Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma análise do comportamento de estruturas em pórtico de madeira levando-se em conta a influência da ação diafragma da cobertura, que será verificada por meio da realização de ensaios em painéis de diafragma e por análise numérica. Além disso, apresenta os procedimentos de cálculo para o projeto de edificações considerando a ação diafragma de cobertura. Fornece informações para a produção de estruturas treliçadas de cobertura em nível industrial, utilizando-se chapas com dentes estampados, com maior controle de qualidade técnica dos projetos e economia de material. / The aim of this work is to analyze the behavior of post-frame of timber structures taking in account the influence of the roof diaphragm action, which will be verified by tests in diaphragm panels and in computational theoretical model. Furthermore, it will be show the design criteria considering the diaphragm action. Also, important information is presented for increase the production of trusses for roofs in industrial scale using metal plate connectors in conjunction with a better control of the technical quality of design and economy of material.

As pontes protendidas transversalmente de madeira vêm sendo pesquisadas no Brasil desde o ano 1995, com madeiras de reflorestamento e outros materiais nacionais. Os resultados mostram a viabilidade da utilização desse sistema na construção de pontes de madeira, sejam em vias rurais, urbanas e até mesmo em rodoviárias no país, a fim de viabilizar melhoras ao acesso onde se faz necessário, além de contribuição nos quesitos de segurança estrutural, em função do trafego. Este trabalho tem como objetivos os estudos teórico e experimental de pontes de madeiras protendidas transversalmente com cordoalhas engraxadas, focando, principalmente, a análise do desempenho da ponte e os estudos das influências da temperatura e da umidade no mecanismo de perda de protensão de tabuleiros laminados com madeiras. / Since 1995 Stress-Laminated Timber Bridge built with reforestation wood and other national materials have been researched in Brazil. The results show feasibility to use this system for build timber bridges, in rural and urban roads, and even in federal highways, in order to facilitate access improvements where needed, plus contribution as safe structural depending on the traffic. The aims of this paper is analyze of theoretical and experimental stress-laminated Timber Bridge with wire rope, focusing, mainly, bridges field performance and thermal response and moisture content as influence in stress relaxation in wood lumber slab.

Apesar da versatilidade da madeira, seu emprego fica, às vezes, dificultado por não serem totalmente conhecidas as suas propriedades e seu desempenho em diferentes condições de serviço. Neste trabalho, procura-se contribuir para um melhor aproveitamento das espécies tropicais alternativas, em especial no emprego para produção de elementos estruturais de madeira laminada colada, uma vez que o Brasil possui grande potencial dessas espécies, mas ainda sub-utilizadas. Neste contexto, realiza-se a determinação das propriedades físicas, de resistência e de rigidez de algumas espécies e determinam-se também as rigidezes de elementos estruturais obtidos da espécie cujos corpos-de-prova apresentam os melhores resultados. Ensaiam-se vigas montadas com dois tipos de adesivos, duas intensidades de pressão e duas distribuições de lâminas. Adota-se a metodologia experimental recomendada no ANEXO B da NBR 7190:1997 - Projeto de Estruturas de Madeira, da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT). Analisam-se os resultados obtidos a partir de conceitos estatísticos. A espécie Cedrinho (Erisma sp) apresentou as melhores respostas, das quais pode-se concluir que os adesivos Cascophen e à base de mamona não influenciaram as propriedades de rigidez das vigas, o mesmo acontecendo para as duas intensidades de pressão, 0,8 MPa e 1,2 MPa. As propriedades de rigidez das vigas de MLC podem ser influenciadas pela distribuição das lâminas ao longo da altura da seção transversal / Despite the wood versatility, its application is, sometimes, difficult because of its properties and performances under differents work conditions are not completely known. The present work seeks to contribute for a better utilization of the alternative tropical wood species, especially in the employment to the production of structural elements of glued laminated timber, once that Brazil has a great potential of these species which are under applicated. In this context, the determination of the physical properties, the strength and the stiffness of some alternative tropical species are realized, and the stiffness of structural elements made of the specie which presented the best results in specimens tests are determinated. Beams are tested with two adhesives classes, two pressure intensities and two ways of lamination. Experimental methods suggested in ANEXO B, NBR 7190:1997 – Timber Structures Design (Brazilian Technical Codes Association) were used. The specie Cedrinho (Erisma sp) presents the best results, and conclusions are made: Cascophen and castor oil adhesives did not influence the beams stiffness properties; the same thing happens for the two pressure intensities, 0,8 MPa and 1,2 MPa. The glulam beams stiffness properties can be influenced by the ways of lamination

This paper investigates the linear elastic behavior of timber shear walls under monotonic prescribed displacement. ABAQUS© 16.4-5, is a numerical finite element software used as the primary analysis methodology.  Parameterized models are created for two shear wall specimens of different geometry concerning door and window configurations. The shear walls are simulated as solid timber framing which is mechanically connected to gypsum sheathing board through fasteners. The primary findings are the linear elastic shear force distribution of the mechanical joints. Additionally, deformations and reaction forces of the shear walls are determined. The overall horizontal shear wall behavior of each specific wall was also studied in the presence of door and window openings. The simulations indicate there is a clear deformation difference in the behaviors of the two shear walls. Furthermore, the highest shear force values of the fasteners are located around the corners of the openings. The findings are supported by other researcher’s experiments and analytical tests, timber shear wall theory and Eurocode design requirements.

The diploma thesis deals with building survey of the New synagogue in Velké Meziříčí. It is focused on diagnostics of timber structures using non-destructive and semi-destructive testing methods, such as visual inspection, moisture content measurement, penetration depth of a steel pin measurement and endoscopy. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the condition of the timber structures according to the results of the building survey.

Impact sound can be caused, for example, by children jumping and playing or by other types of mechanical contact with the structure. Insufficient impact sound insulation in lightweight timber structures is a recurring issue and is of great importance for the overall quality assessment of residential buildings. Impact sound is a complex topic that, together with a lack of understanding in the industry, often results in contractors building first and testing later. This methodology often leads to costly measures at the end of the construction process.  In recent years, much research has been conducted to investigate the impact sound problem in lightweight timber structures, but few studies have focused on the relationship between impact sound level and vibration, which is investigated in this study. Through field measurements of impact sound and vibration in three different buildings, information was expected to be obtained on how the design of floors and joints can affect the impact sound insulation. The purpose of obtaining this information was to simplify the evaluation of buildings' final construction. A conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that insufficient impact sound insulation is expected to be due to lower damping in the joints. With greater damping in the joints, the evaluation of the final design can be simplified, as the transmission paths are limited to mainly through the floor. / Stegljud kan uppstå genom barns hopp och lek eller vid annan typ avmekanisk kontakt med stommen. Bristande stegljudsisolering i lättaträkonstruktioner är ett återkommande problem och är av stor betydelse förden totala kvalitetsbedömningen av bostäder. Stegljudsproblematik är ettkomplext ämne som tillsammans med en bristande förståelse i branschen,ofta resulterar i att entreprenörer bygger först och testar senare. Dennametodik leder inte sällan till kostsamma åtgärder i byggprocessensslutskede.Under senare år har mycket forskning bedrivits i syfte att utredastegljudsproblematiken i lätta träkonstruktioner, men få studier har fokuseratpå relationen mellan stegljudsnivå och vibrationer, som undersöks i dennastudie. Genom fältmätningar av stegljud och vibrationer i tre olikabyggnader, förväntades information erhållas kring hur utformning avbjälklag och knutpunkter kan påverka stegljudsisoleringen. Syftet med attinhämta denna information var att förenkla värderingen av byggnadersslutgiltiga konstruktion.En slutsats som kan dras från studien är att bristande stegljudsisoleringförväntas bero på lägre dämpning i knutpunkterna. Med större dämpning iknutpunkterna kan värderingen av slutlig konstruktion förenklas, detta dåtransmissionsvägarna begränsas till i huvudsak genom bjälklaget.

Os pontos com maior fragilidade em estruturas de madeira são as ligações, pois nelas ocorrem as maiores concentrações de tensões. Dentre os tipos de conectores mais utilizados nas ligações temos os pinos metálicos, no quais se enquadra o parafuso comum. Para o dimensionamento de ligações por pinos metálicos, dois parâmetros são utilizados: a resistência ao escoamento do aço e a resistência da madeira ao embutimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os métodos de ensaio de documentos normativos (ABNT NBR 7190:1997, EN 383:2007, ASTM D5764:2007, EUROCODE 5:2004, NDS:2001 e LRFD:1996) com a finalidade de estabelecer uma proposta de método de ensaio para a determinação da resistência da madeira ao embutimento. Foram realizados ensaios na direção paralela e na direção normal às fibras para seis espécies de madeira (Paricá, Pinus elliottii, Pinus oocarpa, Jatobá, Lyptus e Cupiúba), utilizando vários diâmetros (8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm e 16 mm) para os pinos metálicos. Baseado na análise dos resultados obtidos foi proposta a adoção do método de ensaio baseado na EN 383:2007. Os resultados experimentais para a resistência ao embutimento tem maior aprovação com o parâmetro resistência à compressão paralela às fibras, atualmente adotado pela ABNT NBR 7190:1997. Além disso, esse método recomenda dimensões que facilitam a confecção dos corpos de prova, principalmente na direção normal às fibras. / Main fragility in timber structures occurs in the connections, because to stress concentrations. Most of connections use bolts laterally loaded, a metal dowel-type fastener. Two parameters are used for design of the connections with metal dowel-type in timber structures: yield strength of metal dowel and embedment strength of wood. The aim of this study was to compare the test methods of Codes (ABNT NBR 7190:1997, EN 383:2007, ASTM D5764:2007, EUROCODE 5:2004, NDS:2001 and LRFD:1996) in order to establish a proposed test method for the determination of the embedment strength of wood. The tests were performed applying load in the direction parallel and in the direction perpendicular to the grain for six species of wood (Paricá, Pinus elliottii, Pinus oocarpa, Jatobá, Lyptus and Cupiúba) using several diameters (8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm and 16 mm) for the metal dowels. Based on the analysis of the results, is proposed adopting the test method based on EN 383:2007. The experimental results for the embedment strength has better fit with the strength parameter currently used by ABNT NBR 7190:1997, compression parallel to the grain. In addition, this method recommends dimensions that facilitate the specimens preparation, mainly in the direction perpendicular to the grain.

As estruturas de madeira composta com alma em compensado já vem sendo amplamente utilizadas em diversos países onde as estruturas de madeira estão tecnologicamente mais desenvolvidas, oferecendo aos engenheiros civis mais uma opção de sistema construtivo eficiente, seguro e duradouro. Nesse trabalho são apresentados estudos teóricos e experimentais referentes às estruturas de madeira compostas utilizando compensado nas almas, e em especial as estruturas cuja ligação alma mesa é feita por pinos metálicos. O objetivo desse trabalho é desenvolver critérios de dimensionamento dessas estruturas para serem aplicados no Brasil. Vários critérios de dimensionamento de elementos compostos foram encontrados na bibliografia, alguns com simplificações que desconsideram efeitos de composição parcial e outros mais completos, que consideram deformações por cisalhamento, composição parcial etc. Com os resultados dos ensaios de vigas compostas pregadas foi possível comparar valores experimentais com resultados teóricos, concluiu-se que os critérios de dimensionamento do EUROCODE 5 são adequados. Os ensaios de rigidez de nó de pórtico de seção composta permitiram o desenvolvimento de metodologia para o cálculo da rigidez dessas ligações, visto que não existe formulação equivalente na bibliografia internacional. Concluiu-se que as ligações por pinos metálicos apresentam boa eficiência para serem utilizadas nas seções compostas com alma em compensado. As ligações de nó de pórtico com ligação alma/mesa pregadas podem ser consideradas rígidas na maioria dos casos estudados. / Plywood webbed structures have been applied in at several countries where timber structures are commonly used, giving civil engineers and builders one more option when looking for a safe, efficient and durable construction system. This work presents theoretical and experimental studies about plywood-webbed structures, with emphasis on nailed plywood webbed structures. The aim of this work is to develop design criteria for these structures to be used in Brazil. Several design criteria where found in the bibliography, some of them using simplifications for shear deflexions and joint deformations. Experimental results of nailed plywood webbed beams were compared with theoretical values from formulations found in the bibliography, concluding that EUROCODE 5 gives the best design criteria for nailed composite beams. Based on plywood webbed knee joints tests, a methodology to calculate the joint rigidity was proposed. The conclusions show the efficiency of this system and that nailed plywood webbed knee joints can be considered fixed for the majority of the specimens tested.

O trabalho tem por finalidade o estudo teórico e experimental de ligações em estruturas de madeira com cavilhas de madeira de seção cilíndrica impregnadas com resinas estirênicas. A impregnação da madeira tem como objetivos: diminuir o processo de degradação, retardação ao fogo, melhorar a estabilidade dimensional e aumentar as propriedades de resistência e elasticidade da madeira. Foram determinados experimentalmente as características de resistência e elasticidade do material e posteriormente realizados ensaios de ligações padronizados com solicitação paralela e normal às fibras. Os resultados dos ensaios mostram aumento na resistência de compressão normal até 292% e aumento de 80% no limite de proporcionalidade da ligação. A madeira utilizada para a impregnação foi o Pinus de reflorestamento. / The aim of this work is a theorytical and experimental studies of joints in timber structures with wooden dowels of circular cross section impregnated with styrenic resins. The objetives of wood impregnation are to decrease the deterioration process, to promote fire retardation, to improve dimensional stability and mainly increase the compression strength and stiffiness of wood. The strength and stiffness properties of the material are determined. Standard joints tests are carried out in compression both parallel and perpendicular to grains. The test results increases of compression perpendicular strength up to 292% and the up to 80% proportional limit joint. The wood used for impregnation was Pinus from reforestation sites.

<p>Joints are critical parts of timber structures, transmitting static and dynamic forces between structural members. The ultimate behavior of a loaded building depends strongly on the structural configuration and the capacity of the joints. The collapse of a whole building or less extensive accidents that may occur is usually starting as a local failure inside or in the vicinity of a joint. Such serious failures have recently occurred in our Nordic countries. Especially the collapse of two large glued laminated timber structures clearly indicates the need of an improved joint design. The trend toward larger and more complex structures even further increases the importance of a safer design of the joints.</p><p>An aim of this partly experimental and partly numerically based thesis has been to investigate if steel-to-timber dowel joints are affected by moisture-induced stresses. The experimental results showed that the load-bearing capacity of the joints is reduced by such a moisture influence. Most of the decrease in load-bearing capacity observed was found in joints initially exposed to restrained shrinkage deformations caused by the presence of dowel fasteners in the joint area. The load-bearing capacity was, however, also found to decrease in joints exposed to an initial decrease in moisture without any fasteners present in the specimens during storage before loading. An explanation of this unexpected behavior is that moisture gradients cause tensile stresses. It is shown by numerical simulations that the moisture-induced stresses are so large that they may have a considerable influence on the joint behavior.</p><p>Use of contact-free measurement methods, used in some of the experimental tests, was in many ways found to be superior to traditional measurement techniques, but was also found to be a valuable complement to the numerical analysis performed. From numerical results obtained in combination with results from contact-free measurements several observations of considerable interest were made. For dowel-type joints loaded in tension parallel to the grain a strongly non-uniform strain distribution was found in the joint area. It was further observed that the shear and tensile strains were concentrated close to the fasteners in the joint area. These concentrations will influence the failure mode of the joint. A general observation was that the larger sized joints failed in a brittle manner.</p><p>Keywords: constraint stresses, contact-free measurement, dowel-type joints, humidity variations, moisture-induced deformations, timber structures</p>