The feeling of owning a body part is often investigated by conducting and manipulating the rubber hand illusion, a three-way integration of vision, touch, and proprioception. In the last decade, more research on the role of interoception, the sense of the body's’ internal state, in the illusion has been made. One of the studied factors has been the affective touch, a caress-like, gentle, touch that is performed at a slow specific speed (1-10 cm/sec). Affective touch activates the C tactile afferents which send interoceptive signals to the brain, specifically the insula. The present systematic review investigated the role affective touch has on the strength of the rubber hand illusion. A range of electronic databases was searched for papers reporting research findings published in English before March 20, 2020. Twelve different articles were identified, but only five papers met the inclusion criteria. This thesis looked at the results from these five different studies and compared the effect of affective touch and discriminative, regular, touch have on the rubber hand illusion to see whether there is a significant difference. The results could not show a main effect of stroking velocity, site of stimulation, or social touch, which are components of affective touch. The results was based on four different measurements, the subjective experience of the illusion, pleasantness ratings, proprioceptive drift, and temperature difference in the skin. Opposed what was hypothesized, it could not be demonstrated that affective touch would induce a stronger rubber hand illusion than discriminative touch.

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Bakgrund: Beröring används i olika former inom vården och används för olika ändamål. Oxytocin hormonet frisläpps vid beröring och ger en känsla av lugn och ro. Det har visat sig att beröring är livsviktigt för människan och fysisk beröring från tidig ålder ger positiva effekter som kan vara livet ut. Syftet var att belysa beröringens betydelse för patientens omvårdnad Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie med induktiv ansats baserad på tio resultatartiklar. Nio av artiklarna har kvalitativ ansats och en artikel har mixad metod. Sökningarna gjordes i databaserna Pubmed och CINAHL. Resultat: Studien resulterade i tre huvudkategorier: Beröring som kommunikation, beröring för välbefinnande och beröringens gränser. Resultatet visade att patienters upplevelser av beröring inom vården var individuellt men oftast visade sig vara positiv. Beröring användes som en typ av kommunikation och stärkte relationer mellan patient och vårdpersonal. Upplevelserna av beröring gav minskad oro, känsla av välbefinnande, samt minskade smärta. Det gav också en känsla av tröst. Konklusion: Inom hälso- och sjukvård är beröring något som används varje dag och visar sig vara ett verktyg för både kommunikation och minskar människors lidande. Mer kunskap kring beröring kan förbättra välbefinnandet för patienter och stärka vårdrelationer inom hälso- och sjukvården. / Background: Touch is used in different forms in healthcare and is used for different purposes. The oxytocin hormone is released by touch and gives a feeling of peace and calmness. It has been shown that touch is vital for humans and physical touch from an early age has positive throughout life. Aim: Was to describe the importance of touch for the patient’s nursing. Method: The study was conducted as a literature study with inductive approach based on ten result articles. Nine of the articles had qualitative approach and one with a mixed method. The searches were made in the databases Pubmed and CINAHL. Result: The study resulted in three main categories: Touch as communication, touch for wellbeing and the boundaries of touch. The result showed that patients experiences of touch in healthcare was individual but often turned out positive. Touch was used as a type of communication and strengthened relationships between patient and healthcare staff. The experiences of touch reduced anxiety left a feeling of well-being and reduced pain. It also gave a sense of comfort. Conclusion: In health care, touch is something that is used every day and proves to be a tool for both communication and reduces human suffering. More knowledge about touch can improve the well-being of patients and strengthen relationships in healthcare.

Research shows that physical touch is essential to human well-being. At the same time there is a fear in society about the subject. The preschool curriculum, Lpfö 18, emphasizes that children's integrity must be taken into consideration in parallel with the fact that children should be treated based on their individual needs. Our study is based on examining how educators navigate based on this. The purpose of our research is to investigate how educators talk about physical touch. How do educators reason about which children it is offered to and for what purpose physical touch is given? The study consists of qualitative interviews with five educators. The empirical analysis is analyzed from a care-ethical perspective as well as an intersectional perspective in order to document similarities and differences from the educators' stories. The result shows that the concept of physical touch creates a fear among educators of violating the child's integrity, which can result in a taboo perspective. Despite this, educators use physical touch as a tool to increase the child's well-being. They find the benefits to be greater than their fear. The educators state that the purpose of physical touch is to treat the child well, give love and to guide the child. It is mainly children who give clear signals of being in need of physical touch who are given access to the educator's closeness. Based on the results and from an intersectional perspective, our conclusion is that younger girls are the category that get the most physical touch. Although physical touch is seen as a natural element in the profession, the meaning of physical touch is rarely discussed among educators.

Beröring är en central del inom omvårdnaden för både patienten och sjuksköterskan. Vid ett sjukdomstillstånd ökar behovet av fysisk beröring, vilket gör att sjuksköterskans fysiska närhet blir betydelsefull. Taktil massage är en svensk metod som ingår under samlingsnamnet mjuk massage och används som en komplementär behandling inom svensk hälso- och sjukvård. Syftet var att beskriva erfarenheter av beröringsinterventionen taktil massage. En strukturerad litteraturstudie genomfördes med en induktiv ansats där tio artiklar valdes. I resultatet framkom två huvudkategorier Hälsa som belyser mottagarens erfarenheter av taktil massage, med underkategorierna Känsla av en fungerande kropp samt att få Andrum i lidandet. Den andra huvudkategorin Göra gott kan göra ont belyser erfarenheter av taktil massage utifrån taktila massörernas perspektiv. Resultatet visar att taktil massage fungerar som en effektiv behandling för att lindra lidande hos patienter med varierande hälsotillstånd. Slutsatsen blev att mer evidens behövs inom området för att möjliggöra ytterligare implementering av behandlingsformen inom svensk hälso- och sjukvård. / Touch is a central part of nursing for both the patient and the nurse. In case of disease condition, the need for physical contact increases, which makes the nurse’s physical proximity important. Tactile massage is a Swedish method that is included in the collective name soft massage and is used as a complementary treatment in Swedish health care. The purpose was to describe experiences of the tactile intervention tactile massage. A structured literature study was conducted with an inductive approach where ten articles were selected. In the result two main category emerged as Health which highlights the recipient's experiences of tactile massage, with the subcategories Feeling of a functioning body as well as getting Breathing space in suffering. The second main category Doing well can hurt illuminates experiences of tactile massage from the perspective of the tactile masseurs. The results show that the tactile massage works as an effective tool to relieve suffering in patients with varying health conditions. The conclusion was that more evidence is needed in the area to enable further implementation of the form of treatment in Swedish health care.

This paper journeys through skin and touch as a form of storytelling and ritualistic bodily expression. It investigates how these elements and actions with the body can support humans in forging deeper connections and function as a catalyst for care. This work builds on theories of slow design, ritual design and Body-Mind Centering. It studies embodied research within design and shares insights gained through experiential and explorative practices. Further it looks at the human nature bond within female bodies as a a way to strengthen women and dismantle patriarchal structures. To conclude it explores how a booklet can be a medium for guiding women into their own bodies and invoking care with the self, other humans and more than human others.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, la quantité de données n'a cessé d'augmenter. Ces données peuvent provenir de sources variées, telles que des smartphones, des enregistreurs audio, des caméras, des capteurs, des simulations, et peuvent avoir différentes structures. Bien que les ordinateurs puissent nous aider à traiter ces données, c'est le jugement et l'expertise humaine qui les transforment réellement en connaissances. Cependant, pour donner un sens à ces données de plus en plus diversifiées, des techniques de visualisation et d'interaction sont nécessaires. Ce travail de thèse contribue de telles techniques pour faciliter l'exploration et la présentation des données, lors d'activités visant à faire sens des données. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur les systèmes interactifs et les techniques d'interaction pour aider les utilisateurs à faire sens des données. Nous étudions comment les utilisateurs travaillent avec des contenus divers afin de leur permettre d'externaliser leurs pensées par le biais d'annotations digitales. Nous présentons notre approche avec deux systèmes. Le premier, ActiveInk, permet l'utilisation naturelle du stylet pour la lecture active, lors d'un processus d'exploration de données. Dans le cadre d'une étude qualitative menée auprès de huit participants, nous contribuons des observations sur les comportements de la lecture active au cours de l'exploration des données, et, des principes aidant les utilisateurs à faire sens des données.Le second système, SpaceInk, est un espace de conception de techniques en utilisant le stylet et les gestes, qui permet de créer de l'espace pour les annotations, pendant la lecture active, en ajustant dynamiquement le contenu du document. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous avons étudié les techniques permettant de représenter visuellement les éléments de réponses aux questions quand les utilisateurs essaient de faire sens des données. Nous nous concentrons sur l'une des structures de données les plus élaborées : les réseaux multi-variés, que nous visualisons à l'aide de diagrammes noeuds-liens. Nous étudions comment permettre un processus de conception itératif flexible lors de la création de diagrammes nœuds-liens pour les réseaux multi-variés. Nous présentons d'abord un système, Graphies, qui permet la création de visualisations expressives de diagrammes noeuds-liens en fournissant aux concepteurs un environnement de travail flexible qui rationalise le processus créatif et offre un support efficace pour les itérations rapides de conception. Allant au-delà de l'utilisation de variables visuelles statiques dans les diagrammes nœuds-liens, nous avons étudié le potentiel des variables liées au mouvement pour encoder les attributs des données. En conclusion, nous montrons dans cette thèse que le processus visant à faire sens des données peut être amélioré à la fois dans le processus d'exploration et de présentation, en utilisant l'annotation comme nouveau moyen de transition entre exploration et externalisation, et en suivant un processus itératif et flexible pour créer des représentations expressives de données. Les systèmes qui en résultent établissent un cadre de recherche où la présentation et l'exploration sont au cœur des systèmes de données visuelles. / During the last decade, the amount of data has been constantly increasing. These data can come from several sources such as smartphones, audio recorders, cameras, sensors, simulations, and can have various structure. While computers can help us process these data, human judgment and domain expertise is what turns the data into actual knowledge. However, making sense of this increasing amount of diverse data requires visualization and interaction techniques. This thesis contributes such techniques to facilitate data exploration and presentation, during sense-making activities. In the first part of this thesis, we focus on interactive systems and interaction techniques to support sense-making activities. We investigate how users work with diverse content in order to make them able to externalize thoughts through digital annotations. We present our approach with two systems. The first system, ActiveInk enables the natural use of pen for active reading during a data exploration process. Through a qualitative study with eight participants, we contribute observations of active reading behaviors during data exploration and design principles to support sense-making. The second system, SpaceInk, is a design space of pen & touch techniques that make space for in-context annotations during active reading by dynamically reflowing documents. In the second part, we focus on techniques to visually represent insights and answers to questions that arise during sense-making activities. We focus on one of the most elaborate data structures: multivariate networks, that we visualize using a node-link diagram visualization. We investigate how to enable a flexible iterative design process when authoring node-link diagrams for multivariate networks. We first present a system, Graphies, that enables the creation of expressive node-link diagram visualizations by providing designers with a flexible workflow that streamlines the creative process, and effectively supports quick design iterations. Moving beyond the use of static visual variables in node-link diagrams, we investigated the use of motion to encode data attributes. To conclude, we show in this thesis that the sense-making process can be enhanced in both processes of exploration and presentation, by using ink as a new medium to transition between exploration and externalization, and by following a flexible, iterative process to create expressive data representations. The resulting systems establish a research framework where presentation and exploration are a core part of visual data systems.

Folklore has long held that blind people gain, relative to normal people, in their sensitivity to other sensory modalities. Although supported only by equivocal evidence, this position probably first appeared in mythology in early Greek literature. Oedipus Rex was attributed greater awareness of people’s nature after this blindness. It is still a prevalent myth in contemporary American culture, to the extent that it appears in “Little Orphan Annie.” Experimental attempts at verification of this point began several years ago, but it remains a controversial issue. Literature on the topic can be divided up into several content areas: the relevance of blindness to auditory sensitivity, the relevance of blindness to tactile sensitivity, the developmental effect of blindness and central vs. peripheral blindness and it affects perception. Studies sampled there represent these content areas.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20050号 / 医博第4158号 / 新制||医||1018(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 坂井 義治, 教授 松田 秀一, 教授 安達 泰治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM