Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoQC.pdf: 657702 bytes, checksum: e3ca2527141ad9609b4cdf030e534656 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-24 / The current study analyzes the birth and development of two strategic alliances established between shrimp producers in Rio Grande do Norte: the Unipesca and the Coopercam. To achieve this aim, two approaches which, at first sight, could be considered contradictory were used: the Transactional Costs Economy and Embeddedness. The first approach is fundamentally based in the studies of Williamson (1985; 1991; 1996; 1999; 2000; 2002). Embededness, on the other hand, went through the review of a series of authors, such as Burt (1992), Granovetter (1973; 1985), Uzzi (1997), Gulati (1994; 1995; 1997; 1998; 1999; 2000), Nielsen (2005), Ring (2002), Ring and Van de Ven (1994), Zafirovski (2002), among others. To analyze the birth and development of the cooperatives in this study, Gulati s work (1998) was used. This study shows the steps to be studied for a better comprehension of an alliance: the decision of starting an alliance and the choice of the partners, the decision about the governance structure, the evolution of the alliance and the development of the companies which established this partnership. To carry this study out, a study case accordingly to Yin s proposal (2001) was adopted. Semi-structured interviews with pre-defined plots were conducted in two phases: in the beginning of 2006 and in the beginning of 2007. The subjects from the research were, in 2006, representative members of the main associations and corporations, besides the shrimp producers from the state, when the context of the activity was set. In the second phase, in 2007, representative members from the two cooperatives that were listed above were interviewed the president from Coopercam and the marketing manager from Unipesca. Besides these two members, directors from two important organizations in each of these cooperatives were also interviewed, giving out the necessary information for the research. Secondary data was also collected from the Brazilian Association of Crab producers website, as well as from news from important newspapers in RN, such as Tribuna do Norte. The primary data was analyzed in terms of quality, accordingly to the documental analysis technique. Thus, through the data that was collected, it can be concluded that the reasons that motivated the companies to cooperate can be explained in terms of the transactional costs economy. However, the choice of partners is more connected to aspects approached by the social embededness. When aspects related to development and evolution were analyzed, it could be seen that both aspects from TCE and Embededness were vital to explain the development of the cooperatives mentioned / O presente estudo faz uma an?lise sobre a forma??o e o desenvolvimento de duas alian?as estrat?gicas formadas entre produtores de camar?o no Rio Grande do Norte: a Unipesca e a Coopercam. Utilizou-se de duas abordagens que, a princ?pio, poderiam ser consideradas contradit?rias: a Economia dos Custos de Transa??o e a Imers?o Social. A primeira abordagem se baseia fundamentalmente nos estudos de Williamson (1985; 1991; 1996; 1999; 2000; 2002). A Imers?o Social, por sua vez, passou pela revis?o de uma s?rie de autores, tais como Burt (1992), Granovetter (1973; 1985), Uzzi (1997), Gulati (1994; 1995; 1997; 1998; 1999; 2000), Nielsen (2005), Ring (2002), Ring e Van de Ven (1994), Zafirovski (2002), dentre outros. Para a an?lise da forma??o e do desenvolvimento das cooperativas em estudo, utilizou-se o trabalho de Gulati (1998), que aponta os passos a serem estudados para a compreens?o de uma alian?a: a decis?o de entrar e a escolha dos parceiros, a decis?o sobre a estrutura de governan?a, a evolu??o da alian?a e o desempenho das firmas que estabeleceram essa parceria. Para realiza??o do estudo adotou-se o estudo de caso conforme proposi??o de Yin (2001). Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com roteiros pr?-determinados, em duas fases: no in?cio de 2006 e no in?cio de 2007. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram, em 2006, representantes das principais associa??es e cooperativas, al?m de produtores de camar?o do estado, quando se realizou a contextualiza??o da atividade. Na segunda fase, em 2007, foram entrevistados os representantes das duas cooperativas em quest?o, sendo o presidente, no caso da Coopercam, e o gerente comercial, no caso da Unipesca. Al?m destes, tamb?m foram entrevistados dirigentes de duas organiza??es de grande relev?ncia em cada uma dessas cooperativas, tendo, estes entrevistados fornecido as informa??es necess?rias ? pesquisa. Tamb?m foram coletados dados secund?rios no site da ABCC, al?m de reportagens em jornais de grande circula??o no estado, como Tribuna do Norte. Os dados prim?rios foram analisados segundo a t?cnica de an?lise de conte?do proposta por Bardin (1977). No que se refere aos dados secund?rios, estes foram analisados qualitativamente segundo a t?cnica de an?lise documental (BARDIN, 1977; SILVERMAN, 1995). Assim, atrav?s dos dados coletados, p?de-se concluir que as raz?es que motivaram as firmas a cooperarem passam por quest?es abordadas pela Economia dos Custos de Transa??o. No entanto, a escolha dos parceiros passou muito mais por quest?es abordadas pela imers?o social. Quando analisados quest?es relativas ? evolu??o e o desempenho, verificou-se que aspectos tanto da ECT quanto da Imers?o Social foram centrais para explicar o desenvolvimento das cooperativas em quest?o

There is a growing economy of services that leverage networked solutions to enable peers to rent, re-sell, lend, trade or share assets among each other. We see a few widely successful examples of this, but there are many more that are not taking off. This thesis aims to identify barriers that hinder transactions from taking place in the sharing economy. The technological nature of these services allows HCI design to be a tool to mitigate these barriers. The literature review, a set of interviews and a workshop form data for the formation and analysis of the barriers. By categorizing the services as sharing, collaborative or on-demand economy services the barriers and the different motivations for using the services are explored. The associated values with the motivations for using the different service types are considered in a novel strategy to mitigate hard to reach barriers. The results from this thesis will be material for the proposed implementation of a local marketplace for sharing economy services. This implementation will be done in a proposed VINNOVA supported project in Stockholm, Sweden. The knowledge about the barriers and the strategies to mitigate them will hopefully be of value to other developments in the sharing economy. By designing with the barriers in mind the user experience will hopefully improve and lead to more transactions taking place. / Det finns en växande ekonomi av tjänster som utnyttjar nätverkslösningar som vill möjliggöra det för användare att hyra, återsälja, låna eller dela tillgångar mellan sig. Vi kan idag se ett fåtal väldigt framgångsrika exempel på detta, men det finns många fler som inte lyckas etablera sig. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att identifiera barriärer som hindrar transaktioner att ske inom delande-ekonomin. Den teknologiska kopplingen hos dessa tjänster tillåter MDI-design att vara ett viktigt verktyg för att motverka barriärerna. Litteraturstudien, ett antal intervjuer och en workshop ligger till grund för data till definierandet och analysen av dessa barriärer. Genom att kategorisera tjänster som delande-, kollaborativa- eller on-demand-ekonomitjänster kan motivation för användande och dess barriärer utforskas. Värden som kan associeras till motivationen för användandet av de olika tjänsterna används i en ny typ av strategi för att motverka de annars svårtillgängliga barriärerna. Resultatet från denna avhandling blir underlag för en implementation av en lokal marknadsplats för delande-ekonomitjänster. Denna implementation är en del i ett föreslaget projekt med stöd från VINNOVA i Stockholm, Sverige. Kunskap om barriärerna och strategier för att övervinna dom kan förhoppningsvis vara till värde för andra utvecklingsområden inom delande-ekonomi. Genom att designa med barriärerna i åtanke kan användarupplevelsen förbättras och leda till att fler transaktioner äger rum.

This thesis evaluates and constructs a general, product-neutral legal concept and model of financial instruments, as opposed to the product-dependent definitions currently employed in contemporary capital markets law. Through a combination of law and economics perspectives, legal history, and comparative analysis, the study examines the various types of financial instruments currently and previously in use. The legal characteristics and features of these instruments are evaluated and compared, leading to the identification of commonalities that can be used to define a product-neutral concept. The thesis argues that such a concept is more beneficial to the function of the capital markets by removing obstacles for financial innovation while also providing a consistent way to ensure that new financial products are governed by the same regulatory framework as comparable instruments.The thesis also examines the historical evolution of financial instruments and how it has been driven by the evolution of international trade and the demand and surplus of available capital. The proposed concept is applied to current financial instruments, including equity and debt, as well as pre-modern markets, and evaluated in terms of regulation, practical use, and legal characteristics such as transferability and negotiability.The research of this thesis encountered several challenges and limitations. Firstly, the historical and comparative analysis proved difficult to carry out, due to limitation in available source material and language related restrictions, respectively. These limitations were overcome by limiting the scope and by employing contacts with law firms in the respective jurisdictions. Secondly, several key issues proved to require further research to be able to provide definitive conclusions. Such research would have been out of scope and as such, simplified explanations and models were employed. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the practical implications of the proposed concept, including its application to cryptocurrencies and similar assets, and identifies potential areas for future research.