Relatively little is known regarding trait anxiety and its relationship with negative health risk behaviors such as alcohol consumption and physical inactivity in adults. This study aimed to examine whether negative health risk behaviors differ by sex and whether trait anxiety is associated with the negative health risk behaviors above and beyond sociodemographic factors and depression. Data used in the present study came from a published dataset from the Midlife in the United States 2 (MIDUS 2) study and include a sample of 1,054 adults whose age range from 34 to 84 years. There were significant sex differences in alcohol consumption, but not in physical inactivity. Age, sex, BMI, and depression were significantly associated with alcohol consumption or physical inactivity, whereas trait anxiety was not. These results suggest that sociodemographic variables and depression should be taken into consideration when studying negative health risk behaviors. / Det finns relativt lite kunskap om ångest och dess förhållande till negativa hälsobeteenden som alkoholkonsumtion och fysisk inaktivitet hos vuxna individer. Denna studie avsåg undersöka om negativa hälsobeteenden varierade beroende på kön och om ångest har en relation till negativa hälsobeteenden utöver sociodemografiska faktorer och depression. De data som användes i denna studie kommer från ett offentligt data-set från the Midlife in the United States 2-studien (MIDUS 2) som omfattar 1054 vuxna deltagare med en ålder mellan 34 och 84 år. Det påfanns signifikanta könsskillnader inom alkoholkonsumtion men inte inom fysisk inaktivitet. Variablerna ålder, kön, BMI och depression hade en signifikant koppling till alkoholkonsumtion och fysisk inaktivitet, men ett liknande samband kunde inte påfinnas mellan ångest och de två hälsobeteendena. Detta indikerar således att man bör studera sociodemografiska variabler och depression i relation till negativa hälsobeteenden då det verkar finnas en tydlig koppling.

The temporomandibular disorder (TMD) has been widely discussed, however, controversy still exists about the relationship between trait anxiety and his effect on masticatory functions, as well as electromyography of masticatory muscles and cervical posture. Objective. Evaluate the trait anxiety and masticatory function of subjects with TMD. Casuistic and Methods. Were evaluated 61 young adults of both sexes, aged between 18 and 30 years. The TMD diagnosis was based on clinical criteria Instrument Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC / TMD) and the subjects were then divided into DTM symptomatic and control groups, trait anxiety was assessed using the Scale of the State-Trait Anxiety (STAI) and the electromyography records were collected in rest (R) position, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and habitual mastication (MH) of masseter and temporal, bite force (FM) was measured by a force transducer and the evaluation of masticatory performance was performed by the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of a artificial food chewed particles. For radiological analysis of complex craniocervical were used radiographs (sagittal plane) and measured three angles and two distances: high cervical angle (HCA), low cervical angle (LCA), the atlas plane angle (APA); distance translation of the odontoid (Tz C2/C7): occipital distance - atlas (DOA). Results. Of the 61 selected subjects, only 27 completed all phases of the study, 15 were symptomatic TMD group (5 men and 10 women) with a mean age of 21.7 ± 3.51 years and 12 controls (4 men and 8 women) aged mean of 19.8 ± 2.48. DTM symptomatic group presented the higher scores on trait anxiety (p = 0.036), mean values of electromyography (EMG) of masticatory muscles, bite force and masticatory performance did not differ between the control and DTM symptomatic groups, the correlation between mean values of EMG, FM and PM each other and with the cervical posture showed a moderate negative correlation between the distance of anterior translation of the head (Tz C2-C7) and electromyographic activity of the masseter (p = 0.005 and r = - 0.67) and anterior temporal (p = 0.01 and r = - 0.63) during mastication. Conclusion. In the sample studied, increased trait anxiety is related to symptomatic TMD patients, masticatory function did not differ symptomatic subjects with TMD and controls and electrical activity in muscles of mastication masseter and anterior temporal had an inverse relationship with the anterior translation head. / A disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) tem sido amplamente discutida na literatura, no entanto, ainda há controvérsia sobre sua relação com o traço ansioso e repercussão nas funções mastigatórias, assim como, da eletromiografia mastigatória e postura cervical. Objetivo. Avaliar o traço ansioso e a função mastigatória de indivíduos com DTM. Casuística e Métodos. Foram avaliados 61 indivíduos adultos jovens, de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária entre 18 e 30 anos. O diagnóstico de DTM foi baseado nos critérios clínicos do instrumento Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC/DTM) e os indivíduos foram então divididos em grupo DTM sintomática e Controle, a ansiedade traço foi avaliada por meio da Escala de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE) e foram colhidos registros de eletromiografia de superfície em repouso (R), contração voluntária máxima (CVM) e mastigação habitual (MH) de masseter e temporal, a força de mordida (FM) mensurada por meio de um transdutor de força e a avaliação da performance mastigatória foi realizada pelo diâmetro geométrico médio(DGM) das partículas de um alimento artificial mastigado. Para a análise radiológica do complexo craniocervical, foram utilizadas radiografias de perfil (plano sagital) e mensurados três ângulos e duas distâncias: ângulo cervical alto (ACA); ângulo cervical baixo (ACB); ângulo do plano do atlas (APA); distância de translação do odontóide (Tz C2/C7): distância occipital atlas (DOA). Resultados. Dos 61 sujeitos selecionados, apenas 27 concluíram todas as etapas da pesquisa, sendo 15 no grupo DTM sintomática (5 homens e 10 mulheres) com idade média de 21,7 ±3,51 anos e 12 controles (4 homens e 8 mulheres) idade média de 19,8 ± 2,48. Foram verificados maiores escores de ansiedade traço no grupo DTM sintomática (p=0,036), os valores médios da eletromiografia (EMG) dos músculos mastigatórios, da força de mordida e da performance mastigatória não apresentaram diferença entre os grupos controle e DTM, a correlação entre os valores médios de EMG, FM e PM entre si e com a postura cervical demonstrou uma correlação moderada negativa entre a distância de translação anterior da cabeça (Tz C2-C7) e a atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos masseter (p = 0,005 e r = - 0,67 ) e temporal anterior (p = 0,01 e r = - 0,63) durante a mastigação habitual. Conclusão: Na amostra avaliada, o traço ansioso aumentado está relacionado a indivíduos com DTM sintomática, a função mastigatória não diferiu sujeitos com DTM sintomática e controles e a atividade elétrica em mastigação habitual dos músculos masseter e temporal anterior tiveram uma relação inversamente proporcional com a translação anterior da cabeça.

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[pt] A pandemia do COVID-19 e suas medidas de contenção trouxeram diversos impactos para a saúde física e mental da população mundial. A adolescência é uma etapa do desenvolvimento de vulnerabilidade psicológica e tende a ser altamente impactada por um fator estressante dessa magnitude. Assim, nessa dissertação, pesquisou-se sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em adolescentes durante a crise sanitária, por meio de dois artigos distintos. O primeiro trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de pesquisas de coorte produzidas entre 2020 e 2021 que avaliaram sintomas de depressão e/ou ansiedade em adolescentes, bem como fatores de risco e proteção associados. O segundo artigo é uma pesquisa de coorte realizada com adolescentes entre doze e dezessete anos, moradores do município do Rio de Janeiro, ao longo de um ano, no qual se estudou as características sociodemográficas, experiências vividas e sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. Os resultados indicam prevalências elevadas de ansiedade e depressão em adolescentes cariocas e na maioria dos países analisados. Os fatores sociodemográficos de risco e proteção foram semelhantes no Brasil e no mundo. Como diferencial, na segunda pesquisa, pôde-se avaliar não apenas variáveis pessoais do adolescente, como também dados epidemiológicos da própria pandemia no município do Rio de Janeiro, que também se mostraram variáveis preditoras sobre desfechos de saúde mental. Estes dados podem ser utilizados para auxiliar a compreensão dos impactos do contexto pandêmico, bem como orientar medidas de prevenção e intervenção no público estudado. Por fim, propõe-se desdobramentos em pesquisas adicionais para compreensão precisa do atual panorama. / [en] The COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures have brought several impacts to the physical and mental health of the world s population. Adolescence is a development s stage of psychological vulnerability and tends to be highly impacted by a stressor of this magnitude. Thus, in this dissertation, symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents during the health crisis were researched through two separate articles. The first one is a systematic review of cohort studies produced between 2020 and 2021 that evaluated depression and/or anxiety s symptoms in adolescents, as well as associated risk and protective factors. The second article is a cohort research carried out with adolescents between twelve and seventeen years old, residents of the Rio de Janeiro city, over an year, in which sociodemographic characteristics, lived experiences and symptoms of anxiety and depression were studied. The results indicate high prevalence of anxiety and depression in adolescents from Rio de Janeiro and in most of the countries analyzed. Sociodemographic risk and protection factors were similar in Brazil and worldwide. As a differential, in the second research, it was possible to evaluate not only the adolescents personal variables, but also Rio de Janeiro s epidemiological data from the pandemic itself, which also proved to be predictive variables on mental health outcomes. These data can be used to help understand the impacts of the pandemic context, as well as guide prevention and intervention measures in the population studied. Finally, developments in additional research are proposed for a precise understanding of the current scenario.

This study explored the influence of trait anxiety on information processing in persuasive situations, and investigated cognitive load as a mediator of this relationship. The research presented was based off DeBono and McDermott's (1994) framework for exploring trait anxiety and persuasion. The theoretical lens used to explore information processing, the elaboration likelihood model (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986) posits that motivation and ability are necessary components to elaborate on a message. However, very little research has addressed ability variables like trait anxiety. I predicted that students high in trait anxiety would be persuaded by the attractiveness of the source (peripherally) whereas students low in trait anxiety would be persuaded by the strength of the arguments presented (centrally). Undergraduate students were asked to view a picture of a policy presenter and listen to a recording of the student's proposed policy statement. After listening to the recording participants wrote down their thoughts during the presentation and were tested on their ability to recall the arguments presented. They then completed a few scale items assessing their attitudes toward the policy as well as questions to maintain the cover story. Findings showed no difference in processing between low and high trait anxious individuals. However, there was a significant effect of anxiety on attitudes. Additionally, cognitive load was not found to be a mediator of the relationship between anxiety and attitudes.

Previous research into the accuracy of referrals for glaucoma has shown that a large number of referrals to the Hospital Eye Service are false positive. Research in areas of healthcare other than ophthalmology has shown that psychological distress can be caused by false positive referrals. The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of referrals to the HES for all ocular pathologies, and also to quantify the proportion of these referrals that were false positive. Any commonality between false positive referrals was investigated. The psychological effect of being referred to the HES was also evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Both scales were validated in this population with Rasch analysis before use. A final aim was to develop an improvement to the present referral pathway in order to reduce numbers of false positive referrals. The accuracy of referrals to the HES appears to improve as clinicians become more experienced, and greater numbers of false positive referrals are generated by female clinicians. Optometrists refer patients with a wide range of ocular diseases and in most cases include both fundus observations and visual acuity measurements in their referrals. GPs mainly refer patients with anterior segment disorders, particularly lid lesions, based on direct observation and symptoms. Illegibility and missing clinical information reduce the quality of many optometric referrals. Patients referred to the HES experience raised levels of anxiety as measured by the STAI and raised levels of depression as measured by the HADS-Depression subscale. As a method of assessing psychological distress, the questionnaires HADS-T (all items), STAI-S (State subscale) and STAI-T (Trait subscale) show good discrimination between patients when administered to a population of new ophthalmic outpatients, despite all having a floor effect. Subsequently a referral refinement service was developed which reduced numbers of unnecessary referrals and reduced costs for the NHS.

The study seeks to bring together literature on decision-making, the effects of work-related demands and stress, and individual differences in trait anxiety on near and far transfer effects of emotional working memory training (eWM). A sample of 31 students and working participants underwent emotional working memory training through an adaptive dual n-back method or a placebo face match training task for 14 days. Pre- and post-training measures were taken of a near transfer task, digit span, medium transfer measure of executive control, emotional Stroop, and a far transfer task of decision-making under uncertainty, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). In line with previous studies, eWM was expected to show gains in transfer task performance between pre- and post-training, and, especially for those scoring high on trait anxiety and workplace measures of stress demands (taken from COPSOQ), for whom there is more scope for improvement in emotional regulation. Gains in emotional Stroop specifically were further expected to show support for the effects of eWM training on emotional well-being in addition to decision-making. Results fell short of replicating previous work on transfer gains, though interference effects in Stroop did lessen in the eWM training group. Relationships between work demands, anxiety, stress and performance in the training itself, reinforce previous research showing that work stress and anxiety lead to cognitive failures, highlighting the importance of intervention studies in the organizational field, but they were not linked to benefits of the training. Resource and methodological limitations of the current study are considered, especially those involved in conducting pre-post designs and cognitive testing online.

This thesis investigates the effectiveness of third-person self-talk (TPST) as a strategy for managing work-related stress using imaginary scenarios. Employing an experimental design, the impact of TPST on stress was compared to first-person self-talk and control conditions. Six subscales (Upset, Afraid, Nervous, Irritated, Distressed, and Alert) of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were used to measure negative affect, while trait anxiety was controlled using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to control for its effect on the relationship between TPST and stress responses. Contrary to expectations, the findings did not support TPST's effectiveness in significantly reducing stress levels. Furthermore, trait anxiety appeared as a strong predictor influencing situational stress responses, indicating that TPST's effectiveness was limited compared to individual differences. Further research can explore TPST's applicability across cultures, using longitudinal or diary designs or distinguishing between self-talk of different natures (e.g., spontaneous and induced).

[pt] O medo é uma parte intrínseca da evolução humana e animal, mas pode se manifestar de forma patológica, como no Transtorno de Ansiedade. Há estudos na literatura que apontam o uso modelos animais para compreender psicopatologias, devido a simplicidade e semelhança neurobiológica. Foram desenvolvidas duas linhagens de ratos, denominadas Cariocas com Alto e Baixo Congelamento (CAC e CBC), que significa os níveis de ansiedade. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar comportamentos compulsivos e hiperativos nos Cariocas, especificamente o grooming e o rearing de 138 animais (CAC, n=34; CBC, n=36; CTL, n=38). A metodologia foi analítica e descritiva com base em imagens obtidas em gravações do teste do medo contextual, ao longo de 8 minutos antes do choque. Nossos resultados indicaram que os CBC apresentam maior frequência [F(3,60)= 45,94, p<0,0001] e duração [F(3,43)= 21,51, p< 0,0001] do comportamento de rearing quando comparados aos outros grupos, CAC e CTL (rANOVA; P<0,05, teste post hoc de LSD). Do mesmo modo, quanto ao grooming, houve uma diminuição significativa no tempo total [F(2,00)= 6,35, p<0,01]. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que os CBCs exibem um comportamento mais hiperativo, apoiando a hipótese de que podem servir como um modelo animal de TDAH. / [en] Fear is an intrinsic part of human and animal evolution, but it can manifest itself in pathological ways, such as Anxiety Disorder. There are studies in the literature that point to the use of animal models to understand psychopathologies, due to their simplicity and neurobiological similarity. Two strains of rats were developed, called Cariocas with High and Low Freezing (CAC and CBC), which means anxiety levels. The objective of this study was to investigate compulsive and hyperactive behaviors in Cariocas, specifically the grooming and rearing of 138 animals (CAC, n=34; CBC, n=36; CTL, n=38). The methodology was analytical and descriptive based on images obtained from recordings of the contextual fear test, over 8 minutes before the shock. Our results indicated that BCC present a higher frequency [F(3,60)= 45.94, p<0.0001] and duration [F(3,43)= 21.51, p< 0.0001] of behavior rearing when compared to the other groups, CAC and CTL (rANOVA; P<0.05, LSD post hoc test). Likewise, regarding grooming, there was a significant decrease in total time [F(2.00)= 6.35, p<0.01]. Therefore, the results suggest that CBCs exhibit more hyperactive behavior, supporting the hypothesis that they may serve as an animal model of ADHD.