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Submitted by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-24T14:19:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MATOS LISBOA, C.M.O. Versão final da dissertação de mestrado em pdf.pdf: 1543317 bytes, checksum: 7a6cd4eb2e143ea18f5b8d82a1c654ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-24T14:32:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MATOS LISBOA, C.M.O. Versão final da dissertação de mestrado em pdf.pdf: 1543317 bytes, checksum: 7a6cd4eb2e143ea18f5b8d82a1c654ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-24T14:32:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MATOS LISBOA, C.M.O. Versão final da dissertação de mestrado em pdf.pdf: 1543317 bytes, checksum: 7a6cd4eb2e143ea18f5b8d82a1c654ef (MD5) / Através da abordagem da terceira onda da sociolinguística (cf. ECKERT, 2005, 2012), este trabalho analisa a variação do uso das formas de tratamento direcionadas aos profissionais jurídicos em uma comunidade de prática (cf. ECKERT e McCONNEL-GINET, 2010) da Defensoria Pública de Niterói. A variação linguística entre as formas de tratamento, tratada aqui, não se limita ao reflexo do lugar social: ela é voltada para a captação do significado social dessa variável na prática profissional jurídica. Verificamos, na comunidade estudada, as ocorrências e as preferências em relação às formas de tratamento dispensadas aos profissionais jurídicos, bem como a recepção e a aceitação (ou não) dessas formas; além disso, observamos fatores sociais que podem favorecer as suas escolhas e as relações de poder ou de solidariedade (BROWN e GILMAN, 1960) estabelecidas pela troca dessas formas de tratamento. Comentamos, ainda, de forma geral, sobre as relações de neutralidade (COOK, 1997) que podem se estabelecer nas interações. Para a realização desta pesquisa, fizemos uma observação de base etnográfica na Defensoria Pública de Niterói, ao longo de quase dois meses, durante os quais gravamos interações que foram transcritas. Em seguida, as ocorrências foram submetidas à análise estatística, através da ferramenta computacional de análise multivariada GoldVarb X, que auxiliou na análise quantitativa complementar das formas de tratamento trocadas entre os profissionais jurídicos e os assistidos. Esta análise selecionou o grupo de fatores ‘escolaridade’ como significativo para o uso da variante ‘doutor’ nos três casos analisados: ‘doutor’ vs. ‘senhor’; ‘doutor’ vs. (‘formas nominais’ + ‘você’) e ‘doutor’ vs. (outras formas de tratamento), enquanto o mesmo não ocorreu com os outros grupos de fatores. Buscamos observar a interação entre a defensora pública, os auxiliares jurídicos, os estagiários, o segurança e os assistidos (pessoas que procuram atendimento na Defensoria) para compreender o estilo como constituinte da identidade dos falantes. Além disso, aplicamos testes de autoavaliação (cf. LABOV) aos profissionais jurídicos envolvidos. Confirmamos, através da análise na comunidade de prática da Defensoria Pública de Niterói, a existência e a perpetuação do uso da forma de tratamento ‘doutor’ dispensada aos profissionais jurídicos, entre os membros da comunidade de prática, principalmente, para os cargos de maior hierarquia. Deste modo, prevalecem as relações de poder entre os membros que possuem posições hierárquicas distintas entre os seus cargos e relações de solidariedade entre aqueles que estão no mesmo nível da hierarquia profissional. Percebemos também que o direcionamento da forma ‘doutor’ entre aqueles que frequentam a comunidade varia com outras formas de tratamento (‘senhor’, ‘você’ e ‘outras formas nominais’) e não consiste na maior parte dos tratamentos usados. Apresentamos as formas de tratamento que os profissionais jurídicos direcionaram aos assistidos e as relações que se estabeleceram nessa troca. Os testes de autoavaliação nos ajudaram a entender melhor a visão que cada profissional tem de sua postura profissional quanto às formas de tratamento e a comparar com a sua prática cotidiana. Esta pesquisa pretende ampliar os estudos disponíveis sobre a terceira onda da sociolinguística no Brasil e contribuir para o entendimento da atuação da linguagem na prática profissional jurídica. / Throughout the third wave of sociolinguistics approach (cf. ECKERT, 2005), the objective of the present paper is to study the treatment forms directed to juridical professionals inside of a community of practice (cf. ECKERT e MCCONNEL-GINET, 2010) of Public Defender Office of Niterói. Linguistic variation among treatment forms is not limited to the reflection of social place: it is turned to the caption of social meaning of variables in juridical professional practice. We verify, in the community studied, occurrences and preferences related to treatment forms concerning juridical professionals, as well as the reception and the acceptation (or not) of these forms, aside from factors that support their choice and from power relations or solidarity (BROWN e GILMAN, 1960) established by the interchange of these treatment forms. We comment, in addition, about neutrality relations (COOK, 1997) that may be established in interactions. In doing so, we made an observation, ethnographic based, in the Public Defender Office of Niterói, during almost two months, in which we recorded interactions that were transcribed. Then, treatment forms occurrences for statistical analysis, throughout the computational tool of multivariate analysis (GoldVarb X), which supported complementary quantitative analysis of treatment forms interchanged among juridical professionals and the assisted people. The quantitative analysis showed which social factors support the usage of the treatment form ‘doctor’ of other treatment forms. The program GoldVarb X selected the group of factors ‘scholarity’ as significant for the use of 'doctor' variant in the three cases analyzed: ‘doctor’ vs. 'sir'; 'doctor' vs. ('nominal forms' + 'you') and 'doctor' vs. (other forms of treatment), while the same was not true for other groups of factors. We aimed at observing the interaction among public defender, lawyers, trainees, the safeguard and assisted people (people who look for attendance) to understand style as a component of speaker’s identity. Furthermore, we applied tests of auto evaluation (cf. LABOV) to juridical professionals involved. We confirmed, throughout the analysis of the community of practice of Public Defender Office of Niteroi, the existence and the perpetuation of the usage of the form ‘doctor’ dispensed to juridical professionals, among members of the community of practice, mainly to the posts of superior hierarchy . So that, power relations prevails among members who have a hierarchical relation among their posts and solidarity relations among those who are in the same level of professional hierarchy. We observe, also, that the position of the form “doctor” among those who attend the community varies with other forms of treatment (‘sir’, ‘you’ and ‘other nominal forms’) and does not consist of the majority of treatments. This research intends to enlarge the available studies about the third wave of sociolinguistics in Brazil, in the sense that it will contribute to the understanding of language actuation in juridical professional practice.

Studien har fokuserat på hur feministiska aktivister använder sig av det sociala mediet Instagram. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur aktivisterna har använt sig av text och bild samt samspelet mellan dessa och vad för typ av budskap som har kommunicerats. Materialet i studien baseras på sammanlagt tio inlägg från de feministiska aktivisterna Sarah Delshad (sarahdelshad), Anna (notondietanymore) och Natashja Blomberg (ladydahmers). De teoretiska utgångspunkterna för studien har varit den tredje vågen inom feminismen och multimodal kritisk diskursanalys. Den tredje vågen anser att dagens aktivism är mer individbaserad än förut samtidigt som vågen fortsatt att fokusera på att sprida det feministiska budskapet, men nu till en större publik. Den andra teoretiska utgångspunkten, multimodal kritisk diskursanalys, har också har använts som metod i studien med hjälp av olika analysredskap. Analysen visade på att inlägg kunde innehålla flera olika typer av teman och det var inte alltid som text och bild samspelade. De teman som framkom i studien var: stereotypiskt, informativt, personligt, egofunktionellt och normbrytande. De feministiska aktivisterna använde sig av olika former av teman som olika typer av strategier för att nå ut med sina budskap. / This studie is about how feminist activists use the social media Instagram. The purpose of this studie is to investigate how the activists are using text and images and how they interplay with each other and what kind of message they communicate. The studie is based on ten posts from the feminist activists Sarah Delshad (sarahdelshad), Anna (notondietanymore) and Natashja Blomberg (ladydahmers). The theoretical approaches of this studie is the third wave feminism and multimodal critical discourse analysis. The third wave feminism is more individualized than the waves before while the focus still remains on spreading the word of feminism, but on a bigger scale. The second theoretical approach, multimodal critical discourse analysis, is used as a method as well through different analytical tools. The analyze showed that the posts could contain several different themes and there was not always an interplay between the text and the image. The following themes appeared: stereotypical, informative, personal, ego functional and norm-breaking. These themes were used by the feminist activists as different types of strategies in order to spread the word of feminism.

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For the purpose of this thesis, the main focus of the feminist rhetorical criticism method was specifically linked to gender-related power inequities. This method was especially appropriate for the analysis of how film violence is used as a feminist rhetorical strategy in the Kill Bill films. This thesis is more closely aligned with challenging rhetorical standards as it sought to identify feminist counter positions of rhetoric in film violence.

The presented Master's thesis describes the work of the Tofflers and it is primarily about their view of information and information policy. According to the Tofflers, the human race went through three developmental steps that are characterized by the used resources of production. The first wave (which is how the Tofflers call the steps) was agricultural, the second wave industrial and now the human race is in information wave, where information is the main economic driver. Because of this fact, it is necessary to develop strategies for access to information, information technologies and information channels. Keywords: information policy, information society, the third wave, future shock, influence of ICT

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Over the past decade, a third wave of autocratisation has stormed the world, hitting democracies and autocracies alike. The ongoing democratic backsliding is attributed to a range of factors. From “executive aggrandisement” and strategic manipulation of elections to "autocratic lawfare”. Such autocratic tendencies are contributing to autocratisation in dominant party regimes in Africa. If most dominant party systems are increasingly autocratising in Africa, then there is a problem with the dominant party structure that warrants academic inquiry. However, the literature on one-party dominance and democratic consolidation in Africa are a bit old, hence do not address the current debates on democratic backsliding in the continent. Botswana and Tanzania are interesting cases of autocratising dominant party systems because they have witnessed rapid erosion of democratic qualities over the decade. But what effects do these patterns of democratic backsliding have on the quality of democracy in dominant party systems in Africa? Employing a comparative research design (MSSD) and using historical institutionalism and the substantive democratic theory as well as relying on secondary data in Botswana and Tanzania (Mainly Afrobarometer surveys, V-Dem Index, CPI Index, Ibrahim Index of African Governance, and Freedom Index), this study explores this question within the framework of peace and development research. It analysed four variables: management of social tensions facing the regime, the scope of presidential power, governance performance, and the nature of the electoral competition. Findings suggest that a dominant party structure in Botswana and Tanzania creates conditions that erode the quality of democracy, hence democratic backsliding. Therefore, the thesis argues that autocratisation in Botswana and Tanzania suggests reproduction of one-party dominance at the expense of consolidation of substantive democracy. This way, a dominant party structure in Africa appears to be a peace and development research problem because it creates strong incentives for dominant parties to autocratise rather than democratise when challenged by a strong political opposition.

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