Le thymus est un organe permettant le développement des lymphocytes T, partie intégrante du système immunitaire. Ces cellules sont communément associées au système immunitaire adaptatif, bien que certaines populations, dont les lymphocytes iNKT et Tγδ, soient associées au système immunitaire inné. De manière générale, ces lymphocytes " innés " sont capables de répondre très rapidement à différents signaux d'activation, par la production rapide et massive d'IL-4, d'IFN-γ et d'IL-17. Notre laboratoire a mis en évidence l'existence de deux sous-populations de lymphocytes iNKT, iNKT conventionnels et iNKT17, ayant deux voies de différenciation thymique bien distinctes, mais dont les mécanismes de détermination sont encore inconnus. Il a été montré que " SLAM-associated protein " (SAP) est indispensable au développement des lymphocytes iNKT, puisqu'ils sont absents chez les souris déficientes en SAP. D'autre part, ces mêmes souris montrent également une déficience de la réponse Th2. Nous avons alors émis l'hypothèse que SAP pourrait être impliqué dans la production d'IL-4 par les lymphocytes iNKT, et dans la détermination des deux sous-populations de lymphocytes iNKT conventionnel ou producteur d'IL-17. Dans une première partie, nous avons utilisé des souris triple mutantes Sap-/- Vα14Tg-ROR(γt)-Egfp, permettant l'étude des sous-populations de lymphocytes iNKT malgré la déficience en SAP. Nous avons ainsi montré que SAP est indispensable à l'acquisition thymique de la capacité de production d'IL-4 par les lymphocytes iNKT conventionnels. Chez ces souris déficientes en SAP, nous avons observé une augmentation de la fréquence des lymphocytes iNKT17 RORγtpos producteurs d'IL-17, ce qui montre clairement que SAP n'est pas nécessaire pour l'acquisition des propriétés fonctionnelles des lymphocytes iNKT17. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence une nouvelle fonction de SAP dans le développement thymique des cellules iNKT productrices d'IL-4. De plus, nos résultats montrent que SAP est un point de contrôle obligatoire déterminant l'orientation de la différenciation thymique des cellules iNKT vers les cellules iNKT17 ou vers les cellules iNKT conventionnelles. En parallèle des lymphocytes iNKT17 présents dans le thymus, nous avons également analysé une autre population T particulière : des thymocytes TCRαβposCD4pos matures et producteurs d'IL-17, les lymphocytes Th17 naturels. Nous avons mis en évidence que ces lymphocytes expriment le facteur de transcription RORγt. Ces lymphocytes T CD4posCD8negCD44hiRORγtpos sont capables de produire rapidement et massivement de l'IL-17, mais requièrent l'IL-23 pour co-produire l'IL-22. De plus, ils se distinguent des lymphocytes Th17 induits, ou conventionnels, par l'expression du facteur de transcription PLZF et par leur capacité à répondre très rapidement à des stimuli pro-inflammatoires, nommément l'IL-23 associé à l'IL-1β et un agoniste TLR4. Les résultats obtenus durant cette thèse ouvrent donc de nombreuses perspectives de recherches fondamentale et thérapeutique, domaine dans lequel l'IL-17 est devenu une cible privilégiée pour le traitement des maladies auto-immunes.

Autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) is a muscular disease mediated by autoantibodies, mainly directed against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The pathogenic antibodies are especially produced in the thymus, which is often characterized by a hyperplasia with germinal centers. Recent studies demonstrated the overexpression of chemokines and the abnormal development of high endothelial venules (HEV) in the MG thymus. The aim of my thesis was to better understand the mechanisms that lead to thymic hyperplasia in MG by analyzing the role of chemokines in peripheral cell recruitment. We demonstrated that the number of HEVs correlated with the degree of hyperplasia suggesting a direct link between HEVs and peripheral cell recruitment. To define its mechanism of action, we examined which chemokines were expressed on thymic HEVs. We uniquely detected SDF-1 and observed that B cells, myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), plasmacytoid DCs and monocytes/macrophages that expressed the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4 localized inside and around thymic HEV. In parallel we observed a decreased CXCR4 expression and a decreased number of mDCs and also monocytes in the periphery suggesting their recruitment to the MG thymus. As the MG thymus was recently characterized by the overexpression of CXCL13 in thymic epithelial cells (TECs), we investigated its contribution to thymic hyperplasia. We therefore generated a transgenic mouse model overexpressing in medullary TECs CXCL13 under the control of keratin 5. We demonstrated that transgenic K5-CXCL13 mice specifically overexpressed CXCL13 in the thymus, while no other tested chemokines were upregulated. Preliminary results showed that elevated levels of CXCL13 resulted in an increased number of B cells in the thymus of transgenic mice, which localized preferentially in loose aggregates in medullary areas. We are presently investigating if immunization with purified AChR induces experimental MG with thymic hyperplasia in these mice. Myasthenic mice with a hyperplastic thymus could present a new animal model for MG with a phenotype that is closer to the human disease than the current MG model. As the hyperplastic MG thymus displays the hallmarks of a viral signature, we investigated the effect of pathogen-associated molecules on thymic changes associated with MG. We demonstrated that dsRNA signaling induced by Poly(I:C) specifically triggers the overexpression of α-AChR in human TECs through the release of IFN-I. We also observed that IFN-I was able to upregulate CXCL13 and CCL21, similarly to what is observed in the MG thymus. In addition, Poly(I:C) injections in wildtype mice, but not in IFN-I receptor KO mice, specifically increase thymic expression of α-AChR and, in parallel, CXCL13 and CCL21 expression. In periphery, Poly(I:C) even induced an anti-AChR autoimmune response characterized by a significant production of serum anti-AChR antibodies and a specific proliferation of B cells. Overall the results obtained in the course of my PhD showed that the abnormal development of SDF-1-expressing HEVs and the CXCL13 overexpression play a central role in the recruitment of peripheral cells to the MG thymus. Once these cells have arrived in the inflammatory environment, which is characteristic for MG, they could develop an autoimmune reaction against AChR. New therapeutic molecules that control chemokine expression and angiogenic processes could diminish the development of thymic hyperplasia and avoid thymectomy or the use of corticoids.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 122-140.

Orientador: Liana Maria Cardoso Verinaud / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T22:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brito_VaniaNieto_D.pdf: 17655224 bytes, checksum: 75de87a92111468f9002287b57e1c7fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O timo e o local de maturacao dos linfocitos T que coordenam a resposta imune apos o reconhecimento de antigenos; apesar disso, torna-se alvo em diversas infeccoes. O P. brasiliensis, causador da paracoccidioidomicose, e capaz de invadir o timo e induzir atrofia deste orgao em animais experimentais. Neste estudo, foi analisada a influencia da virulencia fungica (cepas Pb18 e Pb265), da linhagem murina (A/J e B10.A) e de citocinas pro-inflamatorias (TNF e IFN-g) nesse fenomeno. As leveduras da cepa virulenta Pb18 persistiram no timo por um periodo maior e induziram alteracoes histopatologicas mais intensas, embora o isolado Pb265, de baixa virulencia, tambem tenha causado atrofia. O padrao de atrofia, caracterizado por perda de peso do orgao, aumento na taxa de apoptose e perda de delimitacao corticomedular foi semelhante nas duas linhagens, contudo os camundongos B10.A apresentaram tambem alteracoes quantitativas nas subpopulacoes de timocitos e linfocitos T esplenicos. A infeccao fungica também provocou a depressao da resposta proliferativa frente a ConA de timocitos e esplenocitos de camundongos B10.A por um periodo mais prolongado do que de animais da linhagem A/J. Em ambas as linhagens, a infeccao provocou aumento na porcentagem de linfocitos T esplenicos de fenotipo CD4+CD8+. Houve reducao no numero de celulas timicas positivas para TNF e IFN-g apos infeccao com o P. brasiliensis. Utilizando-se camundongos deficientes para o receptor p55 de TNF ou para a producao de IFN-g, verificou-se que o TNF medeia o aumento na apoptose de timocitos pos-infeccao enquanto a perda de peso e da delimitação corticomedular sao desencadeadas pelo IFN-g. Nossos resultados indicam que a atrofia timica observada na paracoccidioidomicose experimental envolve a interacao de fatores relacionados ao fungo e ao hospedeiro, que podem influenciar o curso da doenca / Abstract: Thymus is the site of T cells maturation that orchestrates specific immune response following antigen recognition. In spite of this, it can be a target during many infectious diseases. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, is able to invade the thymus inducing atrophy in experimental models. In this study, it was analyzed the influence of fungal virulence (Pb18 and Pb265 isolates), murine strain (A/J e B10.A) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF e IFN-g) in this phenomenon. Yeasts from virulent strain Pb18 persisted for a larger period in the thymus and induced stronger histopathological alterations, although poorly virulent Pb265 also has induced thymic atrophy. The pattern of atrophy that embodied organ weight decreases, increases in the apoptotic levels and the loss of corticomedullary delimitation was similar in both strains. However, B10. A strain also presented quantitative changes in the thymic and splenic T cell subpopulations. This strain showed a decreased proliferative response of thymocytes and splenocytes to Concanavalin A for a larger period than A/J strain, as well. Both strains had augmentation in the percentage of splenic CD4+CD8+ T cells. There was reduction in the amount of cells positive to TNF and IFN-g in the thymus after infection with P. brasiliensis. By using mice deficient to production of IFN-g or to p55 receptor of TNF it was seen that the TNF mediates the increase of apoptosis that takes place in the thymus after the infection, whereas organ weight decreases and loss of corticomedullary delimitation are performed by IFN-g. Our results suggest that thymic atrophy observed during experimental paracoccidioidomycosis involves interaction of fungal and host related factors and, most probably, influences the course of disease / Doutorado / Imunologia / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Há dados na literatura indicando que as células que saem do timo com o fenótipo CD4+CD25+ são desenvolvidas continuamente como uma linhagem independente e possuem um papel importante no processo de regulação da resposta imune. Essas células são chamadas células T reguladoras naturais. Várias questões sobre estas células permanecem em aberto, como por exemplo, como elas são geradas, o que é determinante na sua atividade reguladora e que marcadores específicos podem ser usados para identificá-las? Dentro deste contexto, o nosso objetivo neste trabalho foi identificar no timo e em timócitos CD4+/CD25+ humanos, novas moléculas potencialmente importantes no desenvolvimento e/ou na atividade supressora das células T reguladoras naturais. Para este objetivo, utilizamos a abordagem de phage display, com uma biblioteca de fagos de peptídeos, e timos humanos obtidos de pacientes portadores de cardiopatias congênitas, submetidos a cirurgias cardíacas realizadas no InCor. A busca dessas moléculas foi feita, separadamente, em 3 tipos de material biológico: timócitos totais, fragmento do tecido tímico e timócitos CD4+/CD25+. Antes da incubação da biblioteca de fagos com os timócitos totais e timócitos CD4+/CD25+ (separação em FACS), foi realizada uma etapa de preclearing, incubando-se a biblioteca de fagos com um pool de células mononucleares de sangue periférico (PBMC) ou timócitos CD4+/CD25-, respectivamente. Os fagos não ligantes, recuperados desta etapa, foram então incubados com as células de interesse. Para o tecido tímico não foi feita etapa de pre-clearing. Os fagos obtidos com os diferentes materiais biológicos foram recuperados em cultura de bactérias e usados em ciclos posteriores de seleção. Após três ciclos de seleção, os fagos foram seqüenciados e identificados quanto à expressão de peptídeos ligantes para timócitos totais, timo e timócitos CD4+/CD25+, e analisados em bancos de dados no BLAST. Os fagos selecionados para validação um ligante de tecido tímico: M2C e um ligante de timócitos CD4+/CD25+: R2A fazem similaridade a duas proteínas associadas ao metabolismo da Vitamina D3, molécula envolvida em imunorregulação e indução de tolerância, em diversos modelos experimentais. Porém, não há dados na literatura a respeito do seu papel em células T reg naturais. Na validação molecular desses fagos, apesar de certa variabilidade entre os diferentes ensaios, verificamos, por ELISA, que os fagos se ligam preferencialmente a 1,25 diidroxivitamina D3, forma ativa da Vitamina D3. Entretanto, nos ensaios de validação funcional, a influência da vitamina D na diferenciação dessas células não foi confirmada de forma consistente, uma vez que só tivemos aumento no número de células CD4+/CD25+, em cultura com Vitamina D, em poucos experimentos. As moléculas identificadas no presente estudo podem ter implicações relevantes no processo de diferenciação e na atividade de células T CD4+CD25+ reguladoras e serão mais investigadas na continuidade deste trabalho. / There are consistent data in literature indicating that thymic CD4+CD25+ cells play an important role in immune regulation and are continuously developed as an independent lineage in the thymus. These cells are known as natural regulatory T cells. Several questions about these cells remain unanswered, such as how they are generated, what is determinant in their regulatory function and which specific molecular markers can be used to identify them. Taking this into consideration, our aim was to identify new potentially important molecules in the development and/or supressive function of natural regulatory T cells, both in the thymus and in CD4+CD25+ thymocytes. For this, the phage display technique was employed, with a peptide phage library and thymic specimens obtained from children who underwent corrective cardiac surgery at the Heart Institute (InCor), in São Paulo. The search for these molecules was separately performed in 3 types of biological material: thymic tissue, thymocytes and CD4+CD25+ thymic cells. In the first stage, the phage peptide-library was incubated with a pool of PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). After the incubation, phages bound to PBMC were discarded (pre-clearing). In the second stage, unbound phages were incubated with either total thymocytes or CD4+CD25+ thymic cells. The pre-clearing stage was not perfomed in the thymic tissue. The phages obtained with after incubation with the different biological materials were recovered in E. coli culture and used in additional cycles of selection. After three rounds of selection, the recovered phages from the total thymocytes, from thymic tissue and thymocytes CD4+CD25+ were sequenced and their ligands identified. Among the phages selected for validation one ligand of thymic tissue: M2C and one ligand of CD4+CD25+ thymocytes: R2A present similarity to two proteins associated to the metabolism of Vitamin D3, a molecule involved in imunoregulation and toelrance induction in several experimental models. However, there are no data in the literature concerning the possible role of this moelcule in natural regulatory T cells. In the molecular validation of theses phages, although some variability between the diffeterent assays we have verified by ELISA, that the phages present preferential binding to the 1,25 dhydroxyvitamin D3, the active form of Vitamin D3. However, in the functional validation assays, the influence of the Vitamin D3 in the differentiation of these cells could not be consistently confirmed since we could observe an increase in the number of CD4+CD25+ cells cultured with vitamin D in only a few experiments. The ligand-receptor molecules we have defined in this study may have relevant implications in the development of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in the thymus

La réponse humorale aux antigènes (Ag) thymo-indépendants (TI) tels que les polysaccharides (PS) bactériens ne nécessite pas l’intervention des lymphocytes T mais requiert un dialogue entre lymphocytes B et cellules présentatrices d’Ag (APC). La singularité des Ag TI est qu’ils peuvent générer une réponse anticorps (Ac) in vivo en l’absence de signal danger exogène. Nous avons postulé que les PS bactériens sont capables d’induire un état de compétence des APC leur permettant d’exercer leur fonction auxiliaire vis à vis de la différenciation des lymphocytes B induite par les Ag TI. Notre travail a consisté, d’une part, à identifier la nature de l’APC et à documenter l’état de compétence des APC induit par un PS capsulaire d’une souche de pneumocoque (PS3). Nos résultats montrent que les macrophages et les cellules dendritiques peuvent tous deux exercer une fonction auxiliaire vis-à-vis de la réponse Ac aux Ag TI via la sécrétion de deux cytokines, BAFF et APRIL. Nos données montrent également que ce PS bactérien inhibe différentes réponses impliquant les cellules T (réponse humorale à un Ag thymo-dépendant, hypersensibilité retardée induite par un haptène fort). L’analyse phénotypique et fonctionnelle de cellules dendritiques exposées au PS3 nous conduit à proposer que le PS induit la différenciation des cellules dendritiques en cellules tolérogènes. L’ensemble de nos données suggèrent que l’état de compétence des APCs liée à leur fonction auxiliaire dans la réponse Ac aux Ag TI est équivalent à la fonction tolérogène, déjà documentée dans la littérature. Cette dualité des APCs induite par le PS (stimulatrices vis à vis de la réponse Ac, tolérogènes vis à vis des réponses cellulaires) pourrait jouer un rôle physiologique important au niveau de la muqueuse intestinale. / The humoral immune response against thymus-independent (TI) antigens (Ag) such as bacterial capsular polysaccharides (PS) does not require the help from T lymphocytes but needs a dialog between B cells and antigen presenting cells (APC). The particularity of TI Ag is their ability to generate an antibody response in vivo in the absence of exogenous danger signals. We have postulated that bacterial PS induce a competence status of the APC enabling them to act as auxiliary cells towards the B cells differentiation induced by TI Ag. In the present study, we have indentified the nature of the APC and explored the competence status induced by a capsular PS from S. pneumoniae (PS3). Our results show that both macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) can exert an auxiliary function towards the humoral response to TI Ag by secreting two major cytokines, BAFF and APRIL. We have also shown that bacterial PS suppress different responses involving T cells as humoral response to a thymus-dependent Ag and delayed hyper-sensitivity induced by a potent hapten. The phenotypical and functional analysis of DC exposed to PS3 led us to postulate that PS induces the differentiation of DC into tolerogenic cells. Altogether our findings suggest that the APC’s competence status enabling them to provide help to B cells against TI Ag is their tolerogenic function. This double function of the APC induced by PS (stimulatory towards antibody response and tolerogenic towards cellular responses) could be important in the intestinal mucosal sites.

A desnutrição é capaz de induzir diversas alterações metabólicas afetando marcadamente a composição corporal e o sistema imunológico. O exercício físico, por sua vez, produz alterações no organismo para uma melhor capacidade de adaptação a situações de estresse. O desvio da situação de homeostase produzida pelo exercício físico induz uma reorganização de seus mecanismos funcionais, principalmente dos mecanismos endócrinos e imunológicos. Ainda é pouco conhecida a influência do exercício sobre a desnutrição e também as conseqüências sobre o sistema imunológico quando as duas variáveis são combinadas. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do exercício físico de endurance sobre ratos submetidos a um protocolo de desnutrição crônica. Avaliamos ratos Wistar machos, desnutridos por 16 semanas, divididos em 4 grupos: eutrófico sedentário (ES), eutrófico treinado (ET), desnutrido sedentário (DS), desnutrido treinado (DT). O treinamento físico foi realizado em esteira, por 10 semanas, 5 vezes por semana, com intensidade aproximada de 60- 65% do consumo máximo de oxigênio. Avaliou-se a composição corporal, através da aferição do peso corporal, peso dos tecidos muscular esquelético e adiposo, do fígado, do conteúdo de gordura e proteína na carcaça, e a concentração de leptina, ACTH, glicose, insulina, e glutamina no plasma. Avaliamos também, através de citometria de fluxo, os marcadores de superfície celular CD3 e CD4, bem como a celularidade no timo. O consumo máximo de oxigênio e o desempenho através de um teste até a exaustão também foram analisados. A análise estatística utilizada foi o teste de variância ANOVA two-way com pós teste de Bonferroni e, nível de significância adotado de p<0,05. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que o treinamento de endurance em ratos submetidos à desnutrição crônica promoveu uma acentuada redução do peso e da adiposidade corporal; um aumento da massa muscular relativa ao peso corporal; um restabelecimento da glicemia aos valores normais; uma melhor relação da concentração insulina/glicose, sugerindo uma sensibilidade à insulina aumentada; um aumento dos estoques de glicogênio muscular; um maior consumo máximo de oxigênio; e uma recuperação na morfologia e fisiologia tímica, uma maior resposta proliferativa do baço e linfonodos estimulados com IL2. Concluímos desta forma que o exercício foi capaz de recuperar a morfologia, como também a maturação timócitos CD3 e CD4 e sua celuraridade em ratos desnutridos. A resposta proliferativa à estimulação da IL2 também foi recuperada. / Malnutrition is capable of inducing diverse metabolic alterations, markedly affecting body composition and the immune system. Physical exercise, on the other hand, induces a renders the organism more capable of adaptation to stress. Still, little is known about the influence of exercise training upon malnutrition-related alterations and its consequences on the immune system. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of moderate intensity exercise training in rats submitted to a protocol (16wk) of chronic malnutrition. Male Wistar rats were divided in to 4 groups: sedentary, fed ad libitum (SF); trained fed ad libitum (TF); sedentary energy restricted (RES); and trained energy restricted (TER). Training was carried out on a treadmill for 10 weeks, 5 time wk, under an intensity of 60-65% of the maximal oxygen consumption. We evaluated the Corporal composition, the variation of body weight, and the weight of the skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, and liver; as well as fat and protein content in the carcass; and also plasma leptin, ACTH, glucose, insulin and glutamine concentration. We also examined through flow cytometry CD3 and CD4, as well as the celularity in the thymus. The maximum consumption of oxygen and the performance were also assessed. The results demonstrate that endurance training in rats submitted to the chronic malnutrition protocol promoted reduction of body weight and of corporal adiposity; an increase in the relative contribution of muscle to body weight; the reestablishment of glicemia; improval of insulin/glucose reason, suggesting increased sensitivy to insulin; an increase of muscle glycogen content; enhanced oxygen consumption; are recovery of the morphology and physiology of the thymus, together with a proliferative response of the spleen and lymph nodes stimulated with IL2. We conclude in such a way that moderate intensity training restored thymus morphology and the capacity of maturation of CD3 and CD4 and also timocyte number and the of proliferative response to IL2 stimulation.

Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are a subset of human T lymphocytes activated by phosphoantigens in a T cell receptor-dependent manner to fight microbial invaders or kill transformed cells. Phosphoantigens are low molecular weight nonpeptidic pyrophosphate containing metabolites produced both endogenously (upregulated in transformed cells) and by microbes. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are the first T cells generated in the foetus and have programmed functions before encountering the post-partum environment.In this PhD thesis, the aim was to assess the origin of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in early versus adult life and to evaluate their T cell receptor repertoire and effector potential in the neonatal and infant period. First, human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were characterised coming from foetal blood and generated by the foetal thymus and then similarities and differences with adult blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were identified. The data showed that there is a post-natal thymic output of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells which are different from their foetal counterparts. This finding could help guide the development of cancer immunotherapy strategies aiming to improve the resistance and tenacity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells which enter an exhaustion state after long encounter with the antigen.Furthermore, human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were studied early after birth regarding their T cell receptor repertoire and function. At 10 weeks after birth, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells had expanded, and a big part of the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell repertoire was foetal-derived. Additionally, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells had undergone significant functional polarisation toward potent killer effector cells. The expansion and shift in effector functions were not influenced by neonatal BCG vaccination, highlighting the role of environmental exposure upon birth. The data gathered here highlight the unique properties of this innate-like lymphocyte population which can act as a first wave of protection in early life while conventional αβ T cells are not yet optimal. Later in life, another wave of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells arrives from the thymus to expand and populate the adult periphery, providing a possible avenue of new and robust cancer cell killers in the scope of immunotherapy. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The main objective of this research is to study the feasibility of developing a new composite material, of entirely natural origin, obtained from the combination of industrial waste and a polymer derived from bioethanol from sugar cane. The company Licores Sinc, S.A. is dedicated to the distillation of a great variety of alcoholic drinks. Different amounts of lignocellulosic waste are produced in the process of processing the different liquors, which are not used for another sub-process. The present research focuses on the revaluation of the residue of Thymus Moroderi of this company, studying the possibility of using this residue as a load of a polymer composite, in particular a biopolyethylene obtained from sugar cane, with the aim to reduce costs, strengthen the polymer matrix and reduce environmental impact. Thymus is commonly used in the herbalist sector, as a condiment, as well as in folk medicine it is used for its stimulating action. Recent studies have shown that Thymus also possesses important antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Thymus Moroderi is a variety of the genus Thymus. Such antioxidant properties will provide a remarkable increase in the thermal stability at moderate temperatures of the biocomposite, further increasing the temperature range of processing. The main problem of this type of composite materials is that the polymeric matrix has a pronounced hydrophobic nature, whereas the lignocellulosic load is from a highly hydrophilic nature. The interactions between the plastic matrix and the filler are very weak, which causes that these types of composites present poor mechanical properties. In order to solve this problem, compatibilizing agents are employed. Through a complete mechanical, morphological, thermal and thermo-mechanical-dynamics characterization it has been chosen the optimal agent among four candidates, as well as the most adequate percentage in which to apply it. But it is also intended that this new biocomposite may be used to manufacture parts through injection molding in an industrial environment. In order to achieve this goal, a complete rheological analysis was carried out using the Cross-WLF model, as well as a computer simulation of the injection process, which was then experimentally validated using a sensorized mold. / El objetivo principal de esta investigación es estudiar la viabilidad de desarrollar un nuevo material compuesto, de origen completamente natural, obtenido de la combinación de un residuo industrial y de un polímero derivado del bioetanol de la caña de azúcar. La empresa Licores Sinc, S.A. se dedica a la destilación de una gran variedad de bebidas alcohólicas. En los procesos de elaboración de los diferentes licores se producen importantes cantidades de residuos lignocelulósicos que no se utilizan para otro subproceso. El presente trabajo de investigación se centra en la revalorización del residuo de Thymus Moroderi de esta empresa, estudiando la posibilidad de emplear este residuo como carga de un material polimérico, en concreto de un biopolietileno obtenido de la caña de azúcar, con el objetivo de abaratar costes, reforzar dicha matriz polimérica y reducir el impacto medioambiental. El Thymus ha sido y es empleado comúnmente en el sector herbolario, como especie, así como en la medicina popular por su acción estimuladora. Estudios recientes han demostrado que el Thymus posee también importantes propiedades antibacterianas y antioxidantes. El Thymus Moroderi es una variedad del genero del Thymus. Dichas propiedades antioxidantes van a proporcionar un notable aumento de la estabilidad térmica a temperaturas moderadas del biocompuesto, aumentándose además el rango de temperatura de procesamiento. La principal desventaja de este tipo de materiales compuestos es que los polímeros tienen una marcada naturaleza hidrófoba, mientras que las cargas lignocelulósicas poseen una naturaleza altamente hidrófila. Las interacciones que se producen entre la matriz plástica y las cargas de relleno son muy débiles, lo que genera que este tipo de materiales compuestos presenten unas relativamente pobres propiedades mecánicas. Para solucionar este problema son empleados los llamados agentes compatibilizantes. A través de una completa caracterización mecánica, morfológica, térmica y termo-mecánica-dinámica ha sido determinado de entre cuatro agentes cual es el más óptimo, así como el porcentaje más adecuado en el cual aplicarlo. Pero además se pretende que este nuevo biocompuesto pueda utilizarse para inyectar determinados tipos de piezas mediante moldeo en un ámbito industrial. Para ello se ha efectuado un análisis reológico completo utilizando el modelo Cross-WLF, así como una simulación informática del proceso de inyección, la cual ha sido después validada experimentalmente empleando para ello un molde sensorizado. / L'objectiu principal d'aquesta investigació és estudiar la viabilitat de desenvolupar un nou material compost, d'origen completament natural, obtingut de la combinació d'un residu industrial i d'un polímer derivat del bioetanol de la canya de sucre. L'empresa Licores Sinc, S.A. es dedica a la destil·lació d'una gran varietat de begudes alcohòliques. En els processos d'elaboració dels diferents licors es produeixen importants quantitats de residus lignocel·lulòsics que no s'utilitzen per a un altre fi. El present treball de investigació es centra en la revaloració del residu de Thymus Moroderi d'aquesta empresa, estudiant la possibilitat d'utilitzar aquest residu com a càrrega d'un material polimèric, en concret d'un biopolietilè obtingut de la canya de sucre, amb l'objectiu d'abaratir costos, reforçar la matriu polimèrica i reduir l'impacte mediambiental. El Thymus ha estat i és utilitzat comunament en el sector herbolari, com a condiment, així com en la medicina popular per la seua acció estimuladora. Estudis recents han demostrat que el Thymus posseeix també importants propietats antibacterianes i antioxidants. El Thymus Moroderi és una varietat del gènere del Thymus. Aquestes propietats antioxidants van a proporcionar un notable augment de l'estabilitat tèrmica a temperatures moderades del biocompost, augmentant-a més el rang de temperatura de processament. El principal desavantatge d'aquest tipus de materials compostos és que els polímers tenen una marcada naturalesa hidròfoba, mentre que les càrregues lignocelulósiques posseeixen una naturalesa altament hidròfila. Les interaccions que es produeixen entre la matriu plàstica i les càrregues de farciment són molt febles, de manera que aquest tipus de materials compostos presenten unes relativament pobres propietats mecàniques. Per solucionar aquest problema s'utilitzen els anomenats agents compatibilizants. A través d'una completa caracterització mecànica, morfològica, tèrmica i termo-mecànica-dinàmica ha estat determinat d'entre quatre agents quin és el més òptim, així com el percentatge més adequat en el qual aplicar-lo. Però a més es pretén que aquest nou biocompost pugui utilitzar-se per injectar determinats tipus de peces mitjançant injecció en un àmbit industrial. Per a això s'ha efectuat una anàlisi reològic complet utilitzant el model Cross-WLF, així com una simulació informàtica del procés d'injecció, la qual ha estat després validada experimentalment emprant per a això un motlle sensoritzat. / Montañés Muñoz, N. (2017). Fabricación y caracterización de Materiales Compuestos ecológicos con matriz polimérica de origen natural y residuos vegetales industriales procedentes de la fabricación de licores de hierbas aromáticas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86207 / TESIS

Theoretical part of the master thesis was aimed on giving an overview of basic characteristics of magnetic particles, their morphology, basic methods of their synthesis, interaction with DNA and recent applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. The experimental part of thesis was aimed on application of new designed magnetic particles for isolation of both lactobacilli DNA and calf thymus DNA. Two types of magnetic beads were used: hyperbranched poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-[2-(methacryloyloxy) ethoxy]acetic acid-co-ethylene dimethylacrylate) microbeads covered with amino groups (P(GMA-MOEAA-EDMA)-NH2) and magnetic non-porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) microbeads covered with carboxyl groups (P(HEMA-co-GMA)-COOH). For both types of microbeads two different protocols for preparation of separation mixtures with two different concentrations od poly(ethyleneglycol) 6000 (PEG 6000) as condensation agent were tested. Differences among both types of magnetic microbeads and DNAs used were found. It was shown that both types of microbeads are suitable for DNA isolation in the presence of 8% PEG 6000.