The mammalian central nervous system maintains a delicate balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition. Conventional synaptic inhibition is mediated through the transient activity of postsynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at type A GABA (GABAA) receptors. A subset of GABAA receptors is also located outside of inhibitory synapses. These extrasynaptic receptors generate a tonic inhibitory conductance in response to low concentrations of extracellular GABA. Tonic inhibition broadly suppresses neuronal activity and regulates many vital processes such as sleep, consciousness and memory formation. This thesis examines the physiological effects of tonic inhibition at the cellular level and in the behaving animal. This thesis also explores whether gabapentin, a commonly used sedative, anxiolytic, and analgesic drug, enhances tonic GABAergic inhibition. I hypothesize that: (1) tonic GABAA receptor activity reduces the intrinsic excitability of neurons; (2) the activity of tonically active GABAA receptors in spinal pain pathways attenuates nociception; and (3) tonic inhibition can be upregulated by gabapentin. The results show that a tonic inhibitory current generated by α5 subunit-containing GABAA (α5GABAA) receptors reduces the excitability of hippocampal pyramidal neurons excitability by increasing the rheobase, but does not change the gain of action potential firing. A similar shunting inhibition is present in spinal cord lamina II neurons that is generated by δ subunit-containing GABAA receptors. The activity of these receptors in spinal nociceptive pathways reduces acute thermal nociception and may constrain central sensitization in a behavioural model of persistent pain. Finally, gabapentin increases a tonic inhibitory current in cultured hippocampal neurons independent from changes in the expression of α5GABAA receptors or in the concentration of GABAA receptor ligands. The results of this thesis demonstrate that tonically active GABAA receptors play an important role in the regulation of neuronal activity and nociception, and that tonic inhibition represents a novel target of therapeutic drugs.

Submitted by Vitor Rosa de Almeida null (allmeidavitor@hotmail.com ) on 2017-12-15T19:07:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE NICOLE VITOR UNESP FCAV.pdf: 1549345 bytes, checksum: 53bbc5cbe6306896dd277fea58064137 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2017-12-18T09:27:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_nr_dr_jabo.pdf: 1549345 bytes, checksum: 53bbc5cbe6306896dd277fea58064137 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-18T09:27:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_nr_dr_jabo.pdf: 1549345 bytes, checksum: 53bbc5cbe6306896dd277fea58064137 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho analisou se duração do período de eclosão entre bicagem externa até a saída do pinto de dentro da casca do ovo, temperatura de criação e idade influenciam o desempenho e comportamento dos frangos de corte. Para análise do desempenho, foi utilizado um delineamento 2x2, sendo período curto (6 a 10h) e longo (20 a 26h) de eclosão e temperatura de criação preferida (determinada em estudo anterior) e recomendada para a linhagem. As frequências dos diferentes comportamentos e a duração do comportamento de ingestão de ração e água foram analisados segundo um delineamento 2x2x3, sendo os dois períodos de eclosão (curto e longo), duas temperaturas de criação (preferida e recomendada) e 3 idades (6, 20 e 41 dias de idade ou 7, 21 e 42 dias). Para isso, ovos férteis de matrizes de frangos de corte (Cobb®-500) com 56 semanas de idade foram incubados à 37,5ºC e 60% de umidade relativa, com giro à cada 2 horas. Após a eclosão, 352 pintos machos foram distribuídos pelo peso corporal (~46g) em 3 três câmaras climáticas: uma mantida na temperatura preferida pelos frangos com curto período de eclosão (8 boxes com 11 aves cada), outra mantida na temperatura preferida pelos frangos com longo período de eclosão (8 boxes com 11 aves cada), e a terceira mantida na temperatura recomendada para a linhagem (8 boxes com 11 aves cada/ período de eclosão). Pintos com longo período de eclosão criados na temperatura preferida apresentaram menor consumo de ração, ganho de peso e peso corporal no período de crescimento, que resultou em seu menor desempenho à idade de abate. Pintos com longo período de eclosão consumiram ração com maior frequência do que os pintos com curto período. Criação na temperatura preferida diminuiu a frequência de consumo de ração e de água e a frequência do comportamento exploratório e aumentou a frequência de repouso dos frangos na primeira semana. Repouso foi o comportamento apresentado com maior frequência pelos frangos em todos os tratamentos e idades analisadas. O consumo de ração e o comportamento exploratório foram apresentados com menor frequência da fase de crescimento do que na primeira semana de vida, enquanto que o comportamento de repouso e o de conforto foram mais frequentes. Houve uma correlação altamente positiva do peso com o tempo de imobilidade tônica dos frangos. Os resultados mostram que pintos com longo período de eclosão são mais ativos na primeira semana de vida, que criação na temperatura preferida não influenciou o desempenho e comportamento dos frangos com curto período de eclosão, mas diminuiu o desempenho dos frangos com longo período de eclosão na última semana de vida. Também é mostrado que frangos diminuem acentuadamente sua atividade com o ganho de peso. / This study investigated whether the duration of hatching period between the external piping and the actual hatching (short: 6 to 10h or long: 20 to 26h) associated with the rearing temperature (preferred and recommended) influence the performance and behavior of broiler chickens. For broiler performance was utilized a factorial experimental design 2x2, consisting of short (6-10h) or long (20-26h) hatching period and preferred (determined in previous study) or recommended rearing temperature. The frequencies of the distinct behaviors and the diet and water intake duration were analyzed according to a factorial experimental design 2x2x3, being the two hatching period (short or long), two rearing temperature (preferred or recommended), and three ages (6, 20 and 41 days or 7, 21 and 42 days). For this purpose, fertile eggs from 56-week-old broiler breeders (Cobb®-500) were incubated at 37.5ºC and 60% RH, with egg rotation every 1 hours. After hatching, 352 male chicks (short and long) were distributed by body weight (~ 46g) in three climatic chambers: one maintained at preferred temperature determined for broilers with short hatching period (8 replicates with 11 broilers each), one maintained at preferred temperature determined for broilers with long hatching period (8 replicates with 11 broilers each), and the third maintained at rearing temperature recommended for the strain (8 replicates with 11 broilers each per hatching period). Broilers with long hatching period and reared under preferred temperature presented lower feed intake, weight gain and body weight in the growth phase, resulting in lower performance at 42 days of age. Broilers with a long hatching period consumed diet more frequently than the broilers with a short hatching period. Preferred rearing temperature reduced the frequency of diet and water consumption and of exploratory behavior, and increased the frequency of resting behavior of the broilers in the first week of age. Resting was the most frequent behavior by broilers in all treatments and ages analyzed. Feed intake and exploratory behavior were presented less frequently in the growth phase than in the first week of life, while resting behavior and comfort behavior were more frequent. There was a highly positive correlation between body weight and tonic immobility time of broilers. The results showed that hatching broilers with a longer hatching period were more active than broilers with a short hatching period in the first week of life, that preferred rearing temperature did not influence performance and behavior of broilers with a short hatching period, but decreased the performance of chickens with a long hatching period in the last week of life. It is also shown that broilers had their activity markedly reduced as they gained weight. / CNPq: 140994/2014-9

Orientador: Isabel Cristina Boleli / Resumo: Este trabalho analisou se duração do período de eclosão entre bicagem externa até a saída do pinto de dentro da casca do ovo, temperatura de criação e idade influenciam o desempenho e comportamento dos frangos de corte. Para análise do desempenho, foi utilizado um delineamento 2x2, sendo período curto (6 a 10h) e longo (20 a 26h) de eclosão e temperatura de criação preferida (determinada em estudo anterior) e recomendada para a linhagem. As frequências dos diferentes comportamentos e a duração do comportamento de ingestão de ração e água foram analisados segundo um delineamento 2x2x3, sendo os dois períodos de eclosão (curto e longo), duas temperaturas de criação (preferida e recomendada) e 3 idades (6, 20 e 41 dias de idade ou 7, 21 e 42 dias). Para isso, ovos férteis de matrizes de frangos de corte (Cobb®-500) com 56 semanas de idade foram incubados à 37,5ºC e 60% de umidade relativa, com giro à cada 2 horas. Após a eclosão, 352 pintos machos foram distribuídos pelo peso corporal (~46g) em 3 três câmaras climáticas: uma mantida na temperatura preferida pelos frangos com curto período de eclosão (8 boxes com 11 aves cada), outra mantida na temperatura preferida pelos frangos com longo período de eclosão (8 boxes com 11 aves cada), e a terceira mantida na temperatura recomendada para a linhagem (8 boxes com 11 aves cada/ período de eclosão). Pintos com longo período de eclosão criados na temperatura preferida apresentaram menor consumo de ração, ganho de peso e peso corporal ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study investigated whether the duration of hatching period between the external piping and the actual hatching (short: 6 to 10h or long: 20 to 26h) associated with the rearing temperature (preferred and recommended) influence the performance and behavior of broiler chickens. For broiler performance was utilized a factorial experimental design 2x2, consisting of short (6-10h) or long (20-26h) hatching period and preferred (determined in previous study) or recommended rearing temperature. The frequencies of the distinct behaviors and the diet and water intake duration were analyzed according to a factorial experimental design 2x2x3, being the two hatching period (short or long), two rearing temperature (preferred or recommended), and three ages (6, 20 and 41 days or 7, 21 and 42 days). For this purpose, fertile eggs from 56-week-old broiler breeders (Cobb®-500) were incubated at 37.5ºC and 60% RH, with egg rotation every 1 hours. After hatching, 352 male chicks (short and long) were distributed by body weight (~ 46g) in three climatic chambers: one maintained at preferred temperature determined for broilers with short hatching period (8 replicates with 11 broilers each), one maintained at preferred temperature determined for broilers with long hatching period (8 replicates with 11 broilers each), and the third maintained at rearing temperature recommended for the strain (8 replicates with 11 broilers each per hatching period). Broilers with long hatching period and reared ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bruneli_fat_dr_jabo.pdf: 373268 bytes, checksum: 1d57a2a24feefaf22e6117902f05bc40 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Sob condições de estresse, as aves apresentam, como resposta corporal, uma série de alterações metabólicas e hormonais a fim de se adaptar às agressões do meio. Para estabelecer a associação das concentrações plasmáticas de corticosterona e prolactina com a característica indicativa de estresse, foram avaliados 21 machos e 22 fêmeas de perdizes (Rhynchotus rufescens) alojados em um galpão avícola convencional. De cada ave, foram efetuadas três medições matinais do tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica, a intervalos de sete dias. Adicionalmente, foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas de aproximadamente 2,0 mL, através da punção da veia braquial, com seringa descartável heparinizada de 3 mL e agulhas 25x7 mm, 15 dias antes da primeira medição do tempo em imobilidade tônica (final de junho), e 3 dias após a última medição (final de julho). As informações prévias sobre produção de ovos pelas fêmeas e fecundação de ovos pelos machos de perdizes, obtidas durante a estação reprodutiva 2002-2003, foram utilizadas para classificação das aves conforme o desempenho produtivo em cativeiro. Nenhum dos efeitos testados para corticosterona foi significativo, em cada um dos sexos. No curto período de 30 dias, houve significativa redução da prolactina circulante no sangue, sendo que os machos variaram de 5,77 a 3,95 ng/mL, enquanto as fêmeas reduziram de 6,03 para 4,44 ng/mL. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa (P>0,05) entre quaisquer das características avaliadas no presente trabalho, tanto em machos quanto em fêmeas. O tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica não foi indicativo do estado de estresse em perdizes criadas em cativeiro. / In many stress conditions, birds presents an organic response with a series of metabolic and hormonal alterations, to become accustomed to environmental agressions. The objective of this study was to associate corticosterone and prolactin plasmatic concentrations with a indicative stress characteristic, evaluating 21 post-breeding partridge males and 22 post-breeding partridge females (Rhynchotus rufescens) carried out in a conventional avian barn. One time per week, during three consecutives weeks, mensurations of tonic immobility response were made in the morning. In addition, blood samples about 2.0 mL were collected via brachial vein punction, using anticoagulating sirynge and 25x7 mm needles, 15 days before first tonic immobility mensuration (end of june-2003), and again three days after last mensuration (end of july-2003). Previous informations about female egg production e male egg fertilization, during 2002-2003 breeding season were used to bird classification by productive performance in captivity. None of effects tested to corticosterone secretion was significative in any sex. Although in a short time period, 30 days approximately, prolactin concentration significative reduced in blood circulation, where males declined from 5.77 to 3.95 ng/mL, and females declined from 6.03 to 4.44 ng/mL. No correlation was find significative (P>0.05) among any evaluated characteristics, for both sexes. Tonic immoblility response was not a stress determination to partridges raised in captivity.

Orientador: Sandra Aidar de Queiroz / Banca: Renato Luis Furlan / Banca: Ramon Diniz Malheiros / Banca: Nilva Aparecida Nicolao Fonseca / Banca: Maria Estela Gaglianone Moro / Resumo: Sob condições de estresse, as aves apresentam, como resposta corporal, uma série de alterações metabólicas e hormonais a fim de se adaptar às agressões do meio. Para estabelecer a associação das concentrações plasmáticas de corticosterona e prolactina com a característica indicativa de estresse, foram avaliados 21 machos e 22 fêmeas de perdizes (Rhynchotus rufescens) alojados em um galpão avícola convencional. De cada ave, foram efetuadas três medições matinais do tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica, a intervalos de sete dias. Adicionalmente, foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas de aproximadamente 2,0 mL, através da punção da veia braquial, com seringa descartável heparinizada de 3 mL e agulhas 25x7 mm, 15 dias antes da primeira medição do tempo em imobilidade tônica (final de junho), e 3 dias após a última medição (final de julho). As informações prévias sobre produção de ovos pelas fêmeas e fecundação de ovos pelos machos de perdizes, obtidas durante a estação reprodutiva 2002-2003, foram utilizadas para classificação das aves conforme o desempenho produtivo em cativeiro. Nenhum dos efeitos testados para corticosterona foi significativo, em cada um dos sexos. No curto período de 30 dias, houve significativa redução da prolactina circulante no sangue, sendo que os machos variaram de 5,77 a 3,95 ng/mL, enquanto as fêmeas reduziram de 6,03 para 4,44 ng/mL. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa (P>0,05) entre quaisquer das características avaliadas no presente trabalho, tanto em machos quanto em fêmeas. O tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica não foi indicativo do estado de estresse em perdizes criadas em cativeiro. / Abstract: In many stress conditions, birds presents an organic response with a series of metabolic and hormonal alterations, to become accustomed to environmental agressions. The objective of this study was to associate corticosterone and prolactin plasmatic concentrations with a indicative stress characteristic, evaluating 21 post-breeding partridge males and 22 post-breeding partridge females (Rhynchotus rufescens) carried out in a conventional avian barn. One time per week, during three consecutives weeks, mensurations of tonic immobility response were made in the morning. In addition, blood samples about 2.0 mL were collected via brachial vein punction, using anticoagulating sirynge and 25x7 mm needles, 15 days before first tonic immobility mensuration (end of june-2003), and again three days after last mensuration (end of july-2003). Previous informations about female egg production e male egg fertilization, during 2002-2003 breeding season were used to bird classification by productive performance in captivity. None of effects tested to corticosterone secretion was significative in any sex. Although in a short time period, 30 days approximately, prolactin concentration significative reduced in blood circulation, where males declined from 5.77 to 3.95 ng/mL, and females declined from 6.03 to 4.44 ng/mL. No correlation was find significative (P>0.05) among any evaluated characteristics, for both sexes. Tonic immoblility response was not a stress determination to partridges raised in captivity. / Doutor

nÃo hà / Sob a perspectiva variacionista, defendida, principalmente, por Weinreich, Labov e Herzog (1968) e Labov (1972, 1994), este estudo aborda a realizaÃÃo variÃvel das vogais mÃdias pretÃnicas /e/ e /o/, em posiÃÃo interconsonÃntica, com o propÃsito de descrever o comportamento variÃvel das vogais mÃdias prÃ-acentuadas na variedade do portuguÃs popular dos fortalezenses. A escolha por um aspecto fÃnico, como matÃria de estudo, justifica-se, em primeiro lugar, por ser o nÃvel fonÃtico o que mais, imediatamente, denuncia as diferenÃas sociais e regionais; e, em segundo, por ser o comportamento das vogais mÃdias pretÃnicas, um dos fatos lingÃÃsticos que permitem reconhecer as diversas Ãreas dialetais do portuguÃs. Os 72 informantes utilizados, nesta pequisa, foram estratificados, igualitariamente, em funÃÃo do sexo, da faixa etÃria e da escolaridade. Nesta anÃlise, foram testados os seguintes fatores: vogal tÃnica, vogal Ãtona seguinte, distÃncia em relaÃÃo à tÃnica, tipo de atonicidade, nasalidade, contexto fonolÃgico precedente e seguinte, tipo de sÃlaba, estrutura morfolÃgica, sexo, faixa etÃria e escolaridade. A hipÃtese principal era a de que a pretÃnica copiava o traÃo de altura da vogal tÃnica. Os resultados obtidos revelam que as variantes abertas, tanto as de /e/ quanto as de /o/, predominam, maciÃamente, sobre as fechadas e altas. Confirmou-se a suspeita de que o fenÃmeno em questÃo à regido, primordialmente, pela harmonizaÃÃo vocÃlica da pretÃnica em relaÃÃo à altura da tÃnica. No entanto, outros fatores, tanto de natureza lingÃÃstica quanto extralingÃÃstica, tambÃm podem favorecer ou desfavorecer a regra variÃvel, dentre os quais, destacam-se: o contexto consonÃntico precedente e seguinte, o tipo de atonicidade, a faixa etÃria e a escolaridade. Pode-se concluir que a variaÃÃo das pretÃnicas se apresenta como um fenÃmeno sistÃmico, ou seja, condicionado, basicamente, por fatores estruturais. / Under the variationist perspective, mainly defended by Weinreich, Labov and Herzog (1968) and Labov (1972, 1994), this study approaches the variable realization of the medium pretonic vowels /e/ and /o/, in interconsonantal position, aiming at describing the variable behavior of the pre-stressed medium vowels in the popular variable of the Portuguese language spoken by the people from the city of Fortaleza. The choice of a phonic aspect for this study is mainly justified by the fact that the phonetic level is the one which immediately shows the social and regional differences; besides, the behavior of the medium pretonic vowels is one of the linguistic facts that permits the recognition of the various dialectal areas of the Portuguese language. The 72 participants in this research were equally stratified, according to gender, age and school level. The following factors were tested in this analysis: tonic vowel, following non-tonic vowel, distance in relation to the tonic, kind of non-tonic vowel, nasality, pre and post phonological context, type of syllable, morphological structure, gender, age and school level. The main hypothesis was that the pre-tonic would copy the pitch feature of the tonic vowel. The results reveal that the open variable vowels, the /e/ and the /o/, appear in a greater number than the closed and high ones. We confirmed the idea that this phenomenon is mainly led by the vocalic harmonization of the pre-tonic related to the height of the tonic one. However, there are other factors, either linguistic or extra-linguistic, that can either favor or not the variable rule. Some of these factors are: the pre and post consonant context, the type of unstressed vowels, the age and the school level. Thus, the pre-tonics variation is a systemic phenomenon, that is, it is basically conditioned by structural factors.

Conditionnement à la peur est un paradigme réussi pour comprendre les substrats neuronaux de l’apprentissage et de l’émotion. Dans cette thèse, je présente deux modèles informatiques des structures du cerveau qui sous-tendent l'acquisition de la peur conditionnée. Le première modèle est utilisé pour enquêter sur l’effet des changements de l’inhibition tonique sur le traitement des informations reçues. On confirme que la diminution de l’inhibition tonique d’une population augmente la réactivité du réseau. Ensuite, le modèle est analysé d’une perspective fonctionnelle et des prédictions qui découlent de cette proposition sont discutées. En outre, je présenterai un modèle systématique, basé sur un type de modèle de conditionnement récemment introduit utilisant des variables latentes. Je propose que l’interaction entre les neurones dans l’amygdale basale code pour l’interface entre ces variables latentes. Le modèle couvre une large gamme d’effets et l’analyse produit un certain nombre de prédictions vérifiables. / Fear conditioning is a successful paradigm for studying neural substrates of emotional learning. In this thesis, two computational models of the underlying neural circuitry are presented. First, the effects of changes in neuronal membrane conductance on input processing are analyzed in a biologically realistic model. We show that changes in tonic inhibitory conductance increase the responsiveness of the network to inputs. Then, the model is analyzed from a functional perspective and predictions that follow from this proposition are discussed. Next, a systems level model is presented based on a recent high-level approach to conditioning. It is proposed that the interaction between fear and extinction neurons in the basal amygdala is a neural substrate of the switching between latent states, allowing the animal to infer causal structure. Important behavioral and physiological results are reproduced and predictions and questions that follow from the main hypothesis are considered.

This dissertation explores the influence of melody on harmonic function in pop and rock songs from around 1950 to the present. While authors define the term "function" in several ways, none consider melody in their explanations, and I contend that any discussion of harmonic function in rock must include melody. I offer a novel perspective on function by defining it through what I call tension-as-anticipation, and I define a "melodic function" that accounts for the sense of tension and relaxation a melody creates within a particular moment in a track. My dissertation defines two types of melodic function—dominant and tonic—based on the melody's goal-directed scale-degree content, position within a phrase, and relation with the harmony. Dominant-melodic function results in two musical phenomena that I call the "imposed dominant" and the "dominant remainder." An imposed dominant occurs when a dominant-melodic function is initially dissonant with the harmony and resolves over a tonic. A dominant remainder occurs when a dominant-melodic function occurs over a harmonic resolution to the tonic, creating a slower dissipation of tension. Tonic-melodic function produces a phenomenon I call the "tonic anticipation," where a melody outlines a tonic mode over a pretonic harmony, creating a maximum sense of tension-as-anticipation. By including melody in considering harmonic function, we can more adequately describe the cycles of tension and resolution found in pop styles.

This thesis presents the development of integrated silicon photonic devices. These devices are compatible with the present and near future CMOS technology. High-khorizontal grating couplers and waveguides are proposed. This work consists of simulations and device design, as well as the layout for the fabrication process, device fabrication, process development, characterization instrument development and electro-optical characterizations. The work demonstrates an alternative solution to costly silicon-on-insulator photonics. The proposed solution uses bulk silicon wafers and thin film deposited waveguides. Back-end deposited horizontal slot grating couplers and waveguides are realized by multi-layers of amorphous silicon and high-k materials. The achievements of this work include: A theoretical study of fully etched slot grating couplers with Al2O3, HfO2 and AIN, an optical study of the high-k films with spectroscopic ellipsometry, an experimental demonstration of fully etched SiO2 single slot grating couplers and double slot Al2O3 grating couplers, a practical demonstration of horizontal double slot high-k waveguides, partially etched Al2O3 single slot grating couplers, a study of a scheme for integration of the double slot Al2O3  waveguides with selectively grown germanium PIN photodetectors, realization of test chips for the integrated germanium photodetectors, and study of integration with graphene photodetectors through embedding the graphene into a high-k slot layer. From an application point of view, these high-k slot waveguides add more functionality to the current silicon photonics. The presented devices can be used for low cost photonics applications. Also alternative optical materials can be used in the context of this photonics platform. With the robust design, the grating couplers result in improved yield and a more cost effective solution is realized for integration of the waveguides with the germanium and graphene photodetectors. / <p>QC 20141114</p>