rendimentos de 3,87 e 1,21 mg/mL de açúcares redutores, respectivamente. A mistura dos extratos enzimáticos de T. aurantiacus e T. reesei aumentou em 31,4% a eficiência da hidrolise com o bagaço pré-tratado com explosão a vapor. A concentração dos extratos por precipitação por etanol foi eficiente para a maioria... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The utilization of agricultural and agro-industrial residues as energy source can become a viable alternative. The main target for this venture, for its availability and proximity to fermentation industries is the sugarcane bagasse, which still retains two thirds of the energy present in the cane, is widely available in Brazil and today is partly rejected or underused. One form of exploitation that has shown promising refers to the use of biomass in the production of bioethanol. In this study, we evaluated the profile of enzymatic production of fungi Thermoascus aurantiacus CBMAI 756, Thermomyces lanuginosus, Penicillium viridicatum RFC3 and Trichoderma reesei QM9414 through solid state fermentation in a medium with sugar cane bagasse and wheat bran. These enzymatic extracts were applied on the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse under different thermic pre-treatments: hot water, steam explosion, and hot water in combination with HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4, NaOH or H2O2. The main inhibitors (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) and reducing sugars (glucose, xylose, arabinose, galactose, xilobiose and cellobiose) generated in the process were determined. The fungus T. aurantiacus was the best producer of cellulolytic (536.3 U/g CMCase) and hemicellulolytic enzymes (3419.2 U/g xylanase), exhibiting along the enzymatic extract from T. reesei the best yields in the saccharification of bagasse. The enzymatic extracts were more efficient in the hydrolysis of bagasse pretreated with NaOH and steam explosion with a yield of 3.87 and 1.21 mg/mL of reducing sugars, respectively. The mixture of enzyme extract of T. aurantiacus and T. reesei increased 31.4% the efficiency of hydrolysis with bagasse pre-treated with steam explosion. The concentration of the extracts by precipitation with ethanol was effective for most enzymatic activities and resulted in an increase of approximately 50% of hydrolysis... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Abstract The significance of education in prevention of children´s injuries in home setting Constantly increasing number of children´s injuries and even fatal injuries, is a warning signal not only for professionals, but also for laymen. Statistics indicate that injuries have fatal results for 300 children every year and they are traditionally the most frequent cause of children´s death. There is a common, but widely spread opinion, that injuries simply occur, belong to a life, happen accidentally and there is no possibility to prevent from them. The aim of our work was to monitor information of parents about possibilities of preventive measurments from children´s injuries at the age from 0 {--} 6 years in a home. We wanted also to map out occurence of the most frequent injuries of children, to make educational lessons which would be aimed at recognized problemacy, the most frequently incident injuries and fulfilling the aims of qualified modern nursing care in a field of primary care. Relating to the above-mentioned we stated three following hypotheses: Hypothesis No.1: Parents are informed about possibilities of prevention from injuries of children at the age of 0 {--} 6 years in a home Hypothesis No.2: The most frequent causes of injuries in a home are falls and burns Hypothesis No.3: There is not elaborated educational process(lesson), which deals with prevention from burns and falls in detail We used a method of questionnaires for research of given problemacy. We monitored basic information with a pilot research of parents in a Parent Centre. On this basis we elaborated and administrated a questionnaire determined to other respondents from parents, who showed interest in taking part in our research. When we analyzed results from questionnaires, we drew a conclusion that parents have sufficient information about a prevention from children´s injuries, but they often approach to them carelessly and underestimate safety measurments in a home, which cannot result in a decrease of children´s accident frequency rate. Hypothesis No.1 was corroborated. The most frequent occured children´s injuries were falls and termic injuries in our research file. Hypothesis No. 2 was approved. We found out in analysis of results that respondents did not meet any possibility of taking part in repeated professionally lead actions about prevention from children´s injuries, in detail and specifically aimed at a serious problemacy of falls and children´s burns. Hypothesis No.3 was approved. The benefit of this work consists in practical use of our elaborated educational lesson, aimed at prevention from termic injuries and falls of children at the age of 0 {--} 6 years in a home, aimed at observation of preventive measurments by parents and learning basic procedures of providing effective first aid. This work should be also suggestive for paediatric nurses and also for experts whose branch is providing primary aid in a field, but also for nurses working in paediatric wards in hospitals, in a field of secondary care. When nurses in this type of ward realize an educational lesson aimed at prevention from termic injuries and falls, it will be significant not only for them, but also it contributes for improvement of medical care and fulfilling aims of modern nursing. This work can be also used for study purposes and it can help students who deal with study of nursing, but it can be also used by students dealing with problemacy of medical-social prevention also in other branches in the framework of their study.

O desajuste de copings obtidos por fundição por cera perdida está sujeita à vários fatores tais como: contração de fundição do metal, expansão do revestimento, uso de espaçadores, entre outros. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desajuste marginal pré e pós cimentação de copings obtidos com três ligas de metais básicos - Ni-Cr-Be (VB), Ni-Cr (V2) e Co-Cr (KE) fundidos a partir de dois revestimentos - Termocast (TE) e Microfine (MI) e Titânio comercialmente puro (TR) fundido com dois revestimentos - Rematitan Plus (RP) e Rematitan Ultra (RU), nas condições E0, sem espaçador, E1, com uma camada de espaçador e E2, com duas camadas de espaçador. A partir de uma matriz metálica, foram obtidos 240 copings, sendo 10 para cada combinação metal-revestimento-espaçador. Foi utilizado Microscópio Óptico para determinação do desajuste nas condições pré e pós cimentação, efetuada com cimento de fosfato de zinco. Foi realizado teste de tração pós cimentação para determinação da carga de remoção dos copings da combinação KE-MI. Foram realizados ensaios dilatométricos para a definição dos coeficientes de expansão térmico linear dos metais e dos revestimentos, determinação da expansão de presa dos revestimentos, além de ensaio para determinação da variação dimensional das fundições e análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados de desajuste marginal foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes Anova e Student-Newman-Keulsa que revelaram significância estatística (0,05) para os fatores isolados. Para os metais, os valores de desajuste (&mu;m) foram V2 (85) = VB (89) < KE (119) < TR (171) e para os revestimentos, MI (68) < TE (128) < RP (153) < RU (188). Para o espaçador os desajustes foram E2 (76) < E1 (125) < E0 (147). Os menores valores de desajuste pós cimentação foram obtidos pelas combinações: VB-MI-E2 (44), V2-MI-E2 (47), VB-MI-E1 (52), VB-MI-E0 (55), TR-RU-E2 (67), V2-MI-E1(70), V2-TE-E2 (77), V2-MI-E0 (86), VB-TE-E2 (103), todas as demais combinações tiveram valores acima de 120 &mu;m, adotado como referência clinicamente aceitável. Houve diferença significante para as cargas de remoção entre as condições E2 (49 Kgf) < E1 (74 Kgf) < E0 (102 Kgf). Os valores de expansão de presa foram: TE (1,05%), MI (0,88%), RP (0,19%) e RU (0,02%). Para o ensaio dilatométrico, os valores de contração dos metais foram: KE (0,270%), V2 (0,262%), VB (0,256%) e TR (0,160%). Para os revestimentos, houve diferença significante, entre MI (0,74%) e RU (-1,63%). A análise da variação dimensional revelou diferença significante para os metais: V2 (0,08%) &ge; VB (-0,12%) &ge; KE (-0,21%) &ge; R (-0,85%) e para os revestimentos: MI (0,09%) > TE (-0,26%) = RP (-0,50%) > RU (-1,19%). Os revestimentos MI e RU apresentaram micro estrutura mais refinada, contendo cristais mais homogêneos e menos porosidade que os revestimentos RP e TE. Com base nos dados analisados, é válido afirmar que, embora a utilização de revestimentos com boas propriedades dilatométricas facilite a confecção de copings com ajuste marginal adequado, a utilização de espaçadores pode ser indispensável para obtenção de resultados clínicos satisfatórios. / The marginal fit of copings made by lost-wax casting are subject to different variation factors, such as contraction of molten metal, investment thermal expansion, die spacer use and others. This study aimed to evaluate the marginal adaptation of copings before and after cementation, obtained with three basic alloys - Ni-Cr-Be (VB), Ni-Cr (V2) and Co-Cr (KE), melted with two investments - Termocast (TE) and Microfine (MI) - and commercially pure titanium (TR) melted with Rematitan Plus (RP) and Rematitan Ultra (RU), in the conditions: E0 (without die spacer), E1 (one die spacer layer) and E2 (two die spacer layers). From a metal matrix, 240 copings were obtained, 10 for each combination metal-investment-spacer. An optical microscope was used to determine the misfit before and after the cementation with zinc phosphate cement. A tensile strength test was carried out after the cementation in order to determine the remotion load. Dilatometric tests were used to calculate the linear thermal expansion coefficients of metals and investments, to determine the setting expansion of the investments and to determine the dimensional variation as well. After the tests, the data were analyzed statistically. The analysis of variance for the marginal adaptation showed statistical significance (0.05) for all variation factors. For the metals, the misfit, in &mu;m, was: V2 (85) = VB (89) < KE (119) < TR (171); and for investments, MI (68) < TE (128) < RP (153) < RU (188). The misfit for factor die spacer was: E2 (76) < E1 (125) < E0 (147). Having accepted the value of 120 &mu;m as a reference limit of clinically acceptable results, the lowest misfit values for different combinations after cementation were: VB-MI-E2 (44), V2-MI-E2 (47), VB-MI-E1 (52), VB-MI-E0 (55), RU-TR-E2 (67 &mu;m), V2-MI-E1 (70), E2-V2-TE (77), V2-MI-E0 (86), VB-TE-E2 (103). All the other combinations had values above 120 &mu;m. There was a significant difference for tensile strength under the conditions E2 (49 Kgf), E1 (74 Kgf) and E0 (102 kgf). The setting expansion values were: TE (1.05%), MI (0.88%), RP (0.19%) and RU (0.02%). According to the dilatometer test, the values of contraction for the metals were: KE (0.27%), V2 (0.262%), VB (0.256%) and TR (0.16%), and for the investments: MI (0.74%) and RU (-1.63%). The analysis of variance revealed significant differences for metals dimensional variation: V2 (0.08%) &ge; VB (-0.12%) &ge; KE (-0.21%) &ge; TR (-0.85%) and investments: MI (0.09%) > TE (-0.26%) = RP (-0.50%) > RU (-1.19%). In conclusion, the use of investments with good dilatometric properties improves the marginal fit of the copings, but the die spacer use may be essential for obtaining satisfactory clinical results.

L’amortisseur thermique étudié dans le cadre de cette thèse a pour objectif de limiter les pics de température des composants électroniques fonctionnant en régime transitoire au moyen d’une structure composite consistant en un réseau de nanotubes de carbone (NTC) rempli de matériau à changement de phase (MCP) solide-liquide, le tout étant contenu dans un boîtier en silicium (Si). Ce système passif vise à augmenter l’inertie thermique volumique du composant grâce à la chaleur latente du MCP tout en maintenant une bonne conductance thermique grâce aux NTC. Un dispositif expérimental polyvalent a été développé spécifiquement pour caractériser les différentes générations d’échantillons fabriqués par les partenaires du projet THERMA3D. L’excitation thermique de l’échantillon est réalisée au moyen d’un laser en face amont et la réponse thermique est mesurée par caméra infrarouge simultanément sur les faces amont et aval. L’application d’une peinture sélectionnée sur l’échantillon permet d’accéder à sa température après un étalonnage dédié. Des méthodes d’estimation de paramètres ont été développées pour quantifier les deux caractéristiques essentielles de l’amortisseur thermique que sont sa capacité de stockage thermique et sa résistance thermique. Les sensibilités de la résistance thermique aux caractéristiques de la connexion Si/NTC et à la longueur des NTC ont été étudiées et les résistances thermiques d’interface Si/NTC ont été identifiées comme dominantes au sein du système. Des essais de cyclage thermique ont permis d’évaluer la fiabilité de l’ensemble de manière accélérée. Le comportement du MCP et la qualité du matériau de scellement ont été analysés par voie optique. Par ailleurs, la plus élevée des deux résistances thermiques d’interface Si/NTC a été localisée grâce à la visualisation infrarouge du réseau de NTC à travers le silicium semi-transparent. Enfin, une méthode de contrôle non destructif de la qualité de l’interface Si/NTC a été développée pour les amortisseurs thermiques de dernière génération. / The purpose of the studied thermal damper is to smooth the temperature peaks of transient electronic components via a composite structure consisting of an array of carbon nanotubes (CNT) filled with solid-liquid phase change material (PCM), the whole being embedded in a silicon (Si) casing. This passive system is intended to increase the thermal inertia per unit of volume of the electronic component thanks to the latent heat of the PCM while maintaining a high thermal conductance thanks to the CNT. A versatile test bench was specifically developed in order to characterize the different generations of samples fabricated by the partners of the THERMA3D project. The thermal excitation of the front side of the sample is generated by a laser and the thermal response is measured simultaneously on the front and back sides by an infrared camera. A selected paint can be deposited on the sample in order to access its temperature by means of a dedicated calibration. Parameter estimation methods were developed in order to quantify both main characteristics of the thermal damper: its heat storage capacity and its thermal resistance. The sensitivities of the thermal resistance to the features of the Si/CNT connection and to the length of the CNT were studied and it was found out that the interfacial thermal resistances Si/CNT are dominant in the system. Thermal cycling tests enabled to assess the reliability of the thermal damper in an accelerated manner. The behavior of the PCM and the quality of the sealing material were optically analyzed. Besides, the infrared visualization of the CNT array through the semi-transparent silicon enabled to identify the highest of both Si/CNT interfacial thermal resistances. Finally, a non-destructive testing method for the evaluation of the quality of Si/CNT interfaces was developed for the latest generation of thermal dampers.

This theses work is concerned with assessment of transfer line exchanger behind pusher furnace. First part is describing technical characteristic and parametres. The most important part of this theses is thermic calculation of the boiler. Last following part is concerned with suggestions of constructional modifications of heating surface for proper functioning of boiler. These modifications are demonstrated by scheme in the enclosure.

Dans les années à venir, l’industrie de l’aéronautique doit améliorer le contrôle thermique des composants et modules hautement intégrés. Les approches de refroidissement standard, utilisant l’air forcé ne sont plus utilisables. Il est donc nécessaire de développer de nouvelles technologies capables d’offrir des solutions compatibles avec ces nouvelles problématiques. Une revue bibliographique approfondie est présentée pour montrer les solutions existantes pour l’avionique. Les systèmes à changement de phase, tels que les boucles diphasiques capillaires (LHPs), sont très attractifs puisqu’ils peuvent être utilisés pour transporter la chaleur vers une grande surface d’un radiateur qui dissipera la chaleur vers le milieu ambiant. Une première famille de LHP, conçue et réalisée par la compagnie Atherm, et remplie avec du méthanol, est décrite. Deux autres familles de LHP sont également présentées. La première a été réalisée par la société ATHERM et a un condenseur et des lignes de transports modifiés, afin d’être intégrée sur une carte électronique existante. La deuxième famille, a été conçue et réalisée par l’Institut of Thermal Physics (ITP), sur la base de spécifications similaires. Un banc d’essai expérimental est conçu et réalisé pour tester ces systèmes. Les effets de la charge en fluide, baïonnette, et mèche secondaire, sont observés. Des tests d’orientation et d’accélération sont réalisés sur des LHPs intégrées dans un rack aéronautique. Même une certaine sensibilité aux orientations et accélérations est observée, les LHPs fonctionnement toujours jusqu’à l’accélération maximale testée de 6 G. Un modèle stationnaire d’une boucle diphasique basé sur une approche à plusieurs échelles est développé. Plusieurs niveaux de complexité et de précision peuvent être sélectionnés pour le modèle des composants individuels de la boucle, allant du modèle nodal au modèle 3D. Le modèle est validé avec les données expérimentales. Un bon accord entre les simulations numériques et les résultats expérimentaux est obtenu. Les résultats numériques montrent que la charge de fluide dans le réservoir affecte le comportement thermique de la LHP en modifiant la répartition des flux de chaleurs. Des gradients de température importants sont observés dans la plaque du condenseur, et un nouveau tracé de la ligne condenseur est proposé. Plusieurs modifications de l’évaporateur sont analysées. La diminution la plus importante de la résistance thermique de l’évaporateur est obtenue par une bonne disposition des rainures axiales de la mèche, associée à une semelle optimisée, ou à des rainures radiales. / In the coming years, the avionics industry will have to improve the thermal control of both existing and emerging highly integrated electronic components and modules. The standard cooling approaches using forced air are no longer applicable. It is necessary to develop new technologies being able to offer solutions compatible with those new problematic. An extensive literature review is presented to show the existing cooling solutions for avionics. Two-phase passive systems, such as LHPs are very attractive as they may be used as heat spreader, associated with a classical heat sink to dissipate the heat. A first family of LHP, designed and manufactured by the ATHERM Company and filled with methanol as the working fluid is described. Two other LHP families are also presented. The first one was manufactured by ATHERM and has modified condenser and transport line shapes, in order to be integrated into an existing electronic card. The second one was manufactured and designed by the Institute of Thermal Physics, on the same specification basis. An experimental setup is designed and built to test these LHPs. The effects of fluid fill charge, bayonet and secondary wick are observed. Orientation and acceleration tests are conducted on LHPs integrated within an avionic rack. Even if the LHPs exhibited sensitivity to orientation and acceleration, no failure of the LHP was observed up to the maximum applied acceleration (6 G). A steady state model of LHP based on a multi-level approach is developed. Various levels of complexity and precision can be selected for the model of the individual component, going from the nodal to the 3D model. The model is validated with experimental data from the laboratory tests. A good agreement is achieved between the experimental and the numerical data. The numerical results show that the fluid fill charge within the reservoir affects the thermal behavior of the LHP, by modifying the heat flux distribution. High temperature gradients are highlighted in the condenser plate and a redesign of its shape is proposed. Various modifications of the evaporator design are considered. The most important decrease of the evaporator thermal resistance is brought by a good disposition of the axial vapor grooves associated with an optimized saddle shape or radial vapor grooves.