Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Linguística, Português e Línguas Clássicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, 2017. / Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2018-03-09T17:00:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_HelemAndressadeOliveiraFogaça.pdf: 6131315 bytes, checksum: 13a6ca5173cd62b54325b2289a2ce052 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-03-09T21:41:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_HelemAndressadeOliveiraFogaça.pdf: 6131315 bytes, checksum: 13a6ca5173cd62b54325b2289a2ce052 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-09T21:41:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_HelemAndressadeOliveiraFogaça.pdf: 6131315 bytes, checksum: 13a6ca5173cd62b54325b2289a2ce052 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Esta tese é uma descrição do Ecossistema Fundamental da Língua Mambae, uma língua austronésia falada por cerca de 190 mil pessoas que vivem na região central montanhosa de Timor-Leste. O principal objetivo é apresentar a análise da língua Mambae através da descrição da língua (análise endoecológica) e um panorama da situação ecolinguística (análise exoecológica), buscando responder as questões primárias desta pesquisa: Quem fala qual língua Mambae? Para quem? Quando? Onde? A abordagem utilizada é a da ecolinguística e seus diferentes métodos de análise, contemplando o tripé que compõe o ecossistema linguístico Mambae: Povo – Língua – Território. Após a introdução, o primeiro capítulo faz uma revisão bibliográfica da ecolinguística e detalha a metodologia utilizada no desenvolvimento da pesquisa. O segundo capítulo descreve o Ecossistema Fundamental da Língua Mambae e o terceiro capítulo apresenta uma comparação lexical identificando as diferentes variedades do Mambae: Noroeste, Nordeste-Central e Mambae Sul. Do quarto ao décimo capítulo apresenta-se a descrição gramatical endoecológica da língua Mambae, utilizando a teoria básica da linguística. O décimo primeiro capítulo traz um estudo ecolinguístico, identificando as atitudes, o domínio de uso e a dinâmica sociolinguística do povo Mambae dentro de uma visão exoecológica, esboçando um perfil da situação de uso da língua, os padrões de convivência e os processos de deslocamento dentro deste ambiente multilíngue. Após as considerações finais, encontram-se nos apêndices os dados da comparação lexical e um vocabulário Mambae-Português. / This thesis is a description of the Fundamental Ecosystem of the Mambae Language, an Austronesian language spoken by approximately 190 thousand people living in the central mountainous region of Timor-Leste. The main goal is to present an analysis of the Mambae Language through the description of the language (endoecological analysis) and an overview of the ecolinguistic situation (exoecológica analysis), aiming to answer the following questions: Who speaks which Mambae? To whom? When? Where? The approach used herein is the ecolinguistic and its different methods of analysis, contemplating the tripod that composes the Mambae’s linguistic ecosystem: People - Language - Territory. After the introduction of this thesis, chapter 1 makes a bibliographical review of the ecologuistics and details the methodology used on the development of this research. Chapter 2 describes the Fundamental Ecosystem of the Mambae Language and chapter 3 presents a lexical comparison identifying the different varieties of the Mambae: Northwest, Northeast-Central and South Mambae. From chapter 4 to 10 there is an endoecological grammatical description of the Mambae language, using the basic theory of linguistics. Chapter 11 presents an ecological study, identifying the attitudes, the domain of use and the sociolinguistic dynamics of the Mambae people within an exoecological vision, outlining a setting of the context of use of the language, patterns of coexistence and the processes of displacement within this multilingual environment. After the conclusion, the lexical comparison data and a Mambae-Portuguese vocabulary can be found in the appendix.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Científica e Tecnológica, Florianópolis, 2016. / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-20T04:04:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 339493.pdf: 833601 bytes, checksum: 7d8777560b209a33395797eb035054e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / O objetivo deste estudo é compreender as estratégias de formação continuada de docentes em Timor-Leste, desenvolvidas pelo Ministério da Educação por meio do Instituto Nacional de Formação de Docentes e Profissionais da Educação INFORDEPE, tendo como referência o período de 2011 a 2013. Procuramos nesta investigação, compreender o que os professores dizem sobre os desafios e possibilidades do processo de formação continuada em Timor-Leste. A abordagem teórica da pesquisa está centrada em torno de discussões sobre a dimensão política da formação docente (TARDIFF, 2002; MOREIRA, 2002; SILVA, 2004; PERRENOUD, 2001). O corpus de análise foi constituído pelos relatórios das formações, disponibilizados pelo INFORDEPE, relativos aos anos de 2011 e 2013, bem como, por questionários aplicados a um coletivo de professores. Deste modo, na pesquisa de campo, descritiva e de natureza qualitativa, os dados foram coletados, prioritariamente, por meio de um questionário aberto. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram professores da área de Ciências da Natureza (Química, Física e Biologia) e de Matemática, num total de 28 profissionais, que participaram da formação continuada promovida pelo INFORDEPE, no período de 2012 e 2013. Destes profissionais, 12 estavam vinculados (as) ao 3º ciclo do ensino básico (7º, 8º e 9º anos) e 16 ao ensino secundário geral (10º, 11º e 12º anos) em quatro distritos, a saber: Aileu, Díli, Liquiça e Viqueque. O resultado desta pesquisa demonstra que a maioria dos professores consideram o programa de formação continuada de professores, realizado pelo Ministério de Educação e INFORDEPE adequado, porém, desenvolvem críticas no sentido de aprimorar a proposta vigente. Para eles, a formação contribui para elevar e aperfeiçoar o conhecimento tanto da língua portuguesa como do conteúdo específico de suas áreas de trabalho. Eles apontam algumas dificuldades que enfrentaram durante a formação: pouca oferta de livros didáticos, falta de laboratórios, limitado tempo de formação e inexistência de subsídios financeiros para o transporte docente, dentre outras preocupações. Os profissionais reconhecem que a língua portuguesa é pouco explorada no curso de formação e que os professores formadores, em geral, não possuíam pleno domínio sobre a referida língua.<br> / Abstract : The aim of this study is to understand the inservice teacher education strategies at East Timor, developed by the Ministry of Education through the National Institute for training of Teachers and Education Professionals - INFORDEPE, in the 2012-2013 period. We seek, with this investigation, to comprehend the difficulties, progresses, and challenges related to teacher education from the perspective of Timoreses practicing teachers. The theoretical basis of this research is centered in the discussion of the teacher education political dimensions (PERRENOUD, 2001; MOREIRA, 2002; TARDIFF, 2002; SILVA, 2004;). The analysis corpus was constituted by the teacher education courses reports provided by INFORDEPE for the years 2011 and 2013, as well as questionnaires applied to a group of teachers. This way, the field research, with a descriptive and qualitative matter, the data was collected, primarily, through an open questionnaire. The subjects were teachers in the field of natural sciences (Chemistry, Physics and Biology) and Mathematics, with a total of 28 professionals that attended the inservice teacher education courses promoted by INFORDEPE in the 2012- 2013 period. Of these teachers, 12 were linked to the 3rd cycle of basic education (7th, 8th and 9th grades) and 16 in general secondary education (10th, 11th and 12th grades) in four districts, namely, Aileu, Díli, Liquiça and Viqueque. The results of this research shows that the majority of teachers considered the inservice education program conducted by the Ministry of Education and INFORDEPE appropriate, but develop critics in order to improve the current proposal. For them, the training helps to elevate and improve further the knowledge of both the Portuguese language as of the specific content of their areas of work. They pointed out some difficulties they faced during training, such as the short supply of textbooks, lack of laboratories, limited training time and the lack of financial subsidies for teaching transportation, among other worries. Teachers recognize that Portuguese is little explored in the training curriculum and that the teacher educators had no full control on that language.

A small island nation near Australia was invaded and occupied by the Indonesian military regime in 1975, which lasted until 1999. This dissertation examines the global solidarity movement, whose success was due to the skill of its leaders, the collective agency transnational mobilization, effective social movement framing, which helped to create, act upon, and transform important critical junctures throughout the conflict. The East Timorese resistance movement against the Indonesian occupation took an ethnically and politically fragmented society and transformed it into a powerful transnational resistance movement that brough together military, clandestine, diplomatic, and global civil society actors together in supporting East Timor’s right to self-determination. Social movement frames punctuate the severity, immorality, and injustice of conditions. However, existing accounts on claims-making, framing trajectories, and outcomes tend to downplay the influence of contingency and indeterminacy in social movements. Indeed, as social constructionists contend, collective constructions are historically produced and culturally contingent. As claims-makers advance public claims developed within institutional realities, this underscores the range of contingencies and uncertainties actors manage in mobilizing their agendas. With East Timor's case, this sandwich thesis contends that understanding social movement framing and trajectories requires keeping institutional, discursive, and geopolitical contexts intact. Movements are embedded in histories, institutions, or fields that shape the outcome of framing trajectories and the outcome of social movement claims-making. However, social constructionists help us understand that resources, frames, and opportunities are perceived and constructed by actors. Therefore, the theoretical perspective provides substantial credence to the roles of contingency and human agency in social movement mobilization. Ultimately, objective structures, such as political/discursive opportunities or legal texts, are not enabling but generate social movement action insofar as moral agents perceive them. Often, this work is discursively constructed. This reality underscores the dimension of contingency in social action and social movement framing and mobilization because objective structures do not automatically determine what actors will select as a specific course of collective action or framing strategies. Frame and framing trajectories are particular to, and instantiated in, the contexts and develop over time as moral agents mobilize meaning by interacting with targets, sensitive to local conditions, emergent contingencies, and competing interests. By focusing on the social framing process, I show how framing or collective action frames emerge and are diffused in different ways across national contexts. The emphasis is not to address the broader institutionalized logics, such as political/discursive opportunities and geopolitics, but to understand how these aspects are incorporated in the framing practices of moral agents as strategic action as “endogenous to a field of actors” (Lounsbury et al., 2003:72), whose interests and national, not only transnational, but embeddedness also influence the interactional dynamics of their framing actions and trajectories. In this way, framing practices can be understood as struggles over audiences' minds and hearts, where actors compete in moral politics to secure symbolic power and political legitimacy. The macro-level logic indeed impacts the structure of frames. The diffusion and acceleration of claims within historically contingent events depend simultaneously on pre-existing, strong cultural framing and an influential social movement culture rooted in the abstract ideals of human rights that are transnationally dispersed but integrated. Strategic framing choices depend on various logic. Firstly, expanding political and discursive opportunities is crucial in accelerating mobilization. Moreover, the diffusion of frames and public claims can further propel mobilization and help to build convergences across sociopolitical allies. Agency and structure are often interpenetrating. Namely, depending on the choices made by actors at specific ‘critical junctures,’ they can either propel the social force of mobilization or hamper it, depending on perceived choices (agency). Social movements, especially transnational advocacy networks, prove more effective in frame diffusion when they build solidarities around shared meaning and international norms (human rights) that allow them to converge effectively around shared purposes and sustain collective mobilization across extended periods. Transnational networks of solidarity (the global solidarity movement) harnessed collective mobilization at the global level by converging the diffusion of their frames and claims around human rights talk. The thesis also considers various logics such as path dependency, contingency, historical events, and geopolitics in shaping the national and global movement mobilization and claims-making field. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Este trabalho tem como escopo analisar, sob o viés dos estudos do discurso e da linguagem, como se edificam discursivamente identidades para o povo leste-timorense. Para tanto, a partir do tratamento qualitativo dos elementos dos corpora, observamos os procedimentos linguístico-discursivos relacionados à ativação/construção/mobilização de frames, à construção de objetos de discurso e à patemização. Nossos corpora são compostos por dez discursos pronunciados por Xanana Gusmão em dois momentos distintos da história de Timor-Leste: no período em que atuou como guerrilheiro durante a ocupação indonésia (entre 1982 e 1993) e, posteriormente, quando ocupou o cargo de Presidente da República (entre 2001 e 2006). O desenvolvimento do trabalho está articulado em torno de cinco eixos de estudo: História, Identidade, Cognição, Análise Crítica do Discurso e Argumentação. Quanto ao aporte teórico, recorremos às pesquisas de Anderson (1993/2009), Chomsky (2015, 1999 e 1987), Durand (2009), Felgas (1956), Magalhães (1999), Ribeiro (2004), SantAnna (1997) e Thomaz (2008 e 2002), para tratar das questões de cunho histórico; no âmbito da identidade, buscamos subsídio, fundamentalmente, nos trabalhos de Moita Lopes (2006), Mendes (2005), Hall (2006, 2000) e Moscovici (2006); no que concerne aos estudos do discurso, relativamente à construção de objetos de discurso e aos frames, como elementos de natureza cognitiva, serviram-nos como fundamento as obras de Fávero (2009), Marcuschi (2007, 2005 e 2002), Aquino (2016 e 1991), Aquino e Palumbo (2018); Koch (2005, 2004, 2002 e 2001), Goffman (2006 [1974]), Fillmore (2009 [1982]) e Mondada e Dubois (2003 [1995]); por fim, no que concerne à argumentação e à análise crítica do discurso, recorremos aos trabalhos de Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (1999 [1958]) van Dijk (2015, 2008, 1994 e 1983), Fairclough (2009) e Aquino (1997), respectivamente. As análises permitiram-nos identificar que os distintos projetos de construção de identidades leste-timorenses representados pelos discursos de Xanana Gusmão nos períodos analisados fundam-se em pelo menos dois frames proeminentes: o de Guerra e o de Família, durante o Período Indonésio, e o de Guerra e o de Povo Genérico, no momento Pós-Indonésio. Desse modo, observamos que a complexidade de que se reveste o conceito de identidade, para além das questões de ordem social e que se refletem nas discursivas, também se deve aos procedimentos discursivos e sociocognitivos que lhe dão forma. Os discursos de Xanana Gusmão, portanto, não apenas discorrem sobre a realidade e os anseios de transformá-la, mas atuam na construção dela, bem como na de seus personagens, atribuindo-lhes identidades que estejam em conformidade com seus projetos de dizer. / This work aims to analyze, as part of the study of discourse and language, how identities are discursively built for East Timorese people. Therefore, from the qualitative treatment of the elements of corpora, the linguistic-discursive procedures are observed related to the activation/construction/mobilization of frames, to the construction of speech objects and to pathemization. Our corpora are composed by ten speeches delivered by Xanana Gusmão in two different moments in the history of East Timor: during his period as a guerrilla during the Indonesian occupation (between 1982 and 1993) and later when he was the President (between 2001 and 2006). The development of this work is articulated around five pillars of research: History, Identity, Cognition, Critical Discourse Analysis and Argumentation. As for the theoretical contribution, we used the research of Anderson (1993/2009), Chomsky (2015, 1999 and 1987), Durand (2009), Felgas (1956), Magalhães (1999), Ribeiro (2004), Sant\'Anna (1997) and Thomaz (2008 and 2002), to deal with historical issues; in the scope of identity, we sought support, fundamentally, in the works of Moita Lopes (2006), Mendes (2005), Hall (2006, 2000) and Moscovici (2006); what concerns discourse studies, regarding the construction of discourse objects and frames, as elements of a cognitive nature, we made use of the works of Fávero (2009), Marcuschi (2007, 2005 and 2002), Aquino (2016 and 1991), Aquino and Palumbo (2018); Koch (2005, 2004, 2002 and 2001), Goffman (2006 [1974]), Fillmore (2009 [1982]) and Mondada and Dubois (2003 [1995]); finally, with regard to the argumentation and critical analysis of the discourse, we resorted to the works of Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1999 [1958]) van Dijk (2015, 2008, 1994 and 1983), Fairclough (2009) and Aquino (1997). The analyzes allowed us to identify that the distinct projects of construction of the East Timorese identities represented by Xanana Gusmão\'s discourses in the analyzed periods are based on at least two prominent frames: War and Family, during the \"Indonesian Period\" , and War and Generic People, in the \"Post-Indonesian\" period. Thus, we observe that the complexity of the concept of identity, beyond social issues and reflected in the discourses, is also due to the discursive and socio-cognitive procedures that shape them. The discourses of Xanana Gusmão, therefore, not only discuss the reality and the yearnings to transform it, but act in the construction of it, as well as of its characters, attributing to them identities that are in conformity with his speech project.

Esta pesquisa reivindica a capacidade de aglutinação de escritores das literaturas de língua portuguesa por Timor-Leste, e com isso, a leitura do fazer literário poder ocorrer pela dimensão das relações. Nelas, entende-se a fragilidade de um rizoma (baseado na conceituação de Deleuze e Guattari) passível de ser analisado nas obras entre si, na prática da intertextualidade e nos índices paratextuais reunidos, porque se interlocucionam por Timor. Para isso, evidencia-se o encadeamento da textualidade flagrada entre os escritores de língua portuguesa, que um a um cavam a própria capilaridade no rizoma-Timor, transmutado em Rede Literária de Timor. Pelo menos vinte escritores se interconectaram rizomaticamente a três escritores-nós, Ruy Cinatti, Xanana Gusmão e Luís Cardoso, fazendo dessa dinâmica de produtividade o flagrante da Rede Literária de Timor. Observou-se que o trânsito de literatas foi a ocorrência mais acionada, ao passo que a permanência-pertença foi gratamente evidenciada em Luís Cardoso, Joana Ruas e Teresa Amal. / This research claims the agglutination capacity of writers of Portuguese-language literatures by East Timor, and with this, the reading of literary making can occur through the dimension of relationships. In them, it is understood the fragility of a rhizome (based on the conceptualization of Deleuze and Guattari) passible to be analyzed in the works among themselves, in the practice of intertextuality and in the paratextual indexes gathered, because they promote interlocution by Timor. For this, it shown the evident linkage of textuality caught between Portuguese-speaking writers, who one by one dig the very capillarity in the rhizome-Timor, transmuted into the Timors Literary Network. At least twenty writers interconnected rhizomatically to three writers-knot, Ruy Cinatti, Xanana Gusmão and Luís Cardoso, making this productivity dynamic the flagrant of the Timors Literary Network. It was observed that the traffic of literates was the most frequent occurrence, while the permanence-belonging was gracefully evidenced in Luís Cardoso, Joana Ruas and Teresa Amal.

Na construção do discurso ainda incipiente de Timor Leste, Ruy Cinatti e Luis Cardoso são autores fundamentais. Ambos constroem discursos sobre Timor, calcados na necessidade de se pensar as questões identitárias. Com seu caráter multifacetado, Cinatti apresenta uma visão bastante ampla dos timorenses e de seu território, através de sua obra poética e também dos seus inúmeros estudos científicos sobre o local e seus habitantes. Cinatti é, sem dúvida, um dos poucos poetas que articulam ciência e poesia, inaugurando uma nova visão de Timor. É fundamental perceber também como houve, para ele, uma evolução na imagem do timorense, ou seja, como ele deixa de ser um simples elemento exótico, numa paisagem por si só já exótica, e passa a figurar como elemento de destaque. Durante os diversos períodos em que esteve no território timorense, Ruy Cinatti escreveu diversos estudos científicos, além das poesias. A análise de alguns desses documentos complementa a leitura da obra poética do autor. As inúmeras fotos tiradas por ele, bem como os registros em filme, também são elementos fundamentais para a compreensão global do discurso cinattiano acerca de Timor. Ruy Cinatti, assim como o conjunto da sua obra, influenciou o romancista timorense Luís Cardoso, que lança mão da memória para narrar acontecimentos pessoais, sempre ligados a fatos históricos do Timor. Utiliza-se constantemente da memória não-oficial para recuperar a história que não foi registrada. Sua narrativa tem fortes características da literatura oral, com pinceladas de realismo fantástico. O presente trabalho procura traçar um paralelo entre esses dois autores, mostrando como cada um constrói a sua própria imagem de Timor, e perceber como Timor se vai desenhando na narrativa desses dois autores. / In the construction of the still incipient discourse on East Timor, Ruy Cinatti and Luis Cardoso are fundamentally important authors. Both build discourses about Timor based on the need to think about questions of identity. With his multifarious character, Cinatti presents a broad overview of the Timorese and their territory, through his poetic work and also through his countless scientific studies about the place and its inhabitants. Cinatti is, beyond doubt, one of the few poets to articulate science and poetry, introducing a new vision of Timor. It is also crucial to perceive how there was, in his case, an evolution in the image of the East Timorese, or, in other words, how he ceases to be a simple exotic element, in a landscape in itself exotic, and then appears as an outstanding element. During the several periods he spent in the territory of East Timor, Ruy Cinatti wrote many scientific studies, in addition to poetry. The analysis of some of these documents complements the reading of the authors poetry. The countless photos he took, as well as records on film, are also crucial elements in an overall understanding of Cinattis discourse about Timor. Ruy Cinatti, as well as all of his work, influenced the Timorese novelist Luís Cardoso, who makes use of memory to narrate personal events, always linked to historical facts about Timor. He constantly uses the unofficial memory to retrieve the history that was not recorded. His narrative has strong features of oral literature, with touches of fantastic realism. The present work searches to draw a parallel between these two authors, showing how each builds his own image of Timor, and to understand how Timor is pictured in the narrative of these two authors.

Este trabalho tem como escopo analisar, sob o viés dos estudos do discurso e da linguagem, como se edificam discursivamente identidades para o povo leste-timorense. Para tanto, a partir do tratamento qualitativo dos elementos dos corpora, observamos os procedimentos linguístico-discursivos relacionados à ativação/construção/mobilização de frames, à construção de objetos de discurso e à patemização. Nossos corpora são compostos por dez discursos pronunciados por Xanana Gusmão em dois momentos distintos da história de Timor-Leste: no período em que atuou como guerrilheiro durante a ocupação indonésia (entre 1982 e 1993) e, posteriormente, quando ocupou o cargo de Presidente da República (entre 2001 e 2006). O desenvolvimento do trabalho está articulado em torno de cinco eixos de estudo: História, Identidade, Cognição, Análise Crítica do Discurso e Argumentação. Quanto ao aporte teórico, recorremos às pesquisas de Anderson (1993/2009), Chomsky (2015, 1999 e 1987), Durand (2009), Felgas (1956), Magalhães (1999), Ribeiro (2004), SantAnna (1997) e Thomaz (2008 e 2002), para tratar das questões de cunho histórico; no âmbito da identidade, buscamos subsídio, fundamentalmente, nos trabalhos de Moita Lopes (2006), Mendes (2005), Hall (2006, 2000) e Moscovici (2006); no que concerne aos estudos do discurso, relativamente à construção de objetos de discurso e aos frames, como elementos de natureza cognitiva, serviram-nos como fundamento as obras de Fávero (2009), Marcuschi (2007, 2005 e 2002), Aquino (2016 e 1991), Aquino e Palumbo (2018); Koch (2005, 2004, 2002 e 2001), Goffman (2006 [1974]), Fillmore (2009 [1982]) e Mondada e Dubois (2003 [1995]); por fim, no que concerne à argumentação e à análise crítica do discurso, recorremos aos trabalhos de Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (1999 [1958]) van Dijk (2015, 2008, 1994 e 1983), Fairclough (2009) e Aquino (1997), respectivamente. As análises permitiram-nos identificar que os distintos projetos de construção de identidades leste-timorenses representados pelos discursos de Xanana Gusmão nos períodos analisados fundam-se em pelo menos dois frames proeminentes: o de Guerra e o de Família, durante o Período Indonésio, e o de Guerra e o de Povo Genérico, no momento Pós-Indonésio. Desse modo, observamos que a complexidade de que se reveste o conceito de identidade, para além das questões de ordem social e que se refletem nas discursivas, também se deve aos procedimentos discursivos e sociocognitivos que lhe dão forma. Os discursos de Xanana Gusmão, portanto, não apenas discorrem sobre a realidade e os anseios de transformá-la, mas atuam na construção dela, bem como na de seus personagens, atribuindo-lhes identidades que estejam em conformidade com seus projetos de dizer. / This work aims to analyze, as part of the study of discourse and language, how identities are discursively built for East Timorese people. Therefore, from the qualitative treatment of the elements of corpora, the linguistic-discursive procedures are observed related to the activation/construction/mobilization of frames, to the construction of speech objects and to pathemization. Our corpora are composed by ten speeches delivered by Xanana Gusmão in two different moments in the history of East Timor: during his period as a guerrilla during the Indonesian occupation (between 1982 and 1993) and later when he was the President (between 2001 and 2006). The development of this work is articulated around five pillars of research: History, Identity, Cognition, Critical Discourse Analysis and Argumentation. As for the theoretical contribution, we used the research of Anderson (1993/2009), Chomsky (2015, 1999 and 1987), Durand (2009), Felgas (1956), Magalhães (1999), Ribeiro (2004), Sant\'Anna (1997) and Thomaz (2008 and 2002), to deal with historical issues; in the scope of identity, we sought support, fundamentally, in the works of Moita Lopes (2006), Mendes (2005), Hall (2006, 2000) and Moscovici (2006); what concerns discourse studies, regarding the construction of discourse objects and frames, as elements of a cognitive nature, we made use of the works of Fávero (2009), Marcuschi (2007, 2005 and 2002), Aquino (2016 and 1991), Aquino and Palumbo (2018); Koch (2005, 2004, 2002 and 2001), Goffman (2006 [1974]), Fillmore (2009 [1982]) and Mondada and Dubois (2003 [1995]); finally, with regard to the argumentation and critical analysis of the discourse, we resorted to the works of Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1999 [1958]) van Dijk (2015, 2008, 1994 and 1983), Fairclough (2009) and Aquino (1997). The analyzes allowed us to identify that the distinct projects of construction of the East Timorese identities represented by Xanana Gusmão\'s discourses in the analyzed periods are based on at least two prominent frames: War and Family, during the \"Indonesian Period\" , and War and Generic People, in the \"Post-Indonesian\" period. Thus, we observe that the complexity of the concept of identity, beyond social issues and reflected in the discourses, is also due to the discursive and socio-cognitive procedures that shape them. The discourses of Xanana Gusmão, therefore, not only discuss the reality and the yearnings to transform it, but act in the construction of it, as well as of its characters, attributing to them identities that are in conformity with his speech project.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a proposta pedagógica da Escola Canossa, bem como suas relações com os dispositivos legais pósindependência, os quais regulamentam a política educacional na República Democrática de Timor-Leste. Analisa-se ainda a sua contribuição ao processo educativo nacional. Para tanto, parte-se do estudo da Lei de Educação Básica da RDTL, destacando o paradigma da educação integral, proposto para fundamentar o currículo das escolas timorenses, situando-a no contexto sociocultural e educacional do país, após os conflitos da independência. Também retoma a gênese histórica da implantação da Escola Canossiana em Timor-Leste, analisando sua proposta educacional, cujas bases são buscadas na tradição filosófica. Ao final, discutem-se as condições e o alcance das contribuições que essa proposta pode trazer ao emergente processo civilizatório do país. Como fontes além da literatura filosófica educacional pertinente foram explorados os documentos oficiais do Estado e da Instituição Canossiana. O trabalho terá como resultado a apresentação de subsídios para a complementação, o aprimoramento a educação timorense. / This study has as its aim the pedagogical proposal for the Canossian School, its relations with the legal provisions prevailing post-independence educational policy in the Democratic Republic of East Timor, as well as its contribution to national education process. Therefore, including of this study the Basic Education Decree of (RDTL), which highlighting the paradigm of integral education offered to sustain the curriculum of Timorese schools, placing it in the context of socio- cultural and the educational in the state post conflicts after independence. It also incorporates the historical genesis of the establishment of Canossian School in East Timor, analyzing its educational proposal, whose bases are sought in the philosophical tradition. Eventually, discuss the conditions and extent of contributions that can bring this proposal to the emerging process of civilization of the country. As methodological sources besides the philosophical literature - education were explored relevant official documents of the State and the Canossian Institute. The work will result in the presentation of grants to supplement, improving Timorese education.

From the mid-1990s, the amalgamation of security, development, and humanitarian imperatives under the single umbrella of ‘state-building’ has provided a compelling justification for increasingly intrusive interventions into the political, economic, and social affairs of subject countries. Guided by the assumptions of liberal peace theory, state-building initiatives engage directly with states, seeking to achieve a reformulation of structures of government as a first step towards the implementation of wider socio-economic reforms. The state-building project is geared towards the construction of a particular form of statehood in subject states; state institutions are to be reconstructed in accordance with a liberal template, and tasked with establishing the necessary institutional environment for market-led development and the liberal peace. Contemporary discourses of state-building and development are fundamentally interlinked, representing a unified process of neo-liberal replication in subject states, whereby fundamental transformations of social, political, and economic structures are to be implemented and sustained through the construction of liberal state institutions. Pressure to court international approval due to conditions of aid dependence curtails the potential for meaningful democracy in subject countries. Key questions of social and economic policy are subsumed as technical matters of good governance and removed from domestic democratic contestation, facilitating a transfer of formerly domestic considerations into the international sphere. These interlocking processes of state-building and neo-liberal discipline have contributed to an inversion of sovereign statehood, whereby the state serves to channel inward an externally driven agenda, rather than acting as a sovereign expression of domestic interests. This reality raises important questions regarding the nature of democracy in post-conflict environments, and in particular the impact of state-building activities on the prospects for broadly inclusive democracy in subject states. This study will examine the evolution of state-building as a critical components of peace-building missions, its central assumptions and goals, and its implementation in practice in Timor-Leste. The state-building process in Timor-Leste has contributed to the formation of an insulated state with little basis in Timorese society. The democratic experience in Timor-Leste has been profoundly disempowering; conditions of aid dependence have constrained elected governments in key areas of social and economic policy, resulting in a loss of popular legitimacy and mounting public disenchantment. Closer examination of food and agricultural policy and management of Timorese oil reserves reveals the extent to which government policy remains constrained by international preferences. In these areas, the government’s inability to act in the interests of the Timorese public has compounded social hardships and popular discontent, contributing to the build-up of anti-government sentiment that manifested itself in the 2006 crisis.

East Timor is rebuilding its stock of infrastructure after decades of underdevelopment and a wave of violent destruction in 1999. As part of this process the Government of East Timor aims to improve access to electricity from less than five percent of the population today to eighty percent by 2020. An important strategy to meeting this aim will be the use of solar home systems (SHS) in remote rural locations. To develop its policy for the deployment of SHS, the Government of East Timor must decide what size of SHS is optimal. This research investigates whether there is a relationship between SHS size and development. / The research adapts an evaluation approach developed by World Bank/UNDP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. This approach uses a combination of participatory and quantitative tools tailored to the East Timorese context through consultations with rural households about electrification and their use of SHS. Three SHS projects in East Timor were selected for evaluation, each of which had adopted a different sized SHS for their program. The smallest systems installed were 10 Wp single-lamp systems. The largest system was rated at 80 Wp and was supplied with four or six lamps. The third type of system was 40 Wp and provided three lamps / To assess the development impact of these different sizes of SHS, a set of Participatory Evaluation exercises were conducted with seventy-seven small groups of SHS users in twenty four rural communities. These exercises were supplemented with a Socio-economic Household Survey of 195 SHS users. The combined results of these evaluation processes enabled the three sizes of SHS to be compared for two types of benefits—assistance with carrying out important household tasks (i.e. ‘lighting-derived’ benefits) and attributes of SHS which were advantageous in comparison to use of non-electric lighting sources (i.e. ‘intrinsic’ benefits). Analysis of the research results showed that the small 10 Wp SHS provided much of the development impact of the larger systems. For lighting-derived benefits, there was little difference between the development impact of small and large systems. The larger systems provided greater benefit for domestic tasks undertaken in kitchen buildings, since the small and medium sized SHS did not provide lighting in these areas. For intrinsic benefits related to health and convenience, the small systems provided much the same benefits as larger systems. For financial benefits—considered by East Timorese SHS users to be the most important of the intrinsic benefits—smaller systems were found to offer slightly positive benefits due to their lower operating costs. Larger systems, however, were found to have a negative overall financial impact. / The research suggests three significant implications for the design of SHS programs in East Timor and comparable situations elsewhere: programs should focus on providing smaller systems rather than larger ones; systems should be designed to provide a light in the kitchen wherever possible to maximise the overall development impact; and SHS operating costs should be carefully matched to the incomes of rural householders to ensure that operation of the systems can be sustained by user households.