Learners at the public schools of North West Province in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda Education region, within the Matlosana Local municipality’s municipal area of jurisdiction, are exposed to unhygienic health hazard conditions due to insufficient toilet facilities used by a large number of learners and poor health conditions resulting out of it, which might cause and spread health related diseases to the users of these toilet facilities. The primary objective of this research was to investigate the nature and extent of the provisioning and maintenance of toilet facilities in the public schools within the Matlosana Local Municipality’s municipal area. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to obtain information from 57 respondents who comprised of the 3 schools principals who constituted 5% of the research population, 18 educators who constituted 32% and 36 learners who constituted 63%, all totalling 100% of the research sample size, at Are-Fadimeheng; Dominion Reefs and Nkagisang public schools. The findings revealed that the majority, which is 85% of the research population (learners and educators) as users of these facilities are affected and were generally unhappy about the prevailing conditions of the school toilet facilities. This they attribute to lack of proper budgeting as the main cause. The most aggravating factor is the absence of a janitor with plumbing skills to look after the schools’ toilet facilities. Findings highlighted that school learners and educators deserve as their human right to live under acceptable health conditions and clean environment. However it is the responsibility of the Government to expand the existing schools toilet structures which are in line with the National Building regulation ratio of 1:25 of users per toilet as recommended by Department of Water Affairs (DWA), to ensure health for all. The results of this study can assist the government to embark on strategic intervention programmes that can improve conditions of public schools toilet facilities in the North West Province, South Africa to meet the Millenium Development Goals (MDG) target in addressing sanitation backlogs by half in 2015. Conclusions for the study were drawn and recommendations were made for the improvement of conditions in the Public Schools Toilet facilities. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Cities are concentrations of diverse populations that undergo continual transformation over time. This thesis deals with the question, how does the individual make place in a constantly changing environment? The entry point for this study was looking at neglected places in urban environments. I looked specifically at the Don River Valley in Toronto, Ontario and how it has developed as an open-ended and complex system. The site research is presented through a series of stories describing specific events or places in the Don Valley that have taken place over the past 200 years. This thesis offers a mongrel approach to design for a site within the Don Valley. “The Mongrel Approach” is an opportunistic way of building that is committed to survival and open as to how this can be achieved. The design proposes a series of intimate yet public infrastructural devices; a toilet, water fountain, shelter and bridge that are presented in a set of hand drawings as well as through an “Explanatory Tale.” A magpie narrates this short story, which is part true, part fiction and part wishful thinking. As the earth’s population becomes more urban than rural and increasingly mobile, contemporary cities are becoming home to a diverse range of individuals with complex and layered identities. The Mongrel Approach offers a way of building that can handle difference and contradiction and accommodate incongruous or inharmonious parts. It positions the designer as a conjurer or first mover. This thesis proposes Mongrel buildings that respond to change by transforming slowly and incrementally over time with the involvement of multiple authors; but at each moment, a register of time and human ritual.

Thesis (M.Psych.Ed.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-08T17:47:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Influencia_do_papel(Devson_Paulo).pdf: 736229 bytes, checksum: 642c14daa466934d0e1951d33b1c328c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-08T17:47:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Influencia_do_papel(Devson_Paulo).pdf: 736229 bytes, checksum: 642c14daa466934d0e1951d33b1c328c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / CAPES / Diversos estudos mostram que há uma tendência mundial de se utilizar o sistema de esgotamento sanitário como destino final de resíduos, que variam desde fármacos, materiais de uso pessoal, até fraldas, absorventes e papel higiênico. Quando se trata da influência do papel higiênico no tratamento de esgotos domésticos, poucas pesquisas foram realizadas. Entretanto, sabe-se que a introdução de novos constituintes nos esgotos sanitários pode exercer influência não somente na coleta e transporte em tubulação, como também no seu tratamento em estações convencionais. Diante desse contexto, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar a influência do papel higiênico no tratamento anaeróbio de esgotos sanitários. Para tanto, foram instalados dois reatores tipo UASB de bancada com fluxo contínuo, sendo um deles alimentado com efluente doméstico sintético e papel higiênico em duas concentrações (1 folha dupla/L = 0,42 g/L (FI) e 2 folhas duplas/L = 0,81 g/L (FII)) e o outro apenas com esgoto doméstico sintético. O monitoramento dos reatores indicou que o reator alimentado com papel higiênico - RP apresentou menores eficiências de remoção de matéria orgânica para DQOBruta-Bruta (79% em FI e 75% em FII) quando comparado ao reator controle - RC (83,0 %). Em termos de remoção de sólidos totais, a eficiência foi de 52,54% (em FI) e 64,45% (em FII), para o RP e 19% neste período em relação RC. A partir da análise dos resultados conclui-se que a hidrólise da celulose advinda do papel higiênico, em reatores anaeróbios, justificou uma menor eficiência na remoção de matéria orgânica. Por outro lado, o RP apresentou maior produção de biogás, mostrando que, em condições apropriadas, o tratamento anaeróbio desse tipo de efluente poderá aumentar o potencial de energia a ser aproveitada, em projetos de novas estações de tratamento de efluentes. / Several studies show around worldwide trend of using the sewage system as a final destination, for example drugs, personal use materials, diapers, sanitary napkins and toilet paper. About the influence of toilet paper in wastewater treatment, few studies are being conducted. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the influence of toilet paper in the anaerobic treatment of sewage. Therefore, they were installed two reactors UASB type bench with continuous flow, one being fed with synthetic wastewater and toilet paper in two concentrations (1 double sheet / L = 0.42 g / L P-I) and 2 double sheets / L = 0.81 g/L (P-II)) and the other only with synthetic sewage. Monitoring and evaluation of the performance of reactors were done physical and chemical analysis of influent and effluent wastewater. The results obtained this research indicated that the reactor fed with addition of toilet paper showed less removal of organic material efficiencies (79% in P-I and 75% in P-II) when compared to the control reactor (and 83.0 %) and good TS removal efficiency (52.54% in P-I and 64.45% in P-II) for reactor fed with toilet paper - RP and 19% in this period for RC. From the analysis of the results it is concluded that the hydrolysis of cellulose arising from toilet paper in anaerobic reactors, justified a less efficient in removing organic matter. On the other hand, the RP showed higher production of biogas, showing that, under appropriate conditions, the anaerobic treatment of such effluent may increase the potential energy to be utilized in projects of new wastewater treatment plants.

Magister Artium - MA / This research is interested in the linguistic choices people use to express and negotiate subjective, inter-subjective and ideological positions through the graffiti within the confines of selected men's and women's toilets on the UWC main campus. The focus is on attitudes, one aspect of appraisal theory. The aim of investigating the attitudes inherent in the toilet graffiti is to obtain an insight into the evaluative discourse of men and women with regard to their emotional, judgmental and evaluative stance in their writings. This form of analysis is on the level of meaning. Differences with regard to the attitudinal content in terms of occurrence (quantitative) and content (qualitative) are investigated. The data shows that 'male' (gender) are implicit when expressing emotions, whereas female is explicit in its expression of emotions. In addition, in terms of the evaluation of emotions, the data indicates that 'females' are insecure in terms of their emotional disposition, whereas males mostly express emotions of unhappiness in the toilet graffiti analysed. Both males and females have a tendency to judge each other with regard to their capacities. In terms of judgement of behaviours and things, males can be said to have interesting and even creative ways of evaluation, which include punctuation, taboo varieties and pictures. / South Africa

The thesis deals with the Toilet Papermarket in the Czech Republic with a focus on competitive analysis. The aim of this work is to formulate recommendations for the Kleenex brand toilet paper, which should be taken into account when creating marketing plan. The theoretical part is focused on the theory of competitive analysis. In the practical part of the theory is applied specifically to the analysis of competitive market toilet paper in the Czech Republic for the use of retail data and knowledge from long-term observation of the market.

The purpose of this work is to quantify the influences that affect the sales of selected products for toilet paper segment in the retail chain Tesco Czech Republic. The model is based on a long-term observation of the time series of sales and average prices for selected products. For the quantification is used an estimation of exponential function fot model which is subsequently verified. Parameter estimation is calculated by using the software EViews. The work compares the results of the model for different products and searching for the most effective way of promotion for each brand. The calculated parameters can be implemented for the planning of sales for toilet paper segment. The results show differences between branded and private toilet paper brand, that are caused by differences in the perception of quality by consumers.

Management of water resources are the cornerstones of environmental protection. There willbe an increase in demand for water in the coming years and it is our responsibility to reserveour resources whether it is salt or fresh water. While analysing the paths of water being utilized,major amount is getting wasted through toilet flush. An average amount of water used in asingle toilet flush is about 9 litres and an individual will be using the toilet on an average of 5times a day which will be huge gallons of water in a minute around the world. In order to savethe ecosystem and to become sustainable waterless toilet systems are the optimum solution. Inthis thesis, waterless toilet technologies marketed by different manufacturers are deeplyanalysed and scaled the maturity level of technologies using the technology readiness level. Atechnology-market portfolio is created which helps to provide the current status of the waterlesstoilet technology systems in the international market. The pandemic created due to the coronavirus have led this paper to identify the opportunities that waterless toilets can have in the futurewith the help of innovations like smart toilet and artificial intelligence.

Due to the combined effect of intense rainfall events together with the expected impact of climate change, this will put pressure on the existing and future infrastructure for storm water management. One of the challenges related to this is the combined sewer system which is still operating in large areas of many cities worldwide. In Stockholm, combined sewer represents around 50% of the total sewer pipe length. In a Combined sewer system, once the conveyed discharge exceeds the system capacity, the system overflows, which can result in a diverse range of health and environmental problems. The cause of overflow has been strongly linked to runoff from intense rainfall events. Therefore, a key proposal to overcome this problem is to disconnect runoff from hard surfaces. This research aims to investigate the impact of applying a rainwater harvesting (RWH) and reuse system to collect runoff water from roof surfaces in areas with combined sewer system. A simulation water balance model for a rooftop RWH system was developed and two reuse purposes were considered, which entails toilet flushing and garden irrigation within the property. The study area consists of one building block within Kungsholmen area in Stockholm. The obtained results indicate that applying such systems can reduce runoff to the sewer system. Toilet flushing reuse shows a higher reduction impact on sewer flow than the use for irrigation. Toilet flushing reuse reduces annual runoff volumes to sewer in a range of 49.5% - 93.4% while irrigation provided reduction in a range of 11.6% - 26.3%. Regarding number of times that overflow from the combined sewer system occurs, toilet flushing reuse demonstrated reduction of 40% - 100% while 20% to 60% was reduced by irrigation reuse. For overflow volume, a reduction rate of 11% to 100% was reached through toilet flushing in contrast to 9% to 43% reduction from irrigation reuse. 19% to 37% of toilet flushing water demand was covered by the tank, while arange of 48% to 100% was covered for irrigation demand. All these parameters were found to be sensitive to change in tank size where increasing the size result in higher flow reduction rates. When considering implementing a reuse system, it is important to consider the applicability of RWH and reuse within the specific property. In areas that are under development, either of the two reuses can be considered depending on local conditions. However, in already built up area it is difficult to introduce a system that requires significant adjustment to existing pipe networks, such as reuse systems for toilet flushing. Systems for outdoor irrigation are possible to implement in most situations. When it comes to tank size, the optimal size will depend on the intended reuse, the catchment area and the objective of the system. For example, if the main objective is to reduce potable water consumption, a smaller tank can be used compared to where the main objective is to reduce sewer overflow. Hence, when considering implementing a rainwater reuse systems, each project will need to consider the local conditions as well as the individual objectives when determining the optimal reuse purpose and tank size. A cost-benefit analysis should also be considered when determining the optimal tank size for the intended use.

Off-grid houses in the United States are often connoted with mostly non-professional, home-made structures and isolated, hippie living in remote rural areas. These off-grid homeowners may also complete their consumer-independent commitment with a minimal-waste, land-dependent lifestyle that includes methodical harnessing and recycling of resources and materials, raising livestock, and productive gardening on the property. This research paper explores the background, methods and kinds of typical off-grid living structures, their ability to harness natural resources for function and performance, and the ability of its occupants to remain resilient in the face of depleting fuel resources, extreme weather patterns, and rising costs of living. The goal of this research is to propose modern and resilient off-grid housing design to exist as normalized, micro-communities within typical suburban communities in the United States. The housing prototype, sited in Dudley, Massachusetts, optimizes passive resources for heating and cooling thermal comfort, prefabricated materials for construction, and modern technology for inhabitation. Its hyper-local design incorporates building science that integrates researched techniques and philosophies from current movements of sustainable design in the United States and Canada, such as Passive House, Net Zero, LEED, and the Living Building Challenge.