This text is dealing with the intersection of three main elements: abstraction, geometrical form and distortion. Together these three paths forms garments around and in relation to the body. Throughout the project body is reduced into rectangular planes and cylinders. To reduce body into geometrical shapes can be explained as a method or a system through which body is approach as a neutral form. Because body is the source for abstraction, this approach can be applied to any part of the body and repeated in various compositions as it will always relate to a body form in some ways. The project also focuses on how to build holistic compositions through hues. Geometrically reduced body shapes are arranged through three dimensional compositions in which relationships between dominant, subdominant and subordinate forms are specifically in focus. Garments are embodied through weaving, Dominant and subdominant forms are investigated through distortion as a result of leaving warp and weft threads unattached in certain areas in the woven material. The technique expresses both organic and geometric in the material itself. In combination with colour blocks and panels and cylinders as forms, the technique was able to be translated into wearable forms. The project was developed as a dialogue between intuitive search and an intelligent reflective approach to outcomes. Because the projects put strong focus on subconscious notion of form emotions and senses plays an important role as guidance throughout the project. Findings are presented in collection of ten outfits where aesthetic qualities of form are put as a primary factor. / Program: Konstnärlig masterutbildning i mode- och textildesign

The current study lays the groundwork for a model of Mandarin tones based on both native speakers' and non-native speakers' perception and production. It demonstrates that there is variability in non-native speakers' tone productions and that there are differences in the perceptual boundaries in native speakers and non-native speakers. There are four experiments in this study. Experiment 1 utilizes native speakers' production data from a published speech database to explore the features of tone production by native speakers. Inter-speaker normalization is used to analyze the data. Experiment 2 synthesizes 81 tones that are carried by four sentences to measure perception by native and non-native speakers. The intra-speaker and inter-speaker normalization is used to investigate the perceptual space of T1, T2, T3, and T4. The researcher also explores the salient features distinguish native speakers' and non-native speakers' perception of the four principal tones. Experiment 3 uses both synthesized tones and natural tones that are carried by sentences to explore how pitch values of tones create overlapping areas in the perceptual map. Experiment 4 examines tone production by non-native speakers to identify the differences between native speakers' perception and non-native speakers' production; and the differences between non-native speakers' perception and their production of tones. The results of the perception and production experiments with native speakers show the perceptual boundaries and tonal categories in the perceptual space and the production space. The difference of native speakers' perception and production shows us the perceptual cue for perception. Meanwhile, the similarities of native speakers' perception and production reveal the acoustic cues, including register and contour, for tone perception and production. The results of the perception experiments with non-native speakers indicate that there are no clear boundaries, and that tone overlap in the perceptual space. Register plays an important role in the perception of tones by non-native speakers. The results of non-native speaker production also show overlapping tones in the acoustic space. The non-native speaker production appears to be determined by the contour of the tones in contrast both the contour and register determine the tonal categories of native speaker.

<p>The aim with this thesis is to develop a plugin; Lovefish, for the purpose of allowing non-realistic renderings (NPR) for visualisation in Newtek Lightwave3D. The main purpose with Lovefish is to offer textured tones, something that has not been offered before by any previously existing shader for Lightwav3D. The textured tones are a substantially widening of what is possible to imitate in the field of classical art techniques. Among others has a number of SIGGRAPH papers has been the foundation and a source of inspiration for what has been achieve in this project. Further has this thesis treated a number of questions: what is non-photorealistic rendering is and how it works; an overview of the Lightwave3Ds software development kit (SDK).</p>

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique which is robust against multipath fading and very easy to implement in transmitters and receivers using the inverse fast Fourier transform and the fast Fourier transform. A guard interval using cyclic prefix is inserted in each OFDM symbol to avoid the inter-symbol interference. This guard interval should be at least equal to, or longer than the maximum delay spread of the channel to combat against inter-symbol interference properly.<p> In coherent detection, channel estimation is required for the data detection of OFDM systems to equalize the channel effects. One of the popular techniques is to insert pilot tones (reference signals) in OFDM symbols. In conventional method, pilot tones are inserted into every OFDM symbols. Channel capacity is wasted due to the transmission of a large number of pilot tones. To overcome this transmission loss, incoherent data detection is introduced in OFDM systems, where it is not needed to estimate the channel at first. We use differential modulation based incoherent detection in this thesis for the data detection of OFDM systems. Data can be encoded in the relative phase of consecutive OFDM symbols (inter-frame modulation) or in the relative phase of an OFDM symbol in adjacent subcarriers (in-frame modulation). We use higher order differential modulation for in-frame modulation to compare the improvement of bit error rate. It should be noted that the single differential modulation scheme uses only one pilot tone, whereas the double differential uses two pilot tones and so on. Thus overhead due to the extra pilot tones in conventional methods are minimized and the detection delay is reduced. It has been observed that the single differential scheme works better in low SNRs (Signal to Noise Ratios) with low channel taps and the double differential works better at higher SNRs. Simulation results show that higher order differential modulation schemes don¡¯t have any further advantages. For inter-frame modulation, we use single differential modulation where only one OFDM symbol is used as a reference symbol. Except the reference symbol, no other overhead is required. We also perform channel estimation using differential modulation. Channel estimation using differential modulation is very easy and channel coefficients can be estimated very accurately without increasing any computational complexity. Our simulation results show that the mean square channel estimation error is about ¡¼10¡½^(-2) at an SNR of 30 dB for double differential in-frame modulation scheme, whereas channel estimation error is about ¡¼10¡½^(-4) for single differential inter-frame modulation. Incoherent data detection using classical DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) causes an SNR loss of approximately 3 dB compared to coherent detection. But in our method, differential detection can estimate the channel coefficients very accurately and our estimated channel can be used in simple coherent detection to improve the system performance and minimize the SNR loss that happens in conventional method.

The aim with this thesis is to develop a plugin; Lovefish, for the purpose of allowing non-realistic renderings (NPR) for visualisation in Newtek Lightwave3D. The main purpose with Lovefish is to offer textured tones, something that has not been offered before by any previously existing shader for Lightwav3D. The textured tones are a substantially widening of what is possible to imitate in the field of classical art techniques. Among others has a number of SIGGRAPH papers has been the foundation and a source of inspiration for what has been achieve in this project. Further has this thesis treated a number of questions: what is non-photorealistic rendering is and how it works; an overview of the Lightwave3Ds software development kit (SDK).

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique which is robust against multipath fading and very easy to implement in transmitters and receivers using the inverse fast Fourier transform and the fast Fourier transform. A guard interval using cyclic prefix is inserted in each OFDM symbol to avoid the inter-symbol interference. This guard interval should be at least equal to, or longer than the maximum delay spread of the channel to combat against inter-symbol interference properly.<p> In coherent detection, channel estimation is required for the data detection of OFDM systems to equalize the channel effects. One of the popular techniques is to insert pilot tones (reference signals) in OFDM symbols. In conventional method, pilot tones are inserted into every OFDM symbols. Channel capacity is wasted due to the transmission of a large number of pilot tones. To overcome this transmission loss, incoherent data detection is introduced in OFDM systems, where it is not needed to estimate the channel at first. We use differential modulation based incoherent detection in this thesis for the data detection of OFDM systems. Data can be encoded in the relative phase of consecutive OFDM symbols (inter-frame modulation) or in the relative phase of an OFDM symbol in adjacent subcarriers (in-frame modulation). We use higher order differential modulation for in-frame modulation to compare the improvement of bit error rate. It should be noted that the single differential modulation scheme uses only one pilot tone, whereas the double differential uses two pilot tones and so on. Thus overhead due to the extra pilot tones in conventional methods are minimized and the detection delay is reduced. It has been observed that the single differential scheme works better in low SNRs (Signal to Noise Ratios) with low channel taps and the double differential works better at higher SNRs. Simulation results show that higher order differential modulation schemes don¡¯t have any further advantages. For inter-frame modulation, we use single differential modulation where only one OFDM symbol is used as a reference symbol. Except the reference symbol, no other overhead is required. We also perform channel estimation using differential modulation. Channel estimation using differential modulation is very easy and channel coefficients can be estimated very accurately without increasing any computational complexity. Our simulation results show that the mean square channel estimation error is about ¡¼10¡½^(-2) at an SNR of 30 dB for double differential in-frame modulation scheme, whereas channel estimation error is about ¡¼10¡½^(-4) for single differential inter-frame modulation. Incoherent data detection using classical DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) causes an SNR loss of approximately 3 dB compared to coherent detection. But in our method, differential detection can estimate the channel coefficients very accurately and our estimated channel can be used in simple coherent detection to improve the system performance and minimize the SNR loss that happens in conventional method.

In this dissertation, multicarrier schemes are reviewed within the framework of Gabor Systems. Their fundamental elements; what to transmit, i.e., symbols, how to transmit, i.e., filters or pulse shape, and where/when to transmit, i.e., lattices are investigated extensively. The relations between different types of multicarrier schemes are discussed. Within the framework of Gabor systems, a new windowing approach, edge windowing, is developed to address the out-of-band (OOB) radiation problem of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based multicarrier schemes. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, the diversity on the range of the users is exploited to suppress the sidelobes of OFDM. In addition to that, the concept of using different filters in OFDM structure is proposed. Besides the improvement on the OOB radiation performance of OFDM via edge windowing, conventional lattice structure of OFDM frame is enhanced considering the diversity in the network. The lattice structure of an OFDM frame is designed based on the statistical characteristics of the range of the users and the mobility. The concept of channel-aware frame structure is developed, which allows more efficient and reliable transmission. In addition to the aforementioned improvements on OFDM, interference issues in uncoordinated networks are addressed in this dissertation considering different multicarrier schemes. It is stressed that the interference from other links in the network sharing the same spectrum might degrade the link performance between the devices in an uncoordinated network, significantly. Considering the degradation due to other-user interference, the concept of partially overlapping tones (POT) is proposed. With the concept of partially overlapping tones, the interference energy observed at the victim receiver is mitigated via an intentional frequency offset between the links. The usefulness of intentional frequency offset to combat with the asynchronous nature of other-user interference without any timing constraint between interfering signals is emphasized. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, the efficacy of non-orthogonal schemes are shown along with POT to address the other-user interference, which relies on the fact that self-interference problem is easier than other-user interference problem in an uncoordinated network. In the last part of this dissertation, required number of equalizer taps for multicarrier schemes is investigated to address the potential self-interference problems (e.g. due to the non-orthogonal multicarrier schemes with the concept of POT). Composite impact of transmit pulse shape, communication medium, and receive filter on the characteristics of the interference among the symbols in time and frequency is analyzed. It is emphasized that while taking less number of taps into account for the channel estimation causes lack of description of the composite effect, using more number of taps folds the noise into the estimated channel. The number of interfering symbols and their locations are obtained in both time and frequency for a given multicarrier scheme and signal-to-noise ratio. It is shown that correct number of taps yields not only improvement on BER performance but also less complex equalizer structures in practice.

The noise coming from wind power development can be an environmental impact forthe surrounding communities. It is well known that the main wind turbine noise iscaused by the movement of the turbine wings through the air. However, there areuncertainties about the importance of machinery sounds and possible variations amongwind turbines. A high resolution acquisition system was used to perform a fieldexperiment comparison of the noise spectra from some wind turbines at Laholm(Sweden). The results have shown different band spectra peaks associated to machinerysounds among wind turbines from the same model and also from those of differentmanufactures. Maintenance conditions of these wind turbines could explain thedifferences in intensity and frequency locations of the band spectra peaks found. Inorder to know the importance for human audition of these peaks, listening test or doseresponsestudies would be needed to provide relevant information in this regard. Themethodology developed in this study is suggested to be useful for identifying certainmachinery failures which could corrupt the noise sounds emitted at certain wind turbinelocations.

The current study examines the effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and menstrual cycle phase on psychophysiologic reactivity to a loud tones task in a population of female trauma survivors. Estradiol and progesterone fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle; prior research has shown the variety of effects these hormones have on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis, glucocorticoids, stress and anxiety homeostasis, and conditionability. We hypothesized greater reactivity for participants with PTSD, and that menstrual cycle would moderate the effects of PTSD and performance on the loud tones task. Results indicated heart rate was higher in participants in the mid-luteal phase than early follicular phase. Several results were surprising, including that participants with PTSD demonstrated less startle reactivity and faster habituation (as measured using the left orbicularis electromyogram (O-EMG) measure) than participants in the trauma control group for. Considerations are made for demographics, sample size, and the number of potential underlying mechanisms for PTSD.

Abstract Oversampling data converters based on Delta-Sigma modulation are a popular solution for modern high-resolution applications. In the design of digital-to-analog or analog-to-digital Delta-sigma converters there are common obstacles due to the difficulties on predicting and verifying their performance. Being a highly nonlinear system, a Delta-Sigma modulator’s (DSM) quantization noise and therefore the spurious tones are difficult to analyze and predict. Multi-bit DACs can be used to improve the performance and linearize the behavior of DSMs. However, this will give rise to the need for linearizing the multi-bit DAC. A popular DAC linearization method, data weighted averaging (DWA) shapes the DAC mismatch noise spectrum. There are many variants of DWA, for low-pass and band-pass DSMs. This thesis proposes a generalization which integrates a few published variants into one, broader DWA scheme. The generalization enables expanding the tone-suppression studies into a larger concept. The performance of one- or multibit DSMs is usually verified by simulations. This thesis proposes a simulation-based qualification (characterization) method that can be used to repeatedly verify and compare the performance of multibit DSM with a DAC mismatch shaping or scrambling scheme. The last contribution of this thesis is a very simple model for tonal behavior. The model enables accurate prediction of spurious tones from both DSMs and DWA-DACs. The model emulates the tone behavior by its true birth-mechanism: frequency modulation. The proposed prediction model for tone-behavior can be used for developing new tone-cancelation methods. Based on the model, a DWA linearization method is also proposed. / Tiivistelmä Delta-Sigma modulaatio on suosituin tekniikka ylinäytteistävissä datan muuntimissa. Riippumatta toteutustarkoituksesta (analogia-digitaali- tai digitaali-analogia-muunnos), Delta-Sigma (DS) modulaatiossa on yleisesti tunnettuja käyttäytymisen ennustamiseen liittyviä ongelmia. Nämä ongelmat ovat peräisin modulaattorin luontaisesta epälineaarisuudesta: DS-muunnin on nimittäin vahvasti epälineaarinen takaisinkytketty systeemi, jonka harhatoistojen ennustaminen ja analysointi on erittäin hankalaa. Yksibittisestä monibittiseen DS-muuntimeen siirryttäessä muuntimen suorituskyky paranee, ja muuntimen kohinakäyttäytyminen on lineaarisempaa. Tämä kuitenkin kostautuu tarpeena linearisoida DS-muuntimen digitaali-analogia (D/A) muunnin. Tällä hetkellä tunnetuin linearisointimenetelmä on nimeltään DWA (data weighted averaging) algoritmi. Tässä työssä DWA:lle ja sen lukuisille varianteille esitellään eräänlainen yleistys, jonka avulla algoritmia voidaan soveltaa sekä alipäästö- että kaistanpäästö-DS-muuntimelle. Kuten tunnettua, DS-modulaattorin analyyttinen tarkastelu on raskasta. Yksi- ja monibittisten DS-muuntimien suunnitellun käyttäytymisen varmistaminen tapahtuukin yleensä simulointien avulla. Työssä esitetään simulointiperiaate, jolla voidaan kvalifioida (karakterisoida) monibittinen DS-muunnin. Tarkemmin, kvalifioinnin kohteena on DWA:n kaltaiset D/A -muuntimien linearisointimentelmät. Kyseessä on pyrkimys ennen kaikkea toistettavaan menetelmään, jolla eri menetelmiä voidaan verrata nopeasti ja luotettavasti. Tämän väitöstyön viimeinen kontribuutio on matemaattinen malli harhatoistojen syntymekanismille. Mallilla sekä DS-muunnoksen että DWA-D/A -muunnokseen liittyvät harhatoistot voidaan ennustaa tarkasti. Harhatoistot mallinnetaan yksinkertaisella havaintoihin perustuvalla FM-modulaatiokaavalla. Syntymekanismin mallinnus mahdollistaa DS-muuntimien ennustettavuuden ja täten auttaa harhatoiston kumoamismenetelmien kehittämistä. Työssä esitetään yksi matemaattisen mallin avulla kehitetty DWA-D/A -muunnoksen linearisointimenetelmä.