Tsirelson's bound is the upper bound for a Bell inequality which is valid for all quantum mechanical systems. We discuss why Tsirelson's bound was developed by looking at some historical arguments in quantum physics, such as the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox, an argument for the quantum mechanical description of physical reality being incomplete, and local hidden variables. We present the counterargument to those theories, Bell's inequality, which later expanded to include any inequality that a local system fulfills, but that an entangled quantum system can violate. We present the proof of two specific Bell inequalities: the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality and the I3322 inequality. Then the Tsirelson's bound for the CHSH inequality is proven with a simple system of two entangled spin-1/2 particles and with a general argument that is valid for all entangled systems. We give the upper quantum bound for the generalized CHSH inequality, which describes the situation that we have more than two measurement options, by using semidefinite programming. We prove the Tsirelson's bound for the I3322 inequality by using maximally entangled systems and semidefinite programming. Finally, we discuss the upper bounds that are obtained from these different methods. / Tsirelson's gräns är den övre gränsen till en Bell olikhet som är giltig för alla kvantmekaniska system. Vi diskuterar varför Tsirelson's gräns togs fram genom att titta på histroiska argument i kvantfysik, så som Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradoxen, ett argument som säger att den kvantmekaniska beskrivningen av den fysikaliska verkligheten är offulständig, och lokala gömda variabler. Vi presenterar motargumentet till dessa teorier, Bell's olikheter, som senare generaliserades för att betyda alla olikheter som lokala system uppfyller, men som ett system i kvantsammanflättning kan bryta. Vi presenterar beviset för två specifika Bell olikheter: CHSH olikheten och I3322 olikheten. Sedan bevisas Tsirelson's gräns för CHSH olikheten med ett enkelt system av två sammanflättade spin-1/2 partiklar och ett generellt argument som stämmer för alla sammanflättade system. Vi ger den övre kvant gränsen för den generaliserade Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) olikheten, som beskriver situationen då vi har flera valmöjligheter för mätningar, genom att använda semidefinit programmering. Vi bevisar Tsirelson's gräns för I3322 olikheten genom att använda maximalt sammanflättade system och semidefinit programmering. Till slut diskuterar vi de övre gränserna som har erhållits ifrån de olika metoderna.

The purpose of the present thesis is to study the influence of Proton Exchange on Electric Field assisted Poling of congruent Lithium Niobate and its applications on periodically pat-terned structures. Moreover, the possibility of using Proton Exchange to avoid neighbours domains merging is studied and successfully demonstrated for period shorter than 10μm. Before approaching the poling of periodically patterned LiNbO3 samples, the main charac-teristics of the evolution of the poling of uniform samples in different masking conditions are investigated. It is well known that the kinetics of domains switching is highly dependent on the poling setup and on the quality/type of electrode employed to contact the crystal to the high voltage. We used a thin layer of Titanium both as mask for proton diffusion and as metal electrode for poling experiments. Moreover different masking configurations are pre-sented and characterized. The second part of this work deals with the periodic poling of 0.5mm-thick congruent lith-ium niobate. 9x4 mm2 1-D Ti gratings with 8.66μm and 8.03μm period were first fabricated on the +z side of the crystal and a superficial chemical pattern was reproduced via acid bath. Three different types of samples were obtained and before the poling the metallic mask was removed whereas in one configuration it was left assuring better homogeneity of the in-verted areas. The results we obtained suggest it could be possible to achieve periodically poled congruent lithium niobate gratings with period shorter than 4μm in ~500μm thick samples and hence obtain aspect ratios of more than 250.

The aim of the study was to investigate if PRIMA-1, a drug that reactivate the tumour suppressor gene p53, will have a synergistic effect when used in combination with γ-irradiation in a human small cell lung cancer cell line (U-1690), which show a low-dose hypersensitivity in clonogenic survival experiments. Clonogenic cell survival after incubation with PRIMA-1 alone in concentrations from 0.1 to 30 µM or in combination with γ-irradiation with a 137Cs source was performed. The standard LQ model, and the repairable-conditionally repairable damage model, the RCR model, were fitted to the experimental data. PRIMA-1 showed a time and concentration dependent cytotoxic, and 10 µM killed 60 % of cells during 72 hours incubation. The cells show low-dose hypersensitivity calculated with the RCR model. The combined treatment with 8 µM PRIMA-1 had a synergistic effect with irradiation doses from 2 Gy and above. The overall conclusion is that a combination with PRIMA-1 and irradiation is beneficial to achieve the best effect.

Det är skolans uppgift att utveckla och stimulera både det vardagliga- och vetenskapliga tänkandet hos elever. Utifrån konstruktivismen ska lärande anpassas till det stadium som elever befinner sig i, för att de ska ha möjlighet att konstruera föreställningar och förståelse av omvärlden. Att som lärare ha förståelse för de föreställningar elever har är därav viktigt för att förbättra undervisningen. Syftet med studien är att undersöka samt analysera elevers föreställningar om vad elektricitet är och hur de förklarar fenomenet, i jämförelse med hur läromedel anpassade för eleverna förklarar fenomenet. För att besvara frågeställningarna genomfördes semistrukturerade gruppintervjuer med 12 elever i fem grupper för att ta reda på deras föreställningar. Det genomfördes även en innehållsanalys av två läromedel för att ta reda på vilka begrepp de använder för att beskriva elektricitet. Resultatet visar att eleverna har skilda föreställningar om vad elektricitet är och att de använder många av de mest frekventa begreppen från läromedlen. Dessa begrepp är: batteri, elektricitet, elektron, lampa, sladd samt ström. Av dessa begrepp är det elektron som används i mindre utsträckning hos eleverna.

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A small report on modelling an electrolyte flow-battery using the software COMSOL.

Per- och polyfluorerade alkylsubstanser (PFAS) är en stor grupp industriellt framställda ämnen som fått stor spridning i miljön. På grund av PFAS persistens blir ämnena kvar länge i vår miljö och spridning kan fortgå ifrån förorenade områden under lång tid. Högst halter i miljön i Sverige har noterats i anslutning till brandövningsplatser där man använt brandskum innehållande PFAS-ämnen.De vanligaste källorna till människors exponering för PFAS är via kosten, inklusive dricksvatten. PFAS binder till proteiner i kroppen och ansamlas i blodet och levern samt lungor och njurar. Exponering för förhöjda halter under lång tid har visats ge påverkan på blodfetter, en reducerad födelsevikt samt påverkan på leverceller. Den effekt som noterats vid lägst exponeringsdos är påverkan på immunförsvaret.I januari 2020 skickade Livsmedelsverket ut en enkät till Sveriges kommunala kontrollmyndigheter i syfte att kartlägga halter av PFAS i kommunalt dricksvatten. 261 kommuner av 290 (90 %) besvarade enkäten med uppgifter om 1462 vattenverk. Ett urval gjordes till stora vattenverk, som försörjer fler än 500 personer, vilka omfattade 580 stycken. Totalt 86 kommuner hade analyserat PFAS i dricksvatten från minst ett vattenverk. Detekterbara halter påträffades i dricksvattnet från 74 av samtliga 154 vattenverk där analyser genomförts. I dricksvattnet från 15 vattenverk, vilka tillsammans försörjer cirka 2,2 miljoner människor låg summahalterna av PFAS över 10 ng/l. Den högsta summahalten som uppmättes var 40 ng/l i dricksvattnet från ett vattenverk. Resultaten från denna kartläggning visar på lägre halter i kommunalt dricksvatten jämfört med undersökningar från tidigare år vilket indikerar att åtgärder vidtagits i syfte att sänka PFAS-halterna i dricksvattnet i Sverige. / Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) is a large group industrially synthesized compounds being wide spread in the environment. Due to the persistence, the compounds stays in the environment and can further disperse from polluted areas during a long time. The highest levels in the environment in Sweden have been found adjacent to firefighting training facilities using firefighting foam containing PFAS.Humans are exposed to PFAS mainly through food, including drinking water. PFAS binds to proteins in the blood and liver as well as in the lungs and kidney. Exposure during a prolonged time have shown to affect blood lipids, reduce birth weight and affect liver cells. The critical effect observed at the lowest dose is adverse effects on the immune system.In January 2020 the Swedish Food Agency sent out a questionnaire to the municipal control authorities aiming to map levels of PFAS in municipal drinking water. 261 municipalities of 290 (90 %) answered the questionnaire with information including 1462 water works. A selection was made including the larger water works supplying at least 500 persons, resulting in 580 water works. In total, 86 municipalities had analysed PFAS in drinking water from at least one water work. Detectable levels were found in 74 out of 154 water works, where analyses had been performed. In drinking water from 15 water works, supplying approximately 2.2 million people, the sum levels of PFAS exceeded 10 ng/l. The highest sum levels of PFAS in drinking water were 40 ng/l, found in one water work. The results from this survey shows lower levels in municipal drinking water compared to earlier studies, indicating that measures haven been taken aiming to lower the levels of PFAS in drinking water in Sweden.

Parkinson’s Disease is a degenerative neurological disease where dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia degenerate and die. This leads to dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia, affecting both motor and non-motor systems, giving both motor and non-motor symptoms. Common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease are depression, anxiety and apathy. Exercise have shown to be effective in decreasing depression in otherwise healthy people. The aim of this degree project was to examine if exercise can act as a treatment against impaired mood for people with Parkinson's disease. Nine trials investigating the effect of different types of training with different duration and different exercise intervals were selected and studied. By comparing the results obtained in these trials, it was found that in seven of the nine studies, exercise have had a positive effect on depression. Fewer studies had examined anxiety and apathy, and the effect of exercise was not as clear. Anxiety decreased in two of three studies and apathy decreased in one of three. The studied material is limited but the conclusion that can be drawn from this study, is that exercise is a safe way to, without negative side effects, treat and/or counteract mood disorders including depressive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease, mild to moderate stage.

One of the most common plasticizers used in the production of plastic are phthalates. These chemicals have been associated with many adverse effects including developmental and reproductive anomalies. Early developmental processes targeted by chemicals can have long-lasting effects on individuals. The focus of this study was on investigating the effects of a phthalate monoester mixture on two evolutionarily conserved processes, Wnt/β-catenin signaling and apoptosis, both of which play an important role during development. Focus was also given on the mixture’s effect in metabolic rate. The phthalate mixture used is part of mixture G, a mixture which additionally contains triclosan and three perfluoroalkyl acids. The components of Mixture G were identified in a Swedish pregnancy cohort (SELMA) and were inversely associated with birth weight. The experiments were conducted in zebrafish embryos. Wnt signaling was analyzed in a transgenic zebrafish line, which had the EGFP gene linked to β-catenin regulated promoters, by measuring the fluorescence in the caudal fin. Apoptosis was analyzed through the acridine orange assay and metabolic rate through the transformation of resazurin to resorufin in presence of NADH/NADPH. The results showed a downregulation of Wnt signaling in zebrafish at two days post-fertilization (2 dpf), at a water concentration 100 times higher than the geometric mean serum concentration (100x hsc) of the mothers in the SELMA cohort. An upregulation of apoptosis was found at 1 dpf, at 60x hsc and 100x hsc. An effect on metabolic rate was observed at 100x hsc at 5 dpf. The results indicate that phthalates can disrupt Wnt signaling, induce apoptosis and influence metabolic rate, which along with the various reproductive effects they can induce warrants cause for concern not only for zebrafish embryos but for human fetuses as well.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka utifrån ett lärarperspektiv vilken roll kemiläraren har för att stärka elevers motivation,samt belysa hur läraren bedriver undervisning i ämnet som hjälper eleverna att bli motiverade i kemiämnet. Undersökningen genomfördes  med fem kemilärare på högstadiet i två grundskolor i södra Sverige. Denna studie bygger på den kvalitativa metoden där semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts som redskap för att samla in impirin.