Introduction:The management of patients with a tracheostomy tube is still current. It brings stress situation not only for the patients but also staff who care for them. This issue occurs across all disciplines. The aim of this study was to determine how they feel patients at the care of the tracheotomy while hospitalization of the intensive care unit. Methodology: The research was carried out during 2015 and 2016 at the surgical intensive care unit. The group of respondents consisted of patients with established tracheostomy tube. 80 pieces were distributed questionnaires, 73 patients responded return reached 91.25%. Results: The investigation showed that the comprehensive care of a tracheostomy for patients burdensome and unpleasant. Everyone clearly stated as the most annoying and most exhausting bother them forced to cough. 90,41% of patients reported that their aspiration meets at regular intervals to be able to prepare this fact. All of the respondents perform respiratory physiotherapy and 67.12% felt that they benefit. 95.89% of respondents suffer from a sense of social isolation. 82.19% would welcome the presence of a psychologist at the ICU. Group 80.82% think that it is adequately cared about their tracheostomy during hospitalization and all have the possibility of alternative communication.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-12T12:29:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tratamento_consorciado.pdf: 6140063 bytes, checksum: 2e4f0cc893d0de295c3aa7272060c547 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-12T12:29:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tratamento_consorciado.pdf: 6140063 bytes, checksum: 2e4f0cc893d0de295c3aa7272060c547 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No Brasil, apenas uma pequena parcela do esgoto sanitário coletado é efetivamente tratado. Entretanto, no âmbito urbano há a geração de outros tipos de efluentes tais como lodos de tanques sépticos, neste caso considerado um efluente devido ao teor de água superior a 90%, efluentes de sanitários químicos e lixiviados de aterro sanitários, todos gerados a partir de atividades urbanas, e que necessitam de tratamento adequado para disposição final. O tratamento consorciado destes efluentes externos com esgoto sanitário tem sido utilizado como estratégia para diminuir os custos no tratamento. No entanto, devido a grande variabilidade de composição e concentração, estes efluentes têm difícil tratabilidade, principalmente em estações convencionais. Ainda não há consenso sobre os impactos provocados por esta mistura de efluentes sobre os processos de tratamento encontrados nas ETE's, nem sobre a proporção segura para a diluição a ser adotada em relação ao esgoto sanitário. A ETE Canoas - CORSAN possui um sistema de lodos ativados operando em batelada, tratando de forma consorciada esgotos sanitários, lixiviados de aterros sanitários, lodos de tanques sépticos e efluentes de sanitários químicos, sem uma quantidade máxima estipulada para o recebimento destes efluentes externos. Nesta pesquisa buscou-se caracterizar a mistura afluente e avaliar o impacto do tratamento combinado sobre as condições operacionais da ETE, bem como o seu desempenho na remoção de matéria orgânica e nutrientes, no período de janeiro de 2009 a agosto de 2010. Verificou-se que o percentual de diluição dos efluentes externos no ES variou entre 2,1% e 11,3% e que a contribuição destes efluentes para a carga total da DQO variou entre 14% e 74%. A composição físico-química da mistura afluente ao reator biológico influenciou na composição da microbiota presente no RSB. O impacto mais freqüentemente observado pela entrada de cargas de choque foi a perda de biomassa, devido a problemas de floculação e sedimentação, como o bulking. A ocorrência de cargas de choque decorrentes da entrada de efluentes externos promoveu um aumento do IVL de 46 mL/g para 287 mL/g, da mesma forma verificou-se um aumento da relação A/M, que passou de 0,42 d-¹ para 0,82 d-¹. Entre os metais pesquisados o Ca, Fe e K foram encontrados em maiores percentuais nas amostras de efluentes externos, correspondendo a 15,8%, 10,4% e 10,1%, respectivamente. Também foram detectados teores de Cu, Zn, Ti, Cr, em menores percentuais. No lodo biológico foram detectados 56% de Fe, 16% de Ca, 10% de Si e 8% de S, adsorvidos nos flocos, além Zn (4%), Cu (3%), Mn (1,5%) e K (1,2%). A exposição freqüente da microbiota a cargas de choque foi o principal efeito a colaborar no decréscimo das eficiências de remoção de SST, DBO5, DQO, Ptotal e N-NH4 +, prejudicando a qualidade do efluente final. A adoção de uma unidade de recebimento e tratamento preliminar dos efluentes externos permitirá um maior controle operacional na dinâmica de recebimento e tratamento dos efluentes externos, melhorando o desempenho da ETE. / In Brazil, only a small portion of domestic wastewater collected is effectively treated. In most cities, the treatment system used is the septage, which have low efficiency and need for maintenance and periodic removal of sludge, which must be properly disposed. In the cities there is the generation of other types of waste such as sludge from septage, in this case considered an effluent as the water content exceeds 90%, effluent from chemical toilet and sanitary landfill leachate, all generated from urban activities, and require adequate treatment to final disposal. The combined treatment of these external effluents with domestic wastewater has been used as a strategy to reduce the cost of tractability. However, the great variability of composition and concentration of this effluents, make it a difficult treatability mixture, especially on conventional plants. There is still no consensus on the impacts caused by this mixture of effluents on the degradation processes commonly found in DWTPs nor on the safe ratio for the dilution to be adopted in regard to domestic wastewater. DWTP Canoas - CORSAN has an activated sludge system operating in batch, there is the combined treatment of domestic wastewater, sludge from septage, effluent from chemical toilet and sanitary landfill leachate, without a maximum amount stipulated for receipt of these external effluent. This study aimed to characterize the influent mixture and assess the impact of combined treatment on the operating conditions of the DWTP, as well as its performance in the removal of organics and nutrients between January 2009 to August 2010. It was found that the percentage of dilution of external effluent in domestic wastewater varied between 2.1% and 11.3% and that the contribution of this effluents to the total COD load varied between 14% and 74%. The physico-chemical composition of the influent mixture to biological reactor has influence on the composition of the microfauna present in the SBR. The most frequently observed impact by the shock loads entry was the loss of biomass due to flocculation and settling problems, such as bulking. The occurrence of shock loads due to the entry of external effluents promoted an increase in the SVL of 46 mL/g to 287 mL/g, just as there was an increase in the F/M, which increased from 0.42 d-¹ to 0.82 d-¹. Among the metals analyzed for Ca, Fe and K were found in higher percentages in the external effluent samples, corresponding to 15.8%, 10.4% and 10.1% respectively. Were also detected for Cu, Zn, Ti, Cr, in low percentages. In biological sludge were detected 56% Fe, 16% Ca, 10% Si and 8% of S, adsorbed on the flocs, and Zn (4%), Cu (3%), Mn (1.5%) and K (1.2%). The frequent exposure of activated slugde community to shock loads was the main effect to collaborate in the removal efficiencies reduction of TSS, BOD5, COD, TP and N-NH4 +, damaging the quality of the final effluent. The adoption of a unit for receiving and preliminary treatment of external effluents could permit a greater operational control in the receiving and treatment dynamic of external effluents, improving the performance of DWTP.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diani Fernanda da Silva.pdf: 4308607 bytes, checksum: 15e7dca78e64eb979242f6e5eb152b6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use absence of domestic systems for wastewater treatment promotes the frequent cases of soil and water resources contamination, and contributes to the spread of diseases in the population. Within this context, the work aimed the development/proposition a methodology and alternative technology for treatment domestic sewage of residences located in rural area, specifically for the treatment of effluents generated in the kitchen sink and the toilet bowl. For this, was performed the domestic effluents source characterization through the management diagnostic of domestic wastewater in Paraná state and the city of Toledo; domestic effluents qualitative (physical, chemical and biological parameters) and quantitative (daily and monthly volume) characterization; performance evaluation of the conventional methods, processes and technologies for treatment of rural areas domestic sewage; the method and the technology design/developing for the rural domestic sewage treatment from the toilet bowl and kitchen sink; the construction, operation and monitoring of alternative technology; and the agreement analysis. From the results obtained in the first step, it was found that in Paraná state rural areas are generated over 261 thousand m³ day-1 of domestic sewage, in the city of Toledo rural area are produced 37,410.8 m3 of domestic effluent monthly. In the evaluation step of treatment methods and technologies it was verified the existence of technical limitations and bottlenecks in the equipment, prevailing the low treatment efficiency. Based on detailed studies of the physical, chemical and biological fundamentals and testing bench, was developed the project of alternative technology containing a feces and urine separator; a helical anaerobic bioreactor with tubular shape for the feces. The technology alternative prototype operation showed satisfactory results with respect the feces and urine separation and the feces stabilization in the reactor was completed in just 30 days of treatment forming a residual without the E. coli presence (<1 NMP g-1). / A ausência no uso de sistemas de tratamento de efluentes domésticos na área rural promove frequentes casos de contaminação do solo e dos recursos hídricos, bem como contribui com a disseminação de doenças entre a população. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi o desenvolvimento/proposição de uma tecnologia alternativa para o tratamento dos efluentes gerados no vaso sanitário e na pia da cozinha de residências da área rural. Para isso, realizou-se a caracterização da fonte geradora de efluentes domésticos por meio do diagnóstico da gestão dos efluentes doméstico no estado do Paraná e no município de Toledo; a caracterização quantitativa (volume diário e mensal) e qualitativa (parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos) dos efluentes domésticos; a avaliação do desempenho dos métodos, processos e tecnologias convencionais para o tratamento de efluentes domésticos das áreas rurais; o projeto/desenvolvimento do método e da tecnologia alternativa para o tratamento dos efluentes domésticos rurais provenientes do vaso sanitário e da pia da cozinha; a construção, operação e monitoramento da tecnologia alternativa; e a análise de concordância. A partir dos resultados obtidos na primeira etapa, constatou-se que nas áreas rurais do estado do Paraná são gerados mais de 261 mil m³. dia-1 de efluentes domésticos, na área rural da cidade de Toledo são produzidos 37410,8 m3 de esgoto domestico mensalmente. Na etapa de avaliação dos métodos e tecnologias de tratamento, constatou-se a existência de limitações e gargalos técnicos nos equipamentos, prevalecendo à baixa eficiência no tratamento. Com base em estudos detalhados dos fundamentos físicos, químicos e biológicos e dos testes de bancada, foi desenvolvido o projeto da tecnologia alternativa contendo um separador de fezes e urina, um biorreator anaeróbico helicoidal de formato tubular para o tratamento das fezes. A operação do protótipo da tecnologia alternativa apresentou resultados satisfatórios quanto a segregação das fezes e da urina e a estabilização dos dejetos no reator foi completa em apenas 30 dias de tratamento originando um composto sem a presença de E. coli (<1 NMP g-1).

Cape Town, South Africa, falls within a winter rainfall region, making it difficult to assess the feasibility of rain- and stormwater harvesting. The reason for this is because the region’s high water demand period coincides with the low rainfall summer season, thereby limiting the availability of this alternative water resource when most needed. During this study, rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing purposes, collected from roof surfaces, was practically assessed by means of inserted flow meters at a pilot study site in Kommetjie, Cape Town. The combined and single system roof- and land surface runoff yields and savings of commercial buildings within the Kommetjie business area, were also theoretically assessed by making use of a mathematical roof- and land surface runoff model specifically developed during this study. The statistical testing of the hypotheses statements relating to the pre- and post-harvesting savings at the pilot study building, compared against the average actual municipal water usage, were performed. Hypotheses testing were also performed in order to compare the theoretical rain- and stormwater runoff yields for the commercial business area against the average actual municipal water consumption. The conclusions drawn from this study indicated that valuable potable water, as well as related financial savings, can be achieved within a winter rainfall region, thereby making rain- and stormwater harvesting a feasible option for commercial businesses in Cape Town. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Management)

Cape Town, South Africa, falls within a winter rainfall region, making it difficult to assess the feasibility of rain- and stormwater harvesting. The reason for this is because the region’s high water demand period coincides with the low rainfall summer season, thereby limiting the availability of this alternative water resource when most needed. During this study, rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing purposes, collected from roof surfaces, was practically assessed by means of inserted flow meters at a pilot study site in Kommetjie, Cape Town. The combined and single system roof- and land surface runoff yields and savings of commercial buildings within the Kommetjie business area, were also theoretically assessed by making use of a mathematical roof- and land surface runoff model specifically developed during this study. The statistical testing of the hypotheses statements relating to the pre- and post-harvesting savings at the pilot study building, compared against the average actual municipal water usage, were performed. Hypotheses testing were also performed in order to compare the theoretical rain- and stormwater runoff yields for the commercial business area against the average actual municipal water consumption. The conclusions drawn from this study indicated that valuable potable water, as well as related financial savings, can be achieved within a winter rainfall region, thereby making rain- and stormwater harvesting a feasible option for commercial businesses in Cape Town. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Management)

À partir d'un modèle d’analyse alliant les apports théoriques des sociologies de l'aide familiale et des émotions, nous analysons l'expérience de la prise en charge familiale de la maladie d’Alzheimer à travers trois dilemmes : l’exercice de la toilette du malade, le recours aux structures d'accueil et d’hébergement et l’intervention dans sa vie privée. Ces dilemmes sont appréhendés au prisme de trois registres d'interprétation, d'action et de justification : un registre principiel, un registre relationnel et un registre émotionnel. Nos analyses éclairent ainsi la singularité plurielle des expériences et des implications des proches familiaux des malades. / From an analytical model, combining the theoretical contributions of the sociology of family support and the sociology of emotions, we analyze the experience of family care of Alzheimer’s disease through three dilemmas: the exercise of the patient’s toilet, the use of reception and housing structures by families and intervention in the patient’s private life. Theses dilemmas are understood through the prism of three registers of interpretation, action and justification: a register of principles, a relational register and an emotional register. Our analysis light up the plural singularity of experiences and implications of relatives of Alzheimer’s patients. / A partir de un modelo analítico que combina las contribuciones teóricas de las sociologías del apoyo familiar y de las emociones, se analiza la experiencia de la atención familiar de la enfermedad de Alzheimer a través de tres dilemas: el ejercicio del baño del enfermo, el uso de centros de día y residencias, y la intervención en su vida privada. Estos dilemas se entienden bajo el prisma de tres registros de interpretación, acción y justificación: un registro de principios, un registro relacional y un registro emocional. Nuestros análisis aclaran la singularidad plural de las experiencias e implicaciones de los familiares de los enfermos.

M.A. / This study attempts to trace the interrelationship between literature and its historical contexts in six stories by South African women writers. Six South African writers have been selected because their work foregrounds the theme of oppression and because they are representative of the different groupings of the South African population. In her story "The Sisters", Pauline Smith explores the silencing effects of gender oppression in a patriarchy. In "The Apostasy of Carlina", Bertha Goudvis writes of women-on-women oppression between the white and black races. Jayapraga Reddy explores the complexities of intercultural relationships in "Friends". In "Let Them Eat Pineapples", Lizeka Mda explores the oppressive effects of industrial-development on the tribal system in Transkei. In "Last Look at Paradise Road", Gladys Thomas, like Goudvis before her, focuses on the racial discrimination practised by whites against blacks. Gcina Mhlope reveals women-on-women oppression practised both by white-on-black and black-on-black. A chronological ordering of these short stories reveals certain changes in the extent to which attitudes to oppression are revealed and criticized. This study suggests that while there has not been a significant decrease in the degree of oppression to which South African women have been subjected, the increasing awareness and exposure of gender oppression suggests the promise of self-actualization in the struggle for democracy in South Africa.

No description available.

Diploma thesis develops comprehensive documentation of the new building construction of residential house on the level of the implementation of the project construction. Proposal emphasizes layout of linked to ensure the technical design, structural, fire safety, protection against noise, energy saving, safety in use. Work is performed in an electronic format using AutoCAD and Microsoft Word (PDF Creator).

Utformningen av våra offentliga miljöer bidrar till att många känner sig otrygga, och oron att utsättas för brott medför att många, speciellt kvinnor, undviker att vistas utomhus. Detta visar att åtgärder som ökar rörligheten och tryggheten för kvinnor i det offentliga rummet är nödvändiga. Detta projekt behandlar ämnet trygghet på offentliga platser, och fokus ligger på offentliga toaletter. Frågan är aktuell och grundar sig i det faktum att det traditionellt sett har byggts fler offentliga toaletter för män än för kvinnor, och att de sällan är utformade för flickor, kvinnor och småbarnsföräldrars behov. Projektets syfte är att förbättra tillgången, utformningen och/eller upplevelsen av offentliga toaletter. Att genom design undersöka hur det offentliga rummet kan bli mer tryggt och tillgängligt för män och kvinnor på lika villkor. / The planning, structure and shape of our urban environments affects our mindsets and perception of safety. The fear of being exposed to crimes causes many, especially women, to avoid certain public places completely. This proves the necessity of increasing and improving the mobility and safety for women in public spaces. This is the topic of this project, and the focus is on public toilets. The issue is relevant and it is based on the fact that cities traditionally have provided more toilets adapted to men (such as urinals), and existing toilets rarely being designed and equipped to fit the needs of women, girls and parents of young children. The purpose of this project is to improve the availability, design and experience of public restrooms. How can one, using design, improve the public space to feel more safe and accessible for men and women on equal terms.