Näringsämnena har en stor betydelse för sötvattnets organismer och ekosystem, varav de vanligaste näringsämnena som även är de viktigaste är fosfor (P), kväve (N) samt kol (C). Näringsämnena kommer inte enbart till sjön via nedfall och fixering utav mycket av näringsämnena kommer in till en sjö via vattendrag som till exempel älvar där Klarälven räknas in som en av Sveriges älvar. Syftet med denna studie är att ta fram en tidstrend mellan åren 1996 och 2013 för näringsämnena totalfosfor, totalkväve och TOC (totalt organiskt kol) för tio lokaler i norra Vänern för att kunna avgöra om de är lika, om det är något år som sticker ut, om det finns någon påverkan av Klarälven för de sjölokaler som tas upp och se om värdena av näringshalter kan kopplas till fiskförekomsten. Data samlades in och plottades i diagram för att kunna jämföras med varandra. Med sjölokalernas näringsvärde gjordes korrelationstester med älvarnas näringshalter för att se samband och därefter gjorde korrelation med sjölokalernas näringsvärden med andelen skördad fisk i samma lokaler. Resultatet visade att Ölman och Ölmeviken är väldigt eutrofierade medan resterande lokaler hade oligotrofa eller mesotrofa vatten och översvämningen i Karlstad 2000 visade avtryck i tidstrenden. Klarälvens påverkan på sjölokalerna visade sig inte vara så stor utan samband upptäcktes enbart mellan Kaplansådran och Hammarösjön för totalkvävet och för TOC upptäcktes samband mellan Hammarösjön och Sätterholmsfjärden med Kaplansådran. / The nutrient is very important for fresh water organisms and ecosystems, of which the most common nutrients also is the most important is phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). The nutrients will not only come into a lake through deposition and fixation, much of the nutrients is coming into the lake through rivers such as Klarälven in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to develop a temporal and spatial trend during 1996-2013 for the nutrients total phosphorus, total nitrogen and TOC (total organic carbon) for ten premises in northern Lake Vänern to determine if they are equal, if it is a year that stands out from the rest, if there is any influence of Klarälven for the lake premises and see if the values of the nutrient concentrations can be linked to the presence of fish. Data were collected and plotted in graphs to be compared with each other. Correlation test was made with the lake premises nutrient values and rivers nutrient value to see if there was a connection between the locations, same correlation was also made between the lake premises nutrient values and the percentage of fish harvested in the same premises. The result showed that Ölman and Ölmeviken is very eutrophic, while the remaining premises hade oligotrophic or mesotrophic water and the flooding in Karlstad in 2000 showed imprint in the time trend. The impact of Klarälven on the lake premises proved to not be so great, but the context was detected only between Kaplansådran and Hammarösjön for the total nitrogen and correlation for TOC between Hammarösjön and Sätterholmsfjärden with Kaplansådran was also detected.

No description available.

A set S of vertices in a graph G = (V,E) is a total dominating set of G if every vertex of V is adjacent to a vertex in S. We consider total dominating sets of minimum cardinality which have the additional property that distinct vertices of V are totally dominated by distinct subsets of the total dominating set.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 150-151).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 caselani_k_me_jabo.pdf: 1897501 bytes, checksum: 58d7092f2bddb55a69e072e202d99cf8 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar o resultado dos controles ambientais e operacionais, rotineiros e derivados do plano APPCC – Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle, aplicados ao abate de bovinos, e da pesquisa de microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica e Listeria monocytogenes). Com duração de um ano, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em abatedouro-frigorífico habilitado à exportação localizado no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisadas 411 amostras ambientais para pesquisa de Listeria spp., 1.192 amostras de superfície de contato para a Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT), 200, 100, 775, 264 e 100 amostras de superfície de carcaça para CBT, Coliformes totais, E. coli, Salmonella spp. e E. coli O157:H7, respectivamente, além de 256 amostras de recortes cárneos para a pesquisa de E. coli O157:H7. Os resultados evidenciaram condição higiênica aceitável para 51,1% das amostras ambientais de CBT, com 62,9% de amostras não aceitáveis no setor de abate. Um valor elevado de amostras (15,1%) foi positivo para Listeria spp. e para Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). Observou-se que 89,6%, 2,8% e 7,6% das amostras de carcaça foram satisfatórias, aceitáveis e insatisfatórias para E. coli, respectivamente. Para a amostragem comparativa, 88,5% das amostras apresentaram-se satisfatórias para CBT, 84% para Coliformes Totais e 83,6% para E. coli. Nenhuma das amostras de carcaça analisadas foi positiva para Salmonella spp. ou para E. coli O157:H7. A frequência da ocorrência de E. coli O157:H7 em amostras de recortes cárneos (carne industrial) foi de 0,31%, com apenas uma amostra positiva / This study aimed to evaluate the result of the environmental and operational controls which are routine or derived from HACCP Plan - Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, applied to slaughter cattle, and potentially pathogenic microorganisms research (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes). During one year, the research was developed in a slaughterhouse, enabled to export, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We analyzed 411 environmental samples for Listeria spp. research, 1.192 samples of surface contact for Total Bacterial Count (TBC), 200, 100, 775, 264 and 100 samples of carcass surface for TBC, Total Coliform, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7, respectively, besides 256 samples of meat cuts for E. coli O157:H7 research. The results showed that 51,1% of the environmental samples of TBC were in acceptable hygienic condition and 62,9% of samples were not acceptable in the slaughter industry. A high value of samples (15,1%) was positive for Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes (4,6%). It was observed that 89,6%, 2,8% and 7,6% of the samples of carcass were satisfactory, acceptable and unsatisfactory for E. coli, respectively. For comparative sampling, 88,5% of the samples were satisfactory for TBC, 84% for Total Coliform and 83, 6% for E. coli. None of the samples of carcass tested was positive for Salmonella spp. or E. coli O157:H7. The frequency of the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in samples of meat cuts (meat industry) was 0,31%, with only one positive sample

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 eiras_nss_me_rcla.pdf: 2068624 bytes, checksum: 7e298c74bfd6db0738024ea1de53969b (MD5) / Esta dissertação tem por objeto a reconstituição do processo de concepção, formação e desenvolvimento do Programa de Qualidade Total em Educação - PQTE-L, originado em 1992 através de uma parceria entre a Diretoria de Ensino de Limeira/SP e a Fundação Limeira. Foram coletados dados relativos ao Programa numa faixa temporal que vai de 1992 até 2006. Utilizando-se da entrevista, da análise documental e de bibliografias de referência no campo da gerência de qualidade total na educação,evidenciando os “gurus” da gestão da qualidade e aqueles autores que tecem críticas contundentes a ela, construiu-se o perfil do diretor, de sua equipe e do processo de gestão escolar.A entrevista foi feita com o Comitê Executivo com o objetivo de reconstituir a história do Programa em Limeira, pois os documentos existentes se mostraram insuficientes para se alcançar o objetivo proposto. Já a entrevista com a diretora e sua equipe teve como proposta verificar se a gestão da escola impregnara-se da filosofia da qualidade total. O município de Limeira se destacou dentro do Estado de São Paulo, como um dos primeiros a implantar o PQTE, em suas escolas. O Programa nasceu de uma parceria entre a Fundação Limeira e a Delegacia de Ensino com o intuito de encarar os problemas existentes na rede educacional pública. Depois de um período utilizado na preparação do grupo responsável pela implantação do programa, foi criado um Comitê Executivo, cuja missão centrava-se na preparação de cursos para capacitar equipes gestoras das escolas, as quais funcionariam como difusoras dos ideais da gerência de qualidade total. A tarefa das equipes no interior das escolas era implantar o Programa, preparar relatórios e por fim participar de uma avaliação externa. Este instrumento denominado de Critérios de Excelência do Programa de Qualidade Total na Educação de Limeira tem a liderança... / The aim of this work is to restore the conception, formation and development process of the Total Quality in Education Program (TQEP), created in 1992 with a partnership between Limeira Foundation and Delegacia de Ensino. Data related to the program were collected in a time range between 1992 and 2006. It analyses the implementation of the TQEP in Limeira’s municipal schools and shows the concept of leadership present in the program. Using interviews, documentation analyses and bibliographic references in the field of total quality management, and evidencing the experts of the quality management and those authors who criticizes it, the principal profile as well as his team and scholar management profiles were built. The interview was done with the Executive Committee to reconstitute the history of the program in Limeira, because the existing documents were insufficiently to reach the purposed objective. The interview with the principal and your team had the objective of verifying if the school management was influenced by the total quality philosophy. The city of Limeira outstood in São Paulo state as one of the first cities to implement TQPE in your schools. The program started with an association between Limeira Foundation and Delegacia de Ensino with the intention of face the existing problems of the public education system. After a period of preparation of the group responsible of the implementation of the program, an Executive Committee was created with the main mission of preparing de courses to render capable management teams for schools which will be responsible to diffuse total quality management ideal. The task of the teams was inside the schools was to implement the program, prepare reports and be part of an external evaluation. This instrument called Total Quality Program in Limeira’s Education System Criteria of Excellence has the leadership of schools managers’ primordial factor so it will be studied too in this research.

Two vertices are said to be identifed if they are combined to form one vertex whose neighborhood is the union of their neighborhoods. A graph is total domination dot-critical if identifying any pair of adjacent vertices decreases the total domination number. On the other hand, a graph is total domination dot-stable if identifying any pair of adjacent vertices leaves the total domination number unchanged. Identifying any pair of vertices cannot increase the total domination number. Further we show it can decrease the total domination number by at most two. Among other results, we characterize total domination dot-critical trees with total domination number three and all total domination dot-stable graphs.

With the increasing complexity in construction projects, monitoring project schedule and managing projects effectively is becoming increasingly important. Most projects being deadline oriented, timely completion becomes a must. Like every industry, the construction industry too lays a lot of emphasis on timely completion which makes it necessary to monitor the project schedule very closely. A schedule overrun is never predicted at the start of the project but during the course of the project, even the slightest change can result in delays. As per the current scheduling practices, float is considered free. It is an expiring resource and hence the party to the use the float first owns the float. The concept endorsed by the court for analyzing delay claims is the proximate cause concept. As per this concept, the party which is the immediate cause to a particular delay is held responsible for that delay irrespective of what has happened before in the project. Due the ambiguous nature of its interpretation, the present concept on float management has now become one the primary reasons for disputes amongst the participating parties. Parties in contract are always trying to appropriate float to suit their interests. This is why total float management has gained this level of importance in today's industry. To handle this issue of total float management more efficiently, Dr. Prateapusanond (2003) proposes a new concept of total float management as an effort towards a more fair and equitable system. This concept respects the dynamic nature of construction projects and recognizes float to be an asset for both parties. The new concept proposes to allocate float in the ratio 50:50 between the parties at the start of the project. This pre-allocated float owned by each party is called the Allowable Total Float (ATF). The implementation of this concept ensures that the parties are now aware that consumption of float in a way that it affects critical activities will expose them potential damages. This concept is an effort towards a more fair and equitable system for total float management. It appears impressive on paper but its practicality and applicability remains a major concern. This research is aimed at testing the practicality of the proposed concept of pre-allocation of total float. It introduces bookkeeping procedures that will facilitate the application of the concept of Pre-allocation of total float. These procedures have been developed and tested on certain case studies to make sure that they are robust. Once their ability to handle scheduling issues is determined, the bookkeeping procedure along with the concept of pre-allocation of total float is applied to a real construction project. This research presents an in depth analysis of the nature of the proposed concept of pre-allocation of total float, the scheduling issues which this concept does not address to, and certain assumptions which could be used in conjunction with the present concept to make it robust in nature. / Master of Science

Syfte: Empowerment handlar om att stärka personalens motivation och arbetstillfredsställelse genom att bland annat delegera ansvar och att dela information inom företaget. Detta kan ske med hjälp av olika verktyg varav belöningssystem är ett av de mest effektivaste verktygen inom empowerment. Denna studie söker efter att belysa hur belöningssystem kan påverka personalens motivation i arbetet.   Metod: Studien har ett hermeneutiskt och socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv. Vi har använt oss utav en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi med semistrukturerade intervjuer för att samla empirisk data. Den teoretiska referensramen består av sekundär data från tidigare forskning. Vår forskningsprocess utgår ifrån den teoretiska referensramen, vi söker efter logiska paralleller mellan teori och empirisk data.   Resultat & slutsats: Vårt resultat visar både likheter och motsägelser mellan befintlig teori och vår empiriska undersökning. Vårt empiriska resultat har stärkt antagandet om att belöningssystem stärker personalens motivation. Vårt resultat avviker dock från befintlig teori angående att icke-finansiella belöningssystem bäst främjar personalens motivation.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vi rekommenderar att undersöka hur företag kan använda sig av icke-finansiella belöningssystem för att bibehålla sin personal motiverad.   Uppsatsens bidrag: Vi bedömning är att andra studenter kan finna vårt resultat intressant för framtida studier med tanke på att vårt empiriska resultat har avvikit från befintlig teori. Vi anser även att resultatet kan vara intressant för en företagsledning. / Aim: Empowerment deals with increasing employee motivation and job satisfaction by delegating responsibility and sharing information within the organization. This can be done through various tools including reward systems, which is one of the most effective tools within empowerment. This study is searching for understanding around how reward systems can influence employee motivation.   Method: The study takes a hermeneutic and social constructionist perspective. We conducted a qualitative research strategy using semi-structured interviews to collect the empirical data. The theoretical framework consists of secondary data from researchers who have previously touched the subject. We sought logical parallels between the theory and the empirical data.   Result & Conclusions: Our study has found both similarities and differences between existing theory and our interpretation of the empirical data. Our empirical results have strengthened the assumption that reward systems reinforce staff motivation. However, our results differ from existing theory which discuss which reward systems best encourages increased motivation. According to the prevailing theory, should non-financial rewards motivate more than financial rewards.   Suggestions for future research: We recommend examining how companies can use non-financial reward systems and still keep their staff motivated.   Contribution of the thesis: we believe that other students may find this interesting for future studies as our empirical results differed from the existing theory. We also believe that the results can be interesting for an enterprise.   Key words: Empowerment, reward systems, motivation, total reward and decentralization.

Corporate social responsibility has become part of the economic terminology since the seventh decade of the 20th century. From the beginning of the 21st century this context extended and multidimensional with several economic, social and legal connections. Corporate social responsibility focuses not just on the companies’ revenues, but also on the ways, companies achieve these profits. Social responsibility means satisfying stakeholders’ expectations, and the managing of economic, environmental and social aspects in relations with stakeholders in every area of influence: the workplace, market and community. The organizations should address these issues from a strategic point of view. Necessity to strengthen the quality strategy and technology is increasingly seen as a way to sustain competitive advantage of organisations and also a way to overcome disappointments with quality standards and programs in order to survive in today’s global competitive marketing. [S1]    The aim of the quality movement is to enable organizations to deliver high quality services in the shortest possible time to market, at minimum cost, and in a manner that emphasizes human dignity, work satisfaction, and mutual and long-term loyalty between the organization and its stakeholders. As such, TQM has a strong ethical dimension, advocating the importance of considering the interests of stakeholders. Quality management models and methodologies established on the extensive principles of quality are seen as a basis and catalyst for effective CSR in companies. There is not much research done on the influences and effects of TQM on CSR development[S2] . The primary aim of the research is to review corporate social responsibility within a total quality management framework.[S3]    Therefore the research question for this study has been identified as, how quality management can act as a basis and key catalyst for developing CSR in companies?[S4]    Keeping this question in mind, a quantitative content analysis through annual reports of the 28 companies was chosen and various reliable Scientifics scientifics reports were extensively reviewed and analysed. This study aims to find if there is any connection between companies' characteristics and the amount of integrated information of the TQM &andCSR appearance in their annual reports.[S5]    As a result, tThe author tries to analyse developments in corporate social responsibility (CSR) in terms of standardization. Different graphs are generated in order to demonstrate the role of TQM on CSR development. As a result, we understood that most of the companies try to be certified by different ISO standards in order to improve their business quality and better satisfy stakeholders and customers’ expectations. In such a way, theyrealized that they should pay more attention to the environment,economic and social aspect of their business performance.[S6]    Keywords   Total Quality Management, Corporate Social Responsibility, International Organization for Standardization, Stakeholder Theory  [S1]Background  [S2]Problem  [S3]Aim  [S4]Research question  [S5]Method  [S6]Result