Canada’s federal prison population has been rising for the past 10 years. This is perplexing given Canada’s national official crime rate has been declining since the 1970’s. One possible explanation for the rising prison population could be related to the restrictive measures imposed on parole policies during the last forty years. This thesis intends to analyze the recent parliamentary discourses surrounding recent legislative changes brought to parole by the conservative government. In doing so, a document analysis is conducted on the Parliamentary debates pertaining to section 6 and section 7 of Bill C-10 as well as the content of the amendments within section 6 and section 7 of Bill C-10. The purpose of the document analysis is to analyze the themes within these documents and determine whether or not these themes represent a potential change in the punitive approach towards parole. Given that a more punitive approach could have negative impacts on certain offenders and on society in general, this thesis aims to better understand the discourses and values of the Parliamentary debate participants’ changes to the legislation and the potential impacts these restrictions may have for Canada’s federal prison population.

Orientadores: Juanito Ornelas de Avelar, Sonia Maria Lazzarini Cyrino / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T07:18:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreno_BrunaSanchez_M.pdf: 919712 bytes, checksum: 45b4197097b0b00f8a5763f725c6dbbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: À luz do Programa Minimalista (Chomsky 1995, 2001, 2004, 2008), o presente trabalho se propõe a examinar orações infinitivas preposicionadas em construções com predicados de natureza adjetival do tipo "difícil/ fácil", denominadas tough-construtions na literatura gerativista. Parte-se da observação de Galves (1987) acerca da ambiguidade que tais sentenças desencadeiam no Português Brasileiro (PB), mas não no Português Europeu (PE), com a finalidade de responder por qual motivo o PB admite a interpretação em que o sujeito nulo da oração encaixada pode ser correferente ao DP na posição de sujeito da oração matriz. A hipótese que orienta este trabalho considera a proposta de Ouali (2008) a respeito de retenção, doação ou compartilhamento de traços-? na relação entre os núcleos C(omplementizador) e T(empo) para apontar que, no PB, a preposição "de" introdutora da oração infinitiva é um C que pode reter ou compartilhar traços-? com T. Esse núcleo funciona, nesse sentido, como uma fonte provedora de Caso, licenciando um pronome nulo pro como argumento externo da oração encaixada, o qual pode ser correferente ao sujeito da oração matriz. O mesmo não se aplica ao PE, cuja única categoria permitida como sujeito da oração infinitiva é um PRO arbitrário, tendo em vista que, nessa gramática, o núcleo C introdutor da oração infinitiva em tough-constructions não é uma fonte provedora de Caso / Abstract: In light of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995, 2001, 2004, 2008), this study aims to examine infinitive sentences introduced by a preposition in constructions centered in a "hard / easy" predicate, so-called tough-constructions in the generative literature. This dissertation assumes Galves¿ observation (1987) about the ambiguity triggered by such sentences in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), but not in European Portuguese (EP), in order to account for the reasons why BP admits the interpretation in which the null subject of the embedded non-finite sentence can be correferent to the DP in subject position in the matrix sentence. The present hypothesis that guides this work considers Ouali (2008) in regard to to keeping, donating or sharing the ?-features between C(omplementizer) and T(ense) to point out that, in BP, the preposition "de", which introduces the infinitive sentence, is a C that can keep or share its features with T. In this sense, this C provides Case to a null pronoun pro, licensed as external argument in the embedded sentence and correferent to the subject in the matrix sentence. The same does not apply to EP, which just allows an arbitrary PRO as the subject of the non-finite sentence, given that, in this grammar, the introducer C of the infinitive sentence in tough-constructions does not assign Case to any element in Spec-T / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

Research has shown that criminal justice policy in Western democratic societies has become increasingly punitive (e.g. Wilson and Petersilia 2010), and that the public largely supports these policies, despite the fact that crime rates have been declining (e.g. Roberts 2003). However, few studies have attempted to explain this paradox in the context of neoliberalism, and within a Canadian context. Using the 2011 and 1997 Canadian Election Study, this project employs logistical regression and a comparative analysis to examine the extent to which neoliberal governance has produced prejudicial attitudes towards racialized “Others,” social and economic insecurity, and attitudes that individualize causes of poverty, and the extent to which these factors predict support for punitive treatment of violent young offenders. The results of this study show that the advent of neoliberalism has precipitated racialized “othering” towards Aboriginal people, which has increased punitive attitudes, but that insecurity and individualization, in relations to punitive attitudes, was present previous to 1997. / October 2015

This study aims to better understand tough love as a communication interaction, specifically focusing on defining and understand tough love from a receiver’s perspective. Thirteen respondents between the ages of 18-28 were recruited from a mid-sized Midwestern university. Flexible in-depth interviews were conducted given the exploratory nature of this study. Lazarus’ Appraisal Theory was used as a lens to better understand tough love as a process. Analysis of the data found that emotions in the primary appraisal phase are often negative, with codes such as hurt, angry, and embarrassed arising in the data. The secondary phase demonstrated the intentionality of this message, with respondents understanding the purpose of tough love as encouraging resilience or teaching a lesson. Reappraisals often occurred when respondents realized the message was tough love. Relational factors such as closeness and authority were determinants in whether this message was received positively or negatively.

Methane hydrates have drawn the attention of climate scientists in the past decades due to the potency of methane as a greenhouse gas and the widespread occurrence of hydrates both in terrestrial and marine environments, which, if destabilised, could enhance global warming. This study aims to investigate how much impact sediment type has on modeled methane escape at the feather edge of stability for methane hydrates in the high latitude Northern Hemisphere (45° to 75° N). This area is characterised by cool bottom-water temperatures leading to a shallow gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ), and has been disproportionally influenced by contemporary seawater warming. Calculations were performed to establish the depths of the upper and lower boundaries of the feather edge of the GHSZ. These limits were used to estimate seafloor areas covered by three select sediment types that have different petrophysical properties - hemipelagic clay, calcareous ooze and siliceous ooze. Modeling of methane flux for 300 years following a 3°C warming during the first 100 years was performed using TOUGH + HYDRATE for each of the three sediment types. The sediments behaved significantly differently, with siliceous ooze releasing the most methane gas, and calcareous ooze releasing the least. Estimates of total methane gas release were also performed on the areas covered by the three sediments between latitudes 45° to 75° N, and showed that, over the course of 300 years, up to 5 times the current methane concentration in the atmosphere could become susceptible to leaving methane hydrate reservoirs.

No description available.

Orientador: Jairo Morais Nunes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T00:57:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_IrenilzaOliveirae_D.pdf: 837955 bytes, checksum: c298fa4ec22f5bf3038e55c56b7e4d99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresento uma análise para construções com tough movement do inglês como (i) John is easy to please e (ii) John is easy to convince Mary to visit. As análises anteriores para sentenças com tough movement são baseadas ou na geração de um elemento nulo na posição pós-verbal (Chomsky, 1977, 1981; Hicks, 2003, entre outros) ou no alçamento do DP argumento interno para especificador do TP da matriz (Bayer, 1990 e Hornstein, 2001). Essas propostas, no entanto, consideradas isoladamente, parecem ser insuficientes uma vez que deixam de capturar algumas propriedades dessas construções ou violam princípios da Gramática Universal e não consideram as diferenças sintáticas entre sentenças como (i) e (ii), propondo para elas uma única explicação sintática. Assim, tomando como evidência as propriedades semânticas e sintáticas internas ao predicado encaixado e a relação sintática que se estabelece entre este predicado e o núcleo da oração mais alta, mostro que as sentenças em (i) e (ii) possuem subjacentes estruturas sintáticas diferentes no que tange ao complemento infinitivo do predicado tough. As sentenças como (i) apresentam propriedades de construções de reestruturação, como não licenciamento de DP na posição de argumento interno, dependência temporal da oração encaixada em relação à oração matriz e impossibilidade de negação exclusiva da oração encaixada, o que revela uma estrutura mono-clausal cujo predicado encaixado representa um vP, nos termos de Harley (2006), em que os núcleos relativos à checagem de caso acusativo (F) e à projeção de argumento externo (Voice) não estão presentes. Daí o movimento do DP argumento interno do verbo encaixado para o especificador de TP. Por outro lado, sentenças com (ii) licenciam DP na posição de argumento interno e não apresentam dependência temporal da oração encaixada em relação à oração matriz. Para explicar a sintaxe desse tipo de sentença com tough movement, assumiu-se a proposta de Hornstein segundo a qual, a lacuna pós-verbal é gerada pelo movimento A-barra do argumento interno em direção primeiro ao SpecCP da encaixada, motivado pela presença de um traço A'-WH do DP. Na derivação desse tipo de sentença estaria também envolvido um movimento lateral do DP (Nunes, 1995, 2001) da oração encaixada para o especificador do adjetivo para checar o traço temático desse predicado e um último movimento deste DP para a posição de sujeito sintático da matriz. / Abstract: In this dissertation, I analyze English tough-movement constructions such as (i) John is easy to please and (ii) John is easy to convince Mary to visit. Previous works on these constructions have been based on a null operator merged into the object position (Chomsky, 1977, 1981; Hicks, 2003, among others) or on the raising of the DP towards the matrix SpecTP (Bayer, 1990 and Hornstein, 2001). However, these proposals do not account for the distinct properties these two types of tough-construction have. Based on the semantic and syntactic properties of the embedded clause of these constructions and on the syntactic relation it bears with the tough-adjective, I argue in favor of the existence of two types of tough-constructions. Sentences like (i) are restructuring clauses as they do not allow a DP in the object position or embedded negation, and are dependent on the tense specifications of the matrix clause. More specifically, these constructions are monoclausal and their embedded clause involve just a vP layer, lacking the functional heads related to accusative Case (F) and external argument projection (Voice) in the terms of Harley (2006). Given this syntactic configuration, the object moves to the matrix SpecTP. On the other hand, a sentence like (ii) allows a DP in the object position and its embedded clause is temporally independent. To account for the syntactic structure of this type of sentence with tough-movement, I adopted Hornstein's (2001) proposal, according to which the empty category in the object position is derived from the A'-movement of the DP towards the SpecCP due to a A'/wh-feature. From this position, the DP moves sidewards (Nunes, 1995, 2001) to check the q-feature of the adjective tough and then to the matrix SpecTP. / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

本篇論文旨在研究中文"容易"，"好"，與"難"所屬的句式，內部結構，及此三者混淆難辨的原因。 　　我們認為"容易"屬Tough-結構，乃由Raising- 句主題化而來。"好"則屬Middle- 結構，是經詞彙律衍生而成。此分析正確的解釋二者表現之異同。 　由歷史演變觀之，"難"應屬Tough- 結構，為"容易"之反義詞。但因近代Middle- 結構興起，表面結構與Tough同，類化作用於焉產生，"難看"為一例。 / This study aims to identify the constructions of rongyi, hao, and nan sentencesin Mandarin, analyze their internal structure, and provide appropriate accountstoward the long-term confusion among these three. 　　Rongyi, in our analysis, is a gradable stative verb leading a tough construction.The so-called Tough Construction in Mandarin is a topicalized raising construc-tion with a generic subject. This analysis not only captures the generalization among similalr constructions (Raising Construction, Tough Construction, and topicalized sentences) but also accounts for its characteristics such as overtagent, long-distance binding, and so on. 　　Hao is a prefix triggering Middle Rule which surpresses all the theta-roles of atransitive active verb but the patient-like one (with the feature [-r]), yieldinga statve verb haoV as a middle predicate. The appropriateness of middles is subject to two pragmatic constraints, which further support our treatment of middle as a lexical process. The lexical approach successfully explains the surpressed agent, the inseparability between hao and V, and some other characte-ristics of middles. 　　Judging from diachronic evidence, nan is basically the antonym of rongyi and ap-pears in a raising construction, tough construction, and topicalized sentences as rongyi does. Analogy takes place, however, that in some cases, nan and its following verb are reanalyzed and undergo semantic shift due to its identical linear order with middleconstruction. That reflects the characteristics of languagechange.

重動句一直是語言學家感興趣的議題，也因此對於此句型語言學家提出了各種不同的解釋。文獻中強制性的理論描述重動的產生，一些和重動句相關的句式可能使這些理論上產生疏漏，這可能代表文獻中的研究還不夠全面，同時對於何時該使用重動句或是其他相關句式，卻未有研究加以說明。所以本論文從形式、意義、用法討論重動句句型，尤其著重於重動句用法層面的探討，試圖更全面地了解重動句語法。而從三大面向中我們歸納出結論： 觀察重動句形式，當重動句裡的動詞為述賓形式時，無論其動詞為詞組、離合詞或詞，一定要使用重動句。 從意義方面來說，重動句的補語指向以指向動詞為大宗，證明重動句主要用於描述句中的動詞。並且，重動句裡的動詞語意根據句中的補語顯現其不同的語意內容，我們推測也許重動句句型本身不帶有意思。 就用法而言，重動句主要用於「客觀描述事件中的動詞」，而從變換句式中得知傾向使用重動句的情況為：為了描述人所參與的事件裡的動詞，而此動詞又造成某種結果，此時我們就會使用重動句。 最後，本文檢視了台海兩岸所出版的華語教材，討論「重動句」的教材編寫，且根據前述的語法規則提出建議，如，教師需特別提醒學習者：動詞的構詞方式、 「得」字的位置、形容詞為補語或是狀語。 / Linguisticians are always interested in this topic, the construction of the verb copying, so many researchers have studied this topic and proposed theoretical framework . However, there are some data that might cause the theories incomprehensive, and also in the decades there are no theses which focus on the transformation constructions from verb copying in Taiwan. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to make a comprehensive study for verb copying construction. This paper discusses the construction of verb copying in structure, meanings and usages three aspects, especially focuses on usages aspect. In the structure aspect, observing the construction in the corpora, when the verb in the sentence is composed of one verbal component and one nominal component, no matter that is classified as verb phrase, separable word, or word, using the construction of verb copying is necessary. In the meaning aspect, the meaning of construction is derived from the complements of sentences. Maybe the construction of verb copying itself does not have meanings. In the usages aspect, the construction of verb copying is mainly used when the speakers describe the verb in the event objectively. Furthermore, speakers tend to use the verb copying construction when they try to describe the situation that people are involved in the event and the action causes some kind of results. Finally, this research makes an overview of two main current Mandarin pedagogical materials, and provides some suggestions for teaching. There are some key points that teachers could remind their students, which are the way of verb composing, the position of “de” and distinguish between complement and adjunct.

Sportmarknaden har växt kraftigt under en längre period och är nu en viktig industri där allt fler aktörer konkurrerar om individers åtråvärda tid. Således har marknaden blivit betydligt mer kommersiell och ett sätt att undvika denna konkurrens är att skapa en ny sport. I denna studie kommer etableringen av en ny rekreationssport undersökas samt hur internationaliseringsprocessen ser ut. Tidigare forskning har behandlat professionell sport men saknar studier som riktar sig mot rekreationssporter. För att bidra till forskningen om rekreationssport har denna studie testat applicerbarheten av teorierna Blue Ocean Strategy och Uppsalamodellen i syfte att ta reda på hur en sport grundas, vilka fördelar man har som first mover, hur man försvarar sig samt hur expansion till internationella marknader går till. Detta har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod där grundarna av två svenska företag som driver rekreationssporter, ÖTILLÖ och Tough Viking, har intervjuats. Empirin visar att grundandet av en sport kräver stor passion, viljan att testa något nytt och en hybrid som gör sporter enklare och mer tillgängliga. Efter grundandet har first movern fördelen att sätta standarden i form av regler, välja de bästa platserna för eventet samt att företaget associeras med sporten. Den tydligaste strategin för att försvara sig är att företaget agerar likt ett förbund i syfte att avväpna nya aktörer och i den processen samtidigt få sporten att växa. Internationalisering av företagen sker för att sprida sporten och många sportspecifika faktorer styr valet av marknad vilket skiljer sig från Uppsalamodellen. / The sports market has grown strongly over a longer period of time and is now an important industry where more and more actors are competing for individuals' desirable time. Thus, the market has become significantly more commercial and one way to avoid this competition is to create a new sport. In this study, the establishment of a new recreational sport will be examined and what the internationalization process looks like. Previous research has dealt with professional sports but lacks studies aimed at recreational sports. To contribute to research on recreational sports, this study has tested the applicability of the theories Blue Ocean Strategy and the Uppsala model in order to find out how a sport is founded, what advantages you have as a first mover, how to defend yourself and how to expand to international markets. This has been done with a qualitative method where the founders of two Swedish companies that run recreational sports, ÖTILLÖ and Tough Viking, have been interviewed. The empirical presentation shows that founding a sport requires great passion, the desire to try something new and a hybrid that makes sports easier and more accessible. After the founding, a first mover has the advantage of setting the standard in the form of rules, choosing the best venues for the event and that the company is associated with the sport. The most distinct strategy for defending itself is that the company acts like a sport federation in order to disarm new actors and in the same process make the sport grow. Internationalization of companies takes place to spread the sport and many sport-specific factors dictate the choice of market, which differs from the Uppsala model.