Sleep deprivation has been studied for over a century, providing knowledge about the benefits of sleep for many physiological, cognitive, and behavioural functions. However, there have only been anecdotal indications about what a tired or sleep-deprived person looks like, despite the fact that appearance influences not only how other people perceive a person but also how they evaluate them and behave towards them. How someone with sleep loss is perceived and evaluated by others is the focus of this thesis. Facial photographs of 48 participants were taken after normal sleep and after either one night of total sleep deprivation or two nights of partial sleep deprivation. The photographs were then evaluated in four different studies by a total of 288 raters recruited from universities and the general public in Stockholm, Sweden. The faces were rated on attractiveness, health, tiredness, sleepiness, sociability, trustworthiness, employability, and leadership ability. These factors were all adversely affected by sleep loss. Furthermore, looking tired was strongly related to being less attractive, looking less healthy and less trustworthy, and being perceived as a poorer employee and leader. One of the studies assessed facial features commonly associated with looking tired, showing that sleep deprivation results in eyes which appear more swollen and red, with dark circles and hanging eyelids, as well as paler skin with more fine lines and wrinkles. When sleep deprived, people were also perceived as more sad. In conclusion, the four studies show that sleep loss and a tired appearance affect how one is perceived by other people. These perceptions may lead to negative evaluations in interpersonal situations, both personal and professional. This thesis thus demonstrates social benefits of prioritizing sleep, adding to the physiological, cognitive, and behavioural research on sleep loss. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

The primary aim of this study has been to examine and describe self-reported fatigue among the oldest old in Sweden and to look at changes both over a ten year period, between and within different social groups. Additional aims were to examine if fatigue is related to mortality. Fatigue is defined as an outcome in self-rated ill-health which includes several dimensions of fatigue – physical, psychological and/or medical. Data were constructed out of two levels of living study – SWEOLD – comprising aged 77 and above. Two dependent variables are being uses as outcomes – fatigue and tiredness. Background variables being used – defined as different social groups – are (interview year), age, gender, social class, civil status and type of housing. Cross tabulation, gamma, multivariate logistic regression and Cox regression were used in the analysis. The result shows that fatigue is a commonly experienced phenomenon, especially among those who are institutionalize. Differences were also found among age, social class and civil status. Fatigue has increased between 1992 and 2002 but no changes over time could be identified for a particular social group. The results also showed that fatigue is related to mortality. Conclusion drawn from the results is that the increasing among the elderly persons in reporting fatigue and/or tiredness over time has fall upon all examined social groups in the Swedish society and still, fatigue as a phenomenon is poorly understood.

This diploma thesis addresses the issue of tiredness. I analyze tiredness from the point of view as the problem that may occur during the teaching process. The theoretical part is focused on the explanation of the concept of psychohygiene, from its historical development to the modern concept, i.e. mental health, tiredness, types of tiredness, its stages and determinants, the specification of the period of adolescence, the influence of environment on the individual. The part of the research addresses the root causes of student´s tiredness. It focuses on the subjective feeling of the perceptions of tiredness with regard to the day of the week, time, the environment of the high school, the influence of natural stimulants.

Mano darbe, pirmą kartą Lietuvoje, 3 testų – korektūrinių lentelių, Vestono ir Šultės skaičių suradimo pagalba , norėta patikrinti kaip kinta abiturientų darbingumas ir nuovargis savaitės bėgyje, semestro pradžioje ir pabaigoje. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti abiturientų protinį nuovargį ir susieti jį su mokslo krūviu ir sveikatos nusiskundimais. Tyrimo metodika. Anketinėje apklausoje dalyvavo 86 dvyliktokai : 66 besimokantys gimnazijoje ir 20 vidurinėje mokykloje. Testavimo metu buvo atrinkti 39 gimnazistai ir 15 vidurinės mokyklos abiturientai pagal lankomumo kriterijų. Anketų atsako dažnis 100 proc., testų - 94,45 proc. Anketa buvo sudaryta iš 13 klausimų, kuriuose buvo klausiama apie mokslo krūvį, sveikatą įtakojančius veiksnius bei sveikatos nusiskundimus. Testai buvo 3 : korektūrinės lentelės ��� dėmesio funkcijai, Vestono testas – informacijos perdirbimo kiekiui, Šultės skaičių suradimo testas – dėmesio apimčiai ir paskirstymui nustatyti. Statistinė empirinių duomenų analizė atlikta naudojant SPSS 11,0. Statistinei analizei panaudoti : Chi kvadrato testas, pasikliautinas intervalas, patikimumo lygmuo, kai p < 0,05, šansų santykis, laisvės laipsnių skaičius, vidurkis. Rezultatai. Atlikto tyrimo duomenys parodė, kad protinis darbingumas savaitės bėgyje kinta ( pirmadieniais ir trečiadieniais - aukščiausiais, antradieniais ir ketvirtadieniais - žemiausias ). Semestro pabaigoje padidėjus kontrolinių darbų, atsiskaitymų skaičiui , abiturientų protinis nuovargis žymiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The first time in Lithuania, in my research, I used three tests-proof sheets, employed method of finding Weston and Schulte numbers. I wanted to find out, how working capacity and tiredness changes during the week, in the beginning and the end of term. Aim of the study- estimate graduates’ mental tiredness and relate it with the work load and health problems. Methods. 86 students took part in the questionnaire survey: 66 learning in a high school and 20 learning in a secondary school. 39 high school students and 15 secondary school students were chosen during the testing, according the attendance criteria. Questionnaire response rate -100 percent, tests -94,45 percent. There were 13 questions in the questionnaire, with the questions about study load, factors influencing health and health problems. We had 3 tests: proofing sheets-for attention function, Weston test-for processing the quantity of information, Schulte numbers’ finding test-to estimate attention volume and distribution. Statistical empirical data analysis was made using SPSS 11,0. We used Chi square test, relying upon interval, reliability level, when p<0, 05, relationship of chances, freedom degrees number, average. Results. Data from the research proved, that mental working capacity changes in the course of the week (it is highest on Mondays and Wednesdays, lowest on Tuesdays and Thursdays). Mental tiredness increases in the end of semester, when students have more tests. All tests showed that high school... [to full text]

This thesis focuses on the physical and mental hygiene habits of younger school children. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with physical activity, effects of hypokinesia and mental hygiene specificity of this age group in the context of physical and psychosocial. The research evaluates the results of data from pedometers and the results of the survey, to which were used questionnaires "Time Picture of the Day"(Mužík, Bártová, 2010) and a questionnaire of daily regimen (Řehulka, 1987). This is a quantitative research. There were processed 104 questionnaires that were filled by children from 4th and 5th grades at selected elementary schools in Strakonice. The results show the differences in the amount of physical activity on school and weekend days, total amount of physical activity is satisfactory and further show the connection between a length of sleep and fatigability during the day.

Bakgrund: Ginseng klassas som ett traditionellt växtbaserat läkemedel som säljs inom egenvården på apotek samt hälsokostbutiker. Det påstås att ginseng har en uppiggande effekt och anses vara effektivt mot trötthet. Trötthet finns i olika former och grader samt beror på olika faktorer. Fatigue är också en typ av trötthet men beror på en bakomliggande sjukdom och anses vara mer utmattande än trötthet. Ordet används också för att skilja det från så kallad normal trötthet. Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att genom systematiska sammanställningar och meta-analyser analysera om det finns bevis som stödjer påståendet om att ginseng ska vara effektivt mot trötthet och fatigue.Mål: Hitta systematiska sammanställningar samt meta-analyser genom identifiering av relevant litteratur genom en databassökning, bedöma kvaliteten genom PRISMA och sammanställa resultat för att besvara syftets frågeställning.Metoder: Litteratursökning genom relevanta databaser samt värdera de med hjälp utav PRISMA. Slutligen ska litteraturen sammanställas. Resultat: 4 systematiska sammanställningar samt 1 meta-analys ingick i analysen. De bedömdes vara av medel till hög kvalitet enligt PRISMA. Resultaten variera beroende på vilken typ av ginseng som deltagarna fick. Majoriteten av resultaten från de enskilda studierna tyder på att amerikansk och asiatisk ginseng är effektivt mot fatigue. Röd ginseng är däremot inte lika effektiv. Nio utav de sammanlagda nitton studierna gjordes på friska individer och endast två utav studierna rapporterade att ginseng hade en signifikant förbättring på trötthet.Slutsats: Amerikansk ginseng, följt av asiatisk ginseng, visade sig vara bra mot fatigue. Däremot hade röd ginseng ingen effekt på fatigue i samma grad som amerikansk och asiatisk. Dock är det svårt att påstå hur det fungerar mot just trötthet, då trötthet har många grader och beror på olika faktorer samt att det inte finns tillräckligt med belägg av bra kvalitet som kan styrka påståendet om att det skulle fungera mot trötthet, som inte är orsakad av någon bakomliggande sjukdom som fatigue. / Background: Ginseng is classified as a traditional herbal medicine sold in the self-care section at pharmacies and health food stores. It is claimed that ginseng has a revitalizing effect and is considered effective against tiredness. Tiredness exists in various forms and degrees and depends on various factors. Fatigue is also a type of tiredness but depends on an underlying disease and is more exhausting than tiredness. The word is also used to distinguish it from so-called normal tiredness.Purpose: The aim of this work is to find systematic reviews and meta-analyzes to see if there is evidence supporting the claim that ginseng is effective against tiredness and fatigue.Objective: Find systematic reviews and meta analyzes by identifying relevant literature through a database search, assessing the value of the studies through PRISMA and compiling results to answer the purpose of this work. Method: Literature search through relevant databases and assess the studies based on PRISMA’s checklist. Finally the studies should be compiled.Results: 4 systematic reviews and 1 meta-analysis were obtained. They were to be of average to high quality according to the PRISMA checklist. The results vary depending on the type of ginseng that was given to the participants. Most of the studies indicate that American and Asian ginseng are effective against fatigue. However, the studies indicate that red ginseng is not effective. Conclusion: In conclusion ginseng is effective in people with fatigue, depending on the type of ginseng it is. American ginseng, followed by Asian ginseng, proved to be good against fatigue that’s caused by an underlying illness. However, red ginseng had no effect on fatigue to the same extent as American and Asian. Also, it is difficult to claim how it works against people who are only feeling tired, as normal tiredness has many degrees and depends on various factors and that there is not enough evidence of good quality that can substantiate the claim that it would work against tiredness that’s not caused by an underlying illness.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar la diferencia en los puntajes de cansancio emocional según el tipo de estilo de aprendizaje en estudiantes de secundaria de un colegio privado de Lima Metropolitana. Para ello se evaluó 156 estudiantes (52.6% mujeres y 47.4 % hombres), cuyas edades oscilaron entre 15 y 17 años. Fueron evaluados con la adaptación peruana (Escurra, 1992) del Inventario de Estilos de aprendizaje (Kolb, 1984) y la adaptación peruana (Domínguez, 2013) de la Escala de Cansancio Emocional (Ramos et al., 2005). Como resultados principales se encontró que existen diferencias significativas entre el estilo acomodador y los estilos convergente, asimilador y mixto, presentándose en los tres casos un mayor cansancio emocional en los estudiantes con un estilo de aprendizaje acomodador. Así mismo, se encontró una diferencia significativa entre el estilo divergente y los estilos asimilador y mixto, presentándose en ambos casos un mayor cansancio emocional en los estudiantes con un estilo de aprendizaje divergente. Además, se encontró que existe una diferencia significativa de cansancio emocional según el género, siendo las mujeres las que puntúan más alto. Los resultados destacan la importancia de propiciar maneras diferentes de aprender para retar las capacidades del estudiante y evitar el cansancio emocional de éste. / The aim of this research was to identify the difference in emotional fatigue scores according to the type of learning style in high school students of a private school in the Metropolitan Area of Lima. The sample included a total of 156 students (52.6% women and 47.4% men), whose ages ranged between 15 and 17 years. They were evaluated with the Peruvian adaptation (Escurra, 1992) of the Learning Style Inventory (Kolb, 1984) and the Peruvian adaptation (Domínguez, 2013) of the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (Ramos et al., 2005). As main results it was found significant differences between the accommodative style and the convergent, assimilative and mixed styles, presenting in all three cases a greater emotional exhaustion in students with an accommodative learning style. Likewise, a significant difference was found between the divergent style and the assimilative and mixed style, presenting in both cases a greater emotional exhaustion in students with a divergent learning style. In addition, it was found significant difference in emotional exhaustion according to gender, with women scoring higher. The results highlight the importance of promoting different ways of learning to challenge the student's abilities and avoid the student's emotional exhaustion. / Tesis

Hjärtsvikt drabbar i Sverige uppskattningsvis två till tre procent av befolkningen. Tillståndet är ingen sjukdom utan ett sammankopplat syndrom med flertalet olika påverkande faktorer. Hjärtsvikt är en vanlig orsak till sjukvårdsbesök samt återkommande vårdtillfällen inom slutenvård. Vid utredning och diagnostisering av hjärtsvikt är det viktigt med anamnes, samt provtagning och ultraljudsundersökning. Graden av hjärtsvikt klassificeras efter förmåga och ger en uppskattning av patientens tillstånd. Akut hjärtsvikt kan uppstå vid flertalet kardiovaskulära sjukdomar, exempelvis akut koronart syndrom. Hjärtsvikt kan inte botas, behandling syftar till att förstärka hjärtats pumpfunktion, samt lindra och behandla symtomen som uppkommer. Vanligast förekommande symtom är andningsrelaterade besvär vid ansträngning, i senare skede även i vila. Även sömn, trötthet, nedsatt fysisk kondition och utmattande symtom såsom vid fatigue. Mot bakgrund av detta kroniska tillstånd är det viktigt att akutsjuksköterskan utför omhändertagandet i enlighet med evidensbaserad omvårdnad och att patienten blir delaktig och får förståelse för sin egenvård. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva påverkande faktorer avseende sömn, trötthet och fatigue hos patienter med hjärtsvikt utifrån ett akutsjukvårdskontext. Som metod genomfördes en litteraturöversikt för att kunna besvara syftet. Datainsamling av vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes via databaser såsom PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO och Google Scholar. Även manuell sökning gjordes. Totalt inkluderades 21 artiklar, alla etiskt prövade. Vid bearbetning av insamlad forskning kunde ett flertal teman urskiljas bland resultaten. Dessa syftade till ökad kunskap och förståelse för fysisk aktivitet och träning, trötthet och fatigue, egenvård med support från sjukvården. Forskningen var både kvalitativ och kvantitativ, denna mixade metod gav möjligheten att få svar på både fysiologiska faktorer som påverkar, samt även den upplevda känslan hos patienten med hjärtsvikt. Större andelen av insamlat material visade på sambandet mellan sömnproblem, trötthet, utmattning och fatigue, detta i korrelation med nedstämdhet och tyngdkänsla. Vid intervention påvisades positiva utfall avseende livskvalitet. Studiens slutsats visar på vikten av att se patienten med hjärtsvikt ur ett flerdimensionellt perspektiv. Det var av vikt för sjukvården att ha kunskapen om vilka faktorer som var utlösande och kunde förutspå vad som bidrog till trötthet och fatigue. Mot denna bakgrund kan en mer fördjupad förståelse uppnås och möjligheten till personcentrerad vård öka. / Heart failure affects approximately two to three percent of the population in Sweden. The condition is no disease but a linked syndrome with several different influencing factors. Heart failure is a common cause of medical care and recurring inpatient care. When examinating and diagnosing heart failure, it is important to have the medical history, as well as blood sampling and echocardiography. The degree of heart failure is classified according to ability and provides an estimate of the patient's condition. Acute heart failure may occur in most cardiovascular diseases, such as acute coronary syndrome. Heart failure can not be cured, treatment aims to strengthen the heart's pumping function, as well as relieve and treat the symptoms that occur. The most common symptoms are respiratory distress during exercise, later on even at rest. Also, tiredness, impaired physical fitness and exhausting symptoms such as fatigue. In view of this chronic condition, it is important that the emergency nurse performs the care in accordance with evidence-based nursing and that the patient becomes involved and understands his or her own care. The aim of this study was to describe the factors affecting sleep, tiredness and fatigue in patients with heart failure based on an emergency medical context. A literature review was conducted as method to answer the purpose. Data collection of scientific articles was carried out through databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Google Scholar. Manual searches were also conducted. The total number of articles included was 21, all ethically approved. When processing collected research, a number of themes could be distinguished. These were aimed to increase knowledge and understanding of physical activity and exercise, tiredness and fatigue, self-care with support from the medical service. The research was both qualitative and quantitative, this mixed method gave the opportunity to respond to both physiological factors that affect, as well as the perceived feeling of the patient with heart failure. The results in the research showed the importance of identifying the patient with heart failure from a multidimensional perspective. The larger proportion of collected material resulted with the connection between sleep problems, tiredness, exhaustion and fatigue, in correlation with depression and feeling of burden. In intervention, positive outcomes were identified regarding quality of life. The conclusion of the review showed the importance for the medical care, to have knowledge of which factors were triggering and could predict what contributed to tiredness and fatigue. With this knowledge, a more in-depth understanding can be achieved and the possibility of person-centered care increases.

Sömnbrist är ett ämne som givits allt mer uppmärksamhet i dagens samhälle. Sömnen har betydelse för människan i den bemärkelse att kroppen får återhämtning och hjärnan kan lagra och bearbeta minnen. Sjuksköterskor har i dagens samhälle en stor roll i det patientnära arbetet. Men vad händer med en sjuksköterska som har sömnbrist och hur påverkar detta hens arbete och hälsa? Syftet med detta arbete är att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor erfar sömnbrist, trötthet och fatigue samt hur det påverkar sjuksköterskans arbete och hälsa. En litteraturöversikt användes till arbetet för att få en överblick om det nuvarande kunskapsläget. Tio artiklar inkluderades i arbetet och analyserades. Studier visar på att sömnbrist, trötthet och fatigue är vanligt förekommande hos sjuksköterskor och studierna visade även på konsekvenser som uppstått till följd av sjuksköterskors trötthet. Dessa konsekvenser kan innebära att sjuksköterskor begår misstag i det patientnära arbetet, men tröttheten kan också gå ut över det privata livet. Detta innebär att sjuksköterskan kan utsätta sig för onödiga risker utanför arbetsplatsen i form av att köra bil medan hen är trött. Resultaten visar att det behövs mer forskning kring vilka orsaker som gör att sjuksköterskan lider av sömnbrist och därav upplever trötthet. Likaså studier som visar hur sömnbrist påverkar den vårdande vården vore värdefullt. En slutsats är att man bör lyfta frågan om sömnbrist och trötthet hos personalen för att på så sätt kunna se om rätt förutsättningar finns för en rimlig återhämtning.

Purpose: The aim of the systematic review was to address whether psychological interventions were able to reduce fatigue severity or the impact of fatigue in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis. The empirical study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a CBT based self-help workbook at reducing perceived impact of fatigue in a clinical sample of MS patients. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was carried out between the years 1980 and February 2015 to review whether psychological interventions were effective for fatigue management in Multiple Sclerosis. A randomised controlled trial examined the effectiveness of a CBT-based self-help workbook for the reduction of fatigue impact in MS. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups treatment as usual (TAU), pure self-help (PSH) or guided self-help (GSH). Results: Eleven studies were included in the systematic review, which indicated that CBT based interventions aiming to reduce fatigue or depression were most effective at reducing the severity of fatigue. Impact of fatigue can be reduced through mindfulness, CBT, motivational interviewing and to a lesser extent acceptance and commitment therapy. The empirical study did not find any significant differences between groups, however satisfaction with the workbook was high. Conclusions: The review suggests that there is a clear role for psychological interventions in fatigue management in MS, although further robust research into different therapeutic modalities is needed. From the empirical study it appears that the low level CBT-based intervention for fatigue in MS was not effective at reducing the perceived impact of fatigue. This study reflects an inclusive, clinical sample, recruited from a specialist rehabilitation unit, with high levels of multidisciplinary input which may have diluted any potential effect of the workbook. Objectives: The aim of the systematic review was to address whether psychological interventions are able to reduce fatigue severity or the impact of fatigue in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis Data sources: A search was conducted of: Psychinfo, Medline, Embase, CINAHL between 1980 and February 2015. Review methods: All studies were evaluated against a set of quality criteria by author (KG) with a proportion of studies being independently reviewed by author (DP) to ensure reliability of ratings. Results: Eleven studies were included in the review. CBT based interventions with a focus on fatigue management and depression appear to significantly reduce fatigue severity with medium to large effect. Significant reductions in fatigue impact can be found from mindfulness groups, motivational interviewing and CBT. Effect sizes for CBT interventions ranged from negligible to medium. For the mindfulness and motivational interviewing interventions effect sizes were not able to be calculated. The acceptance and commitment therapy intervention did not find a significant reduction in fatigue but found a medium effect for the intervention. Conclusions: There is a clear role for psychological interventions in the reduction of fatigue management but more high quality research needs to be carried out.