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A society´s health depends on the access to proper and hygiene sanitation. Half of the population still do not have access to proper sanitation in Nepal; therefore government and non-government organizations are facilitating sanitation access to all the population. Decades ago, open defecation and pit latrines toilet were the only options as sanitation system to the people. But now, various types of toilets system known as dry toilets, septic tanks, centralized sewerage system and biogas integrated toilets are available. Therefore, existing toilet system in rural areas of Nepal needs to be evaluated with respect to environment and long term sustainability. Aim of this study is to find the appropriate toilet system for rural areas of Nepal. This study also discusses how that appropriate toilet system can be promoted based on current scenarios from government level to local level. Generic Multi-Attribute Analysis (GMAA) is used as a decision support tools to evaluate available various toilet alternatives. For which a rural area from Nepal is chosen as study area. GMAA helps in evaluating all the toilet system based on social, technological, environmental and economical aspects. Interpretation between the toilet systems can be made easily with the help of GMAA results. Field questionnaire survey was also carried out in the study area to know user´s understanding of toilet alternatives. Every toilet systems have pro and cons based on different social, technological, environmental and economical aspects. It was found that pit latrines toilet systems are mostly practiced in the rural areas of Nepal. User prefers pit latrines because of its social accepted character and technologically easy in using it. Biogas integrated toilet system came as optimal toilet system though not accessible to all household. It was found that urine and faeces separating toilets are environmentally and economically beneficial. The thesis concludes that appropriate toilet system which is sustainable must be promoted while increasing toilet coverage in Nepal. Urine and faeces separating toilet is found to be appropriate and need to be incorporated in the government goal of increasing toilet coverage.

Access to proper sanitation is a necessary step towards sustainable development. Facilitating access to the tools to the most basic hygienic services generates a healthier living, a more sustainable environment, a means to generating economic activity, and strengthens human dignity and social development. The United Nations General Assembly declared 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation, setting as a target the significant increase in the number of people with access to adequate sanitation and implementation of good hygiene practices. This project aims to help the people of Nicaragua meet that target. As of 2013, only 52% of Nicaragua’s population had access to improved sanitation facilities. This is still far below the average of its neighbor Latin American countries. Lack of proper sanitation has a tremendous direct and indirect impact on Nicaragua’s development in the areas of health, tourism, and water resources. As of 2013, the economic losses due to the lack of sanitation and hygiene amount to US$ 95 million and is expected to continue growing. This business plan will cover the design and implementation ECOSAN, a low cost, high quality compost toilet, which will be sold to low-income local entrepreneurs who will become franchise partners. The franchisees are responsible for managing the usage of the toilets in local poor communities. These entrepreneurs will receive training on how to convert the compost into organic fertilizer which could further be sold to local farms or be locally used.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-01-13T16:49:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Viviane Aparecida da Silva Paiva - 2016.pdf: 14502068 bytes, checksum: c00f8b0a5105915b5a7d62f2cc48974b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com), reason: on 2017-01-13T16:50:30Z (GMT) / Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-01-13T16:50:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Viviane Aparecida da Silva Paiva - 2016.pdf: 14502068 bytes, checksum: c00f8b0a5105915b5a7d62f2cc48974b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-01-13T16:50:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Viviane Aparecida da Silva Paiva - 2016.pdf: 14502068 bytes, checksum: c00f8b0a5105915b5a7d62f2cc48974b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-13T16:50:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Viviane Aparecida da Silva Paiva - 2016.pdf: 14502068 bytes, checksum: c00f8b0a5105915b5a7d62f2cc48974b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-06 / Studies of ancient Egypt has traditionally figured in the curriculum of history. The textbooks of history have built representations of Egypt and through them spread a perspective that hides the africanity of Egypt, it hides important chapter of the history of the contributions of African populations to the construction of human societies. This study will analyze these images and also it to propose the development of teaching materials concerning the history of this society that seeks to highlight the africanity of Egypt and the importance of the history of ancient African societies to the deconstruction of racist stereotypes that sought to build a representation of the inferiority of African populations and African descent in relation to European and Euro descendants. Textbooks will be analyzed produced from Law 10.639 / 3: and it will seek to verify that the law has changed or not the images of Egyptian society, if the authors repositioned studies of Egypt in the spirit of the law as and how they did it. / Os estudos sobre o Egito antigo têm, tradicionalmente, figurado nos currículos de história. Os livros didáticos de história têm construído imagens do Egito e através delas disseminado uma perspectiva que oculta a africanidade do Egito, logo oculta importante capítulo da história das contribuições das populações Africanas para a construção das sociedades humanas. Este trabalho buscará analisar estas representações e também propor a elaboração de material didático relativo à história dessa sociedade que busque ressaltar a africanidade do Egito e a importância da história das antigas sociedades africanas para a desconstrução dos estereótipos racistas que procuraram construir uma imagem da inferioridade das populações africanas e afrodescendentes em relação às europeias e euro descendentes. Serão analisados livros didáticos produzidos a partir da lei 10.639/3 e se procurará verificar se a lei alterou ou não as representações da sociedade egípcia, se os autores reposicionaram os estudos sobre o Egito dentro do espírito da lei como e o quanto o fizeram.

<p>This research is interested in the linguistic choices people use to express and negotiate subjective, inter-subjectiveand ideological positions through the graffiti within the confines of selected men's and women's toilets on the UWC main campus. The focus is on attitudes, one aspect of appraisal theory. The aim of investigating the attitudes inherent in the toilet graffiti is to obtain an insight into the evaluative discourse of men and women with regard to their emotional, judgmental and evaluative stance in their writings. This form of analysis is on the level of meaning. Differences with regard to the attitudinal content in terms of occurrence (quantitative) and content (qualitative) are investigated. The data shows that &lsquo / male&rsquo / (gender) are implicit when expressing emotions, whereas female is explicit in its expression of emotions. In addition, in terms of the evaluation of emotions, the data indicates that &lsquo / females&rsquo / are insecure in terms of their emotional disposition, whereas males mostly express emotions of unhappiness in the toilet graffiti analysed. Both males and females have a tendency to judge each other with regard to their capacities. In terms of judgement of behaviours and things, males can be said to have interesting and even creative ways of evaluation, which include punctuation, taboo varieties and pictures.</p>

Cities are concentrations of diverse populations that undergo continual transformation over time. This thesis deals with the question, how does the individual make place in a constantly changing environment? The entry point for this study was looking at neglected places in urban environments. I looked specifically at the Don River Valley in Toronto, Ontario and how it has developed as an open-ended and complex system. The site research is presented through a series of stories describing specific events or places in the Don Valley that have taken place over the past 200 years. This thesis offers a mongrel approach to design for a site within the Don Valley. “The Mongrel Approach” is an opportunistic way of building that is committed to survival and open as to how this can be achieved. The design proposes a series of intimate yet public infrastructural devices; a toilet, water fountain, shelter and bridge that are presented in a set of hand drawings as well as through an “Explanatory Tale.” A magpie narrates this short story, which is part true, part fiction and part wishful thinking. As the earth’s population becomes more urban than rural and increasingly mobile, contemporary cities are becoming home to a diverse range of individuals with complex and layered identities. The Mongrel Approach offers a way of building that can handle difference and contradiction and accommodate incongruous or inharmonious parts. It positions the designer as a conjurer or first mover. This thesis proposes Mongrel buildings that respond to change by transforming slowly and incrementally over time with the involvement of multiple authors; but at each moment, a register of time and human ritual.

Hos barn med utvecklingsstörning och autism är kontrollen över blåsan och tarmen försenad i varierande grad. Syfte: Att utvärdera hur föräldrars upplevelse av sitt barns förmåga gällande toalettbesök samt blås- ochtarmkontroll har förändrats sedan avslutad föräldracirkel. Metod: Deskriptiv studie. Enkäter till samtliga föräldrar (n=64) som deltagit i föräldracirkeln vid Habiliteringen för barn ochvuxna i Uppsala län, åren 2002-2010. Svarsfrekvensen var 27 av 64 (42 %). Enkäten innehöll femton slutna frågor rörande barnens förmågor, två frågor omföräldrarnas behållning samt två öppna frågor om vad som var bra respektive saknades. Huvudresultat: Majoriteten av föräldrarna upplever att barnens förmågor har blivit bättre vad gäller toalettbesök, bortsett från förmågan att torka sig ordentligt efter att ha bajsat. Majoriteten av föräldrarna upplever även en förbättring av barnets förmågor vid blås- och tarmkontroll. En stor del av föräldrarna anser att föräldracirkeln gett dem stöd samt att de kunnat omvandla de råd de fått. Det som föräldrarna uppskattade med föräldracirkeln var bland annat informationen, verktygen, kunskapen samt möjligheten till utbyte av erfarenheter. Det föräldrarna däremot saknade var uppföljning och utvärdering. Vissa uttryckte ett behov av mer tid för diskussion samt individanpassat stöd. Det fanns även föräldrar som upplevde att föräldracirkeln inte gav dem vare sig stöd eller hjälp. Slutsats: Idag ger föräldracirkeln positiva upplevelser för majoriteten av deltagarna. Detta i sig ger föräldracirkeln ett värde. Det finns dock delar i utformningen som bör förbättras för att tillmötesgå fler föräldrars behov. / The bladder and bowel control is delayed in different extent in children with mental retardation and autism. Aim: To evaluate how parents experience if their child’s ability, regarding toileting and bladder and bowel control, has changed since the end of parental study circle. Method: Descriptive study. Questionnaires were sent to all parents (n=64) who participated in the parental study circle organized by the Habilitation centre in Uppsala, during 2002-2010. Fifteen closed questions concerning children's abilities, two questions on the parents’ benefits, and two open questions about what was good and was missing. The respond rate was 27 of 64 (42 %). Primary results: After the parental study circle the majority of parents feel that their children’s abilities have improved in terms of toileting, apart from the ability to wipe themselves properly after defecation. The majority of parents also experience an improvement in the child's abilities regarding the bladder and bowel control. Many parents believed that the parental study circle gave them support and that they could apply the advice they received. The parents appreciated the information, tools, knowledge and opportunity to exchange experiences. The parents, however, missed follow-up and evaluation. Some expressed a need for more time for discussion and individual support. There were also parents who felt that the parental study circle had not given them support or assistance. Conclusion: Today the parental study circle was experienced positively by the majority of the participants. This in itself gives the parental study circle a value. However, there are some parts that could be improved to meet the needs of parents.

Bakgrund: Potträningen har de senaste decennierna senarelagts. Svenska barn blir i genomsnitt kontinenta vid tre års ålder trots att barn kan uppnå blåskontroll redan under spädbarnstiden. Sen potträning kan leda till fysiska och psykiska komplikationer. Att potträningen har senarelagts kan bland annat bero på att föräldrar har svårt att bedöma när barn är redo för potträning. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilken information som ges kring potträning från BVC (barnavårdscentral) -sjuksköterskor och vad den informationen baserades på. Metod: Studien var deskriptiv, jämförande med kombinerad kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod och inkluderade 58 respondenter. Resultat: Majoriteten av BVC-sjuksköterskorna ansåg att potträning var ett viktigt ämne och de saknade tydliga riktlinjer om potträning. Information om potträning till föräldrarna baserades på egen inhämtad kunskap och erfarenhet. Nästan hälften av BVC-sjuksköterskorna upplevde att föräldrar var osäkra på när och hur de skulle potträna sina barn. Majoriteten ansåg att barn kunde börja pottränas mellan 6-12 månaders ålder. Den vanligaste informationen som gavs till föräldrar om potträning handlade om att invänta barnets mognad och intresse, vänja sig vid pottan på ett lekfullt sätt, göra potträningen till en positiv naturlig del av dagen och skapa rutiner. Slutsats: Eftersom det saknas riktlinjer om potträning finns ett stort behov av kvalitetssäkrade anvisningar. I Rikshandboken i barnhälsovård borde det finnas information om när potträning kan startas samt råd om hur föräldrar kan gå tillväga med potträningen. Mer stöd och information om potträning från BVC skulle underlätta för föräldrarna att hjälpa sina barn att bli fria från blöjorna. / Background:Children’s toilet training has in recent decades been postponed in Sweden.Children are on average continent by the age of three, whereas they are able toachieve bladder control already during infancy. Late toilet training can leadto both physical and psychological complications. One reason why toilettraining has been postponed may be due to parents finding it difficult toassess when the child is ready to be toilet trained. Objective: The objective of this research paper is to study theinformation BVC (Child Health Care Center) nurses provide to parents abouttoilet training and to find out what the information is based on. Method: The study employs descriptiveand comparative approaches combined with quantitative and qualitative methods.The questionnaire to Child Health Care Center nurses was filled in by 58respondents. Results: The majorityof Child Health Care Center nurses thought that toilet training was animportant topic and they said they would need clear and concise guidelines ontoilet training. It transpired that the information about toilet trainingnurses have been providing to parents is based on nurses’ own knowledge andexperience acquired over time. Almost half of the Child Health Care Centernurses that responded to the questionnaire had experienced that parents wereuncertain about when and how to potty train their children. The majority of therespondent nurses felt that children could start toilet training between 6-12months of age. The most common advice given to parents about toilet trainingwas waiting for the child's maturity and interest in using the potty, getting usedto the potty in a playful way, making toilet training a positive natural partof the day and creating routines. Conclusion:There are no official set guidelines on toilet training, whereas there is agreat need for them. Thus, Rikshandboken should include a respective chapter, stating,among other things, when toilet training should be started as well as givingadvice on how parents can proceed with toilet training. The Child Health CareCenters should provide parents with more support and information about toilettraining so that parents can help their children to become free from thediapers at an earlier age.

<p>This research is interested in the linguistic choices people use to express and negotiate subjective, inter-subjectiveand ideological positions through the graffiti within the confines of selected men's and women's toilets on the UWC main campus. The focus is on attitudes, one aspect of appraisal theory. The aim of investigating the attitudes inherent in the toilet graffiti is to obtain an insight into the evaluative discourse of men and women with regard to their emotional, judgmental and evaluative stance in their writings. This form of analysis is on the level of meaning. Differences with regard to the attitudinal content in terms of occurrence (quantitative) and content (qualitative) are investigated. The data shows that &lsquo / male&rsquo / (gender) are implicit when expressing emotions, whereas female is explicit in its expression of emotions. In addition, in terms of the evaluation of emotions, the data indicates that &lsquo / females&rsquo / are insecure in terms of their emotional disposition, whereas males mostly express emotions of unhappiness in the toilet graffiti analysed. Both males and females have a tendency to judge each other with regard to their capacities. In terms of judgement of behaviours and things, males can be said to have interesting and even creative ways of evaluation, which include punctuation, taboo varieties and pictures.</p>

Learners at the public schools of North West Province in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda Education region, within the Matlosana Local municipality’s municipal area of jurisdiction, are exposed to unhygienic health hazard conditions due to insufficient toilet facilities used by a large number of learners and poor health conditions resulting out of it, which might cause and spread health related diseases to the users of these toilet facilities. The primary objective of this research was to investigate the nature and extent of the provisioning and maintenance of toilet facilities in the public schools within the Matlosana Local Municipality’s municipal area. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to obtain information from 57 respondents who comprised of the 3 schools principals who constituted 5% of the research population, 18 educators who constituted 32% and 36 learners who constituted 63%, all totalling 100% of the research sample size, at Are-Fadimeheng; Dominion Reefs and Nkagisang public schools. The findings revealed that the majority, which is 85% of the research population (learners and educators) as users of these facilities are affected and were generally unhappy about the prevailing conditions of the school toilet facilities. This they attribute to lack of proper budgeting as the main cause. The most aggravating factor is the absence of a janitor with plumbing skills to look after the schools’ toilet facilities. Findings highlighted that school learners and educators deserve as their human right to live under acceptable health conditions and clean environment. However it is the responsibility of the Government to expand the existing schools toilet structures which are in line with the National Building regulation ratio of 1:25 of users per toilet as recommended by Department of Water Affairs (DWA), to ensure health for all. The results of this study can assist the government to embark on strategic intervention programmes that can improve conditions of public schools toilet facilities in the North West Province, South Africa to meet the Millenium Development Goals (MDG) target in addressing sanitation backlogs by half in 2015. Conclusions for the study were drawn and recommendations were made for the improvement of conditions in the Public Schools Toilet facilities. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.