No description available.

Esta pesquisa propõe uma investigação teórica acerca do transexualismo, buscando instrumentos que possam abrir novas possibilidades de compreensão e tratamento do fenômeno para além do campo da patologia. Inicialmente, expõe sua definição clássica e a distinção diagnóstica de quadros clínicos próximos. Interroga a literatura sobre a possibilidade de que o transexualismo seja um fenômeno atemporal e analisa suas especificidades históricas contemporâneas. Num segundo momento, trata do desenvolvimento da identidade sexual segundo Freud e segundo Stoller, que importou para a psicanálise a noção de gênero. Aborda a teoria de gênero de Butler e as questões que endereça à psicanálise de cunho estrutural, que ratificaria a visão patologizante dos gêneros ininteligíveis prevalecente na cultura heteronormativa da modernidade. Debate sobre a pertinência da determinação de uma identidade transexual. Finalmente, discorre sobre a clínica que relega o transexualismo ao campo da patologia sustentada pelas teorias de Stoller e de alguns psicanalistas lacanianos. Como forma de se contrapor a tal clínica, esta pesquisa trabalha as noções psicanalíticas de Verleugnung, semblante, gozo e sinthoma. Contempla o registro do real, privilegiado nos últimos momentos da obra lacaniana, a partir do qual o caráter patologizante da clínica psicanalítica é esvaziado: a direção é a singularidade de cada sujeito. Conseqüentemente, a psicanálise lacaniana se desvencilha da heteronormatividade, abrindo lugar para a legitimação de novas manifestações da sexualidade / This research proposes a theoretical investigation of transsexuality, seeking the means to open new possibilities to understand and treat this phenomenon outside the field of pathology. First, it refers to the classic definition of transsexuality and to a diagnostical distinction of related clinical cases. It questions the literature on the possibility that transsexuality might be a timeless phenomenon, and it analyzes its contemporary historical particularities. Secondly, it covers the development of a sexual identity according to Freud and then according to Stoller, who imported the concept of gender into the psychoanalysis. It addresses Butler\'s theory of gender and the issues this theory directs to structural psychoanalysis, which would ratify the pathologizing view of the unintelligible genders that prevail in the modern day heteronormative culture. It debates the pertinence of determining a transsexual identity. Finally, it considers the practice defended in theories by Stoller and by some Lacanian psychoanalysts that relegates transsexuality to the field of pathology. In order to counterbalance the aforementioned practice, this research considers the psychoanalytical notions of Verleugnung, semblance, jouissance and sinthome. It contemplates the order of the Real, favored in the last instances of the Lacanian work, from where the pathologizing character of the psychoanalytical practice is abandoned: the route is the singularity of each subject. Consequently, Lacanian psychoanalysis detaches itself from heteronormativity, making space for the legitimization of new manifestations of the sexuality

Esta pesquisa propõe uma investigação teórica acerca do transexualismo, buscando instrumentos que possam abrir novas possibilidades de compreensão e tratamento do fenômeno para além do campo da patologia. Inicialmente, expõe sua definição clássica e a distinção diagnóstica de quadros clínicos próximos. Interroga a literatura sobre a possibilidade de que o transexualismo seja um fenômeno atemporal e analisa suas especificidades históricas contemporâneas. Num segundo momento, trata do desenvolvimento da identidade sexual segundo Freud e segundo Stoller, que importou para a psicanálise a noção de gênero. Aborda a teoria de gênero de Butler e as questões que endereça à psicanálise de cunho estrutural, que ratificaria a visão patologizante dos gêneros ininteligíveis prevalecente na cultura heteronormativa da modernidade. Debate sobre a pertinência da determinação de uma identidade transexual. Finalmente, discorre sobre a clínica que relega o transexualismo ao campo da patologia sustentada pelas teorias de Stoller e de alguns psicanalistas lacanianos. Como forma de se contrapor a tal clínica, esta pesquisa trabalha as noções psicanalíticas de Verleugnung, semblante, gozo e sinthoma. Contempla o registro do real, privilegiado nos últimos momentos da obra lacaniana, a partir do qual o caráter patologizante da clínica psicanalítica é esvaziado: a direção é a singularidade de cada sujeito. Conseqüentemente, a psicanálise lacaniana se desvencilha da heteronormatividade, abrindo lugar para a legitimação de novas manifestações da sexualidade / This research proposes a theoretical investigation of transsexuality, seeking the means to open new possibilities to understand and treat this phenomenon outside the field of pathology. First, it refers to the classic definition of transsexuality and to a diagnostical distinction of related clinical cases. It questions the literature on the possibility that transsexuality might be a timeless phenomenon, and it analyzes its contemporary historical particularities. Secondly, it covers the development of a sexual identity according to Freud and then according to Stoller, who imported the concept of gender into the psychoanalysis. It addresses Butler\'s theory of gender and the issues this theory directs to structural psychoanalysis, which would ratify the pathologizing view of the unintelligible genders that prevail in the modern day heteronormative culture. It debates the pertinence of determining a transsexual identity. Finally, it considers the practice defended in theories by Stoller and by some Lacanian psychoanalysts that relegates transsexuality to the field of pathology. In order to counterbalance the aforementioned practice, this research considers the psychoanalytical notions of Verleugnung, semblance, jouissance and sinthome. It contemplates the order of the Real, favored in the last instances of the Lacanian work, from where the pathologizing character of the psychoanalytical practice is abandoned: the route is the singularity of each subject. Consequently, Lacanian psychoanalysis detaches itself from heteronormativity, making space for the legitimization of new manifestations of the sexuality

Orientador: Fernando Silva Teixeira Filho / Banca: Maria de Fátima Araújo / Banca: Maria Lívia Tourinho Moretto / Resumo: O presente trabalho buscou realizar um estudo psicanalítico sobre as transexualidades a partir da clínica com transexuais femininas, no âmbito hospitalar, e sua demanda de alteração corporal, dirigida ao corpo médico, com o discurso de "adequarem" o seu sexo anatômico à sua "alma feminina". Pretendeu-se com esta pesquisa oferecer uma reflexão para o tema da transexualidade partindo da ótica de quem a vive, ou seja, sobre o discurso de "adequar o sexo" na singularidade de quem o expressa, mantendo-se a articulação entre o individual e o social. Utilizou-se o método de pesquisa em psicanálise, optando-se pela narrativa na apresentação dos casos clínicos pautados no acompanhamento específico de sete transexuais femininas adultas (que não mais estavam em atendimento), possibilitando vislumbrar um panorama representativo da dinâmica subjetiva de cada uma. A questão principal que norteia este trabalho se refere a: como se organiza a subjetividade de uma pessoa que, em nome de sua identidade sexual, demanda uma transformação definitiva no corpo, com o propósito de aproximar sua anatomia ao sexo biológico oposto? A leitura psicanalítica do material clínico obtido privilegiou os aspectos que permearam a busca pela cirurgia de 'mudança de sexo' e os processos de subjetivação que atuaram na construção desse pedido de alteração corporal. Foi possível constatar que tais construções subjetivas sofrem os efeitos dos modos como os processos de identificação e sexuação foram vivenciados. As saídas ou soluções encontradas, em sua dinâmica pulsional, revelam que, enquanto um fenômeno do nosso tempo, além da fascinação pela imagem, a busca pela tecnologia (que se supõe ser capaz de dominar o Real) esteve pautada em um duplo eixo: um horizontal... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The current paper results from clinical experience with female transsexuals patients who look forward to undergoing sex-change surgery in order to adjust their physical body to fit their feminine soul. This research intends to address the issue of transexualities through the eyes of he who lives it, i.e., through their sex adjustment speech in the singularity of he who expresses it, keeping a reflection on the articulation between individual and social factors. The approach method used on seven adult female transsexuals (no longer being treated) was research in psychoanalysis and narrative in clinical vignettes in order to offer a representative panorama of the psychic dynamics of each one. The main issue of this paper is how to organize the subjectivity of a person who, in the name of their sexual identity, demands a definitive body adjustment so as to bring their body closer to the one of the opposite gender. The psychoanalytical reading of clinical data collected privileged the reasons for the sexchange seek and the subjectivity processes that acted in favor of the body adjustment plead. It was possible to conclude that these subjective constructions depend on how the processes of identification and sexuation were lived. The exist, i.e., the solutions found, in its pulsional dynamics, reveal that, while a phenomenon of our time, beyond image fascination, the seek for technology (which assumes being able to dominate the Real) in some cases traveled on double tracks: horizontally in relation to his fellow, so that the desire for another man wouldn't be homossexual but a result of his heterossexuality, getting rid of homophobia and stigma) ; vertically, in relation to the Other of science, created in his imaginary that it is the shape of his genital that defines his sexual identity and not the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

La binarité sexuée est une vérité qui semblait, jusqu’à aujourd’hui incontestée et incontestable. Si bien que, mises à part les désignations genrées présentes dans le Code civil, ce dernier n’a pas jugé utile de préciser que les sexes qui devaient être inscrits sur les actes de l’état civil, devaient être exclusivement féminin ou masculin. Cependant, en pratique, l’appartenance exclusive à l’un des deux sexes consacrés n’est pas une règle universelle.C’est ainsi que les états d’intersexuation sont venus ternir le tableau, en affirmant que le sexe n’était pas une entité unique mais un bloc de différentes composantes, objectives et subjective, qui ne sont pas nécessairement concordantes entre elles. D’une part, l’intersexuation physique, se caractérisant par une variation du développement génital (V.D.G.) s’analyse comme une non concordance des composantes objectives du sexe, c'est-à-dire, toutes celles qui dépendent d’un déterminisme biologique. D’autre part, l’intersexuation psychique, autrement appelée transsexualisme, ou dysphorie de genre, ne sous-entend qu’une discordance entre les composantes objectives et la composante subjective, le sexe psychosocial. En d’autres termes, la personne est biologiquement d’un sexe déterminé, mais elle se sent appartenir à l’autre sexe.Ces deux états ont vocation à remettre en cause la place du sexe dans les actes de l’état civil à deux niveaux. D’un côté, les personnes dites « intersexes » vont nous faire nous interroger sur la véritable valeur de l’état civil si ce dernier ne prend pas en compte la variation dans ses énonciations. Seulement, cette interrogation semble être contrée par certaines pratiques médicales, qui, sous la contrainte à la fois des parents et de la société binaire, assignent des jeunes intersexes dans les jours qui suivent la naissance, alors même qu’aucune nécessité médicale ne vient justifier cet acte. De l’autre côté, les personnes transsexuelles remettent en cause les fondements de l’état des personnes et notamment le principe de l’immutabilité.De plus, les certitudes sur le sexe en Droit sont bouleversées par le développement des droits fondamentaux issus d’une interprétation toujours plus large de l’article 8 de la C.E.D.H. Ainsi, découle du droit au respect de la vie privée, le droit à l’épanouissement personnel, qui lui-même a rendu possible l’émergence des droits relatifs à l’identité, dont l’identité de genre. Ils se divisent en deux entités avec d’une part, le droit à la construction de l’identité de genre et d’autre, le droit à sa reconnaissance.Toutes ces considérations ont fait muter la mission de l’état civil, qui ne remplit plus uniquement une mission identifiante et de police civile au bénéfice de l’État et de l’intérêt général, mais qui devient le lieu privilégié des revendications identitaires, au bénéfice des individus. Dès lors, le genre devient admis en Droit, d’autant plus que la C.E.D.H. se positionne en faveur du développement de cette seconde mission.Au regard de ces éléments, nous pouvons affirmer qu’une réforme de la mention du sexe à l’état civil est opportune, ne serait-ce que pour éviter les probables condamnations de la Cour européenne. Cette réforme devrait assurer le respect dû à la vie privée des personnes en état d’intersexuation tant en limitant les situations stigmatisantes dont elles pourraient être victimes. Elle pourrait par ailleurs, prendre deux formes selon qu’elle se placerait en faveur d’un abandon ou de la mise en place d’une nouvelle mention. Dans la première hypothèse, une neutralisation du sexe serait envisagée et pourrait prendre deux formes. La première s’analyse en une neutralisation totale, c'est-à-dire, qu’aucune mention du sexe n’apparaitrait sur les actes de l’état civil. La seconde serait partielle dans la mesure où le sexe serait une mention cachée, ou rationnalisée, avec l’aide de nouvelles techniques d’identification, comme la biométrie. / The sexed binarity is a truth which seemed, until now uncontested and undeniable. So that, put except for designations genrées present in the Civil code, this last considered to be useful to specify only the sexes which were to be registered on the acts of the civil status, were to be exclusively female or male. However, in practice, the exclusive membership of the one of the two devoted sexes is not a universal rule.Thus the states of intersexuation came to tarnish the table, by affirming that the sex was not a single entity but a block of various components, objective and subjective, which are not necessarily concordant between them. On the one hand, the physical intersexuation, being characterized by a variation of the genital development (V. G. D.) is analyzed like nonan agreement of the objective components of the sex, i.e., all those which depend on a biological determinism. In addition, the psychic intersexuation, otherwise called transsexualism, or dysphorie of kind, implies only one discordance between the objective components and the subjective component, the psychosocial sex. In other words, the person is biologically of a determined sex, but it feels to belong to the other sex.These two states have authority to call into question the place of the sex in the acts of the civil status on two levels. On a side, the people known as “intersexes” will make us wonder about the true value of the civil status if this last does not take into account the variation in its statings. This interrogation seems to be countered by certain practices medical, which, under the constraint at the same time of the parents and the binary company, assigns young people intersexes in the days which follow the birth, while at the same time any medical need does not come to justify this act. Other side, the people transsexuals call into question the bases of the state of the people and in particular the principle of immutability.Moreover, the certainty on the sex in Right are upset by the development of the basic rights resulting from an interpretation increasingly broader of article 8 of the C.E.D.H. Thus, rises from the right to the respect of the private life, the right to the personal blooming, which itself made possible the emergence of the rights relating to the identity, of which gender identity. They are divided into two entities with on the one hand, the right to construction of the gender identity and other, the right to its recognition.All these considerations made transfer the mission of the civil status, which does not fulfill only any more one identifying mission and of civil police for the benefit of the State and the general interest, but which becomes the privileged place of the identity claims, for the benefit of individuals. Consequently, the kind becomes allowed in Right, more especially as the C.E.D.H. positions in favour of the development of this second mission.Taking into consideration these element, we can affirm that a reform of the mention of the sex to the civil status is convenient, would be this only to avoid the probable judgments of the European Court. This reform should ensure the respect due to the private life of the people in a state of intersexuation so much by limiting the stigmatizing situations of which they could be victims. It could in addition, to take two forms according to whether it would be placed in favour of an abandonment or installation of a new mention. On the first assumption, a neutralization of the sex would be considered and could take two forms. The first is analyzed in a total neutralization, i.e., that no mention of the sex appears on the acts of the civil status. The second partial insofar as the sex would be a hidden mention, or would be rationalized, with the assistance of novel methods of identification, like biometrics.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:59:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 elias_va_me_assis.pdf: 1043261 bytes, checksum: afd1e1dd4322b0395924fdb47ca77376 (MD5) / O presente trabalho buscou realizar um estudo psicanalítico sobre as transexualidades a partir da clínica com transexuais femininas, no âmbito hospitalar, e sua demanda de alteração corporal, dirigida ao corpo médico, com o discurso de adequarem o seu sexo anatômico à sua alma feminina. Pretendeu-se com esta pesquisa oferecer uma reflexão para o tema da transexualidade partindo da ótica de quem a vive, ou seja, sobre o discurso de adequar o sexo na singularidade de quem o expressa, mantendo-se a articulação entre o individual e o social. Utilizou-se o método de pesquisa em psicanálise, optando-se pela narrativa na apresentação dos casos clínicos pautados no acompanhamento específico de sete transexuais femininas adultas (que não mais estavam em atendimento), possibilitando vislumbrar um panorama representativo da dinâmica subjetiva de cada uma. A questão principal que norteia este trabalho se refere a: como se organiza a subjetividade de uma pessoa que, em nome de sua identidade sexual, demanda uma transformação definitiva no corpo, com o propósito de aproximar sua anatomia ao sexo biológico oposto? A leitura psicanalítica do material clínico obtido privilegiou os aspectos que permearam a busca pela cirurgia de 'mudança de sexo' e os processos de subjetivação que atuaram na construção desse pedido de alteração corporal. Foi possível constatar que tais construções subjetivas sofrem os efeitos dos modos como os processos de identificação e sexuação foram vivenciados. As saídas ou soluções encontradas, em sua dinâmica pulsional, revelam que, enquanto um fenômeno do nosso tempo, além da fascinação pela imagem, a busca pela tecnologia (que se supõe ser capaz de dominar o Real) esteve pautada em um duplo eixo: um horizontal... / The current paper results from clinical experience with female transsexuals patients who look forward to undergoing sex-change surgery in order to adjust their physical body to fit their feminine soul. This research intends to address the issue of transexualities through the eyes of he who lives it, i.e., through their sex adjustment speech in the singularity of he who expresses it, keeping a reflection on the articulation between individual and social factors. The approach method used on seven adult female transsexuals (no longer being treated) was research in psychoanalysis and narrative in clinical vignettes in order to offer a representative panorama of the psychic dynamics of each one. The main issue of this paper is how to organize the subjectivity of a person who, in the name of their sexual identity, demands a definitive body adjustment so as to bring their body closer to the one of the opposite gender. The psychoanalytical reading of clinical data collected privileged the reasons for the sexchange seek and the subjectivity processes that acted in favor of the body adjustment plead. It was possible to conclude that these subjective constructions depend on how the processes of identification and sexuation were lived. The exist, i.e., the solutions found, in its pulsional dynamics, reveal that, while a phenomenon of our time, beyond image fascination, the seek for technology (which assumes being able to dominate the Real) in some cases traveled on double tracks: horizontally in relation to his fellow, so that the desire for another man wouldn't be homossexual but a result of his heterossexuality, getting rid of homophobia and stigma) ; vertically, in relation to the Other of science, created in his imaginary that it is the shape of his genital that defines his sexual identity and not the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador : Irani Quagio-Grassiotto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T07:43:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antoneli_FernandaNatalia_D.pdf: 38673941 bytes, checksum: b5d1b651382a852a4a58b296f16a2d96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Os peixes teleósteos exibem vários padrões sexuais durante sua ontogenia, nos quais as gõnadas se transformam em ovários ou testículos funcionais. Nas distintas Ordens podem ser encontradas espécies gonocóricas, assim como hermafroditas, tanto simultâneas quanto seqüenciais ou consecutivas. No hermafroditismo seqüencial (protândrico ou protogínico), a mudança de sexo nos indivíduos adultos envolve a degeneração do tecido gonadal do primeiro sexo e o crescimento e maturação do tecido do sexo oposto, passando por uma fase de intersexo. Nas espécies hermafroditas protogínicas, mais frequentemente observada nos teleósteos, os individuos desenvolvem-se como fêmeas e, posteriormente, na vida adulta, seus ovários funcionais são substituídos por testículos, transformando-as em machos reprodutivamente ativos. Fatores internos e externos (ambientais) parecem controlar a mudança de sexo nas espécies hermafroditas seqüenciais. Nos vertebrados, o funcionamento do sistema reprodutor envolve o sistema nervoso e complexas vias de feedback hormonais, ambos integrados no chamado eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-gonadal. Nos peixes teleósteos, os esteróides sexuais, assim como os hormônios hipotalâmicos e adenohipofisários são considerados os principais fatores que controlam o desenvolvimento sexual gonadal, e podem estar envolvidos na inversão de sexo em espécies hermafroditas. Synbranchus marmoratus é um peixe hermafrodita protogínico diândrico e, na busca das possíveis correlações entre as alterações morfológicas gonadais e variações plasmáticas dos esteróides sexuais, observou-se que, na dependência do grau de decréscimo da oogênese e aumento da atividade do tecido masculino, o processo de inversão de sexo foi dividido em três fases: inicial, intermediária e final. A gõnada transicional de S. marmoratusfoi caracterizada pela a) desorganização da estrutura típica ovariana; b) massiva degeneração de células germinativas femininas; c) surgimento das células germinativas masculinas iniciais nas bordas das lamelas ovigeras, em associação com prováveis células de Sertoli; d) intensa proliferação e migração de células mióides; e) intensa atividade macrofágica, com a presença de melanomacrófagos e centros melanomacrofágicos; e f) aparecimento de grupos de células de Leydig no compartimento intersticial. As células de Leydig constituíram estruturas masculinas pioneiras a surgirem no ovário, então considerada gônada transicional inicial. Assim, estas células foram consideradas marcadores mortológicos e funcionais do processo de inversão sexual nesta espécie. As células de Leydig apresentaram as típicas características ultraestruturais associadas à esteroidogênese, bem como alta atividade esteroidogênica (3j3-HSD),provavelmente, produzindo andrógenos necessários ao desenvolvimento do tecido masculino gonadal e à espermatogênese. Na fase intermediária, a arquitetura masculina gonadal começa a ser definida, com a proliferação de numerosos cistos com células germinativas em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento. Nas gônadas transicionais finais, apenas poucos oócitos em degeneração e centros melanomacrofágicos permanecem. A mortologia da gônada transicional nesta fase é caracterizada pela completa formação das "lamelas testiculares" e dos túbulos seminíferos, os quais podem ser classificados como do tipo lobular irrestrito. Em nível hormonal, o início da transição sexual está associado à diminuição dos níveis plasmáticos de 17'beta'-estradiol, e o aumento da testosterona circulante, sugerindo a implicação destas circunstâncias para dar início à inversão de sexo natural em S. marmoratus. Os níveis plasmáticos de 11-cetotestosterona apenas sofrem baixas variações durante o início e progresso do referido processo, indicando um papel secundário deste andrógeno na inversão de sexo em S. marmoratus. A identificação das células adenohípofisárias de S. marmoratus durante a inversão de sexo não mostra qualquer alteração no padrão de imunomarcação das células produtoras dos diferentes hormônios ao longo do processo, excetuando-se as células gonadotrópicas, cuja atividade de síntese foi bastante alta nos intersexos iniciais. Provavelmente, estas células ofereçam suporte hormonal para a inversão de sexo nessa espécie. Assim, a inversão de sexo em S. marmoratus parece ocorrer sob controle do eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-gonadal. Por sua vez, as alterações morto lógicas necessárias à efetivação do processo propriamente dito - desestruturação do tecido gonadal feminino e desenvolvimento do tecido do sexo oposto - são gradualmente promovidas, seja pela falta ou escassez de estrógenos, e/ou pelo aumento dos níveis de andrógenos. Por conseguinte, S. marmoratus constitui um excelente modelo para o estudo dos eventos morto-funcionais da inversão de sexo / Abstract: Teleost fishes exhibit several sexual patterns during their ontogeny, in which the gonads change into functional ovaries or testes. In distinct Orders, both gonochoristic and hermaphrodite species, simultaneous as well as sequential or consecutive, can be found. In sequential hermaphroditism (protandrous or protogynous), sex change in adult individuais involves the degeneration of the primary sex gonadal tissue and the growth and maturation of the opposite sex, passing through an intersex phase. In protogynous hermaphrodite species, most frequently observed in teleosts, individuais first develop into females and later, at adulthood, their functional ovaries are gradually replaced by testes, becoming them into active reproductively males. Internal and external (environmenta) factors seem to control the sex change in sequential hermaphrodite species. In vertebrates, the dynamic of reproductive system involves the nervous system and complex hormonal biosynthetic pathways, all of them integrated in the called brain-pituitary-gonad axis. In teleost fish, sex steroids, as well as brain and pituitary hormones, are considered to be the main factors controlling gonadal sex development, and may be involved in sex reversal in hermaphrodite species. Synbranchus marmoratus is a protogynous diandric fish. Depending on the degree of female gametogenesis decrease and male tissue activity increase, the sex reversal process was divided into three phases: early, intermediate, and final. S. marmoratus transitional gonad was characterized by the: a) disorganization of the typical ovarian structure; b) massive degeneration of the female germ cells; c) appearance of initial male germ cells . at the border of ovigerous lamellae in association with putative Sertoli cells; d) intense proliferation and migration of myoid cells; e) intense macrophage activity with the presence of melanomacrophages and melanomacrophage centers; and f) appearance of clusters of Leydig cells in the interstitial compartment. Leydig cells constitute the pioneer male structures to arise in the ovary, considered the early transitional gonad at this point. Thus, these cells were considered morphological and functional markers of the sex reversal process in this species. Leydig cells presented the typical fine structures associated to steroidogenesis, such as high steroidogenic activity (3'beta'-HSD), probably, producing androgens necessary to development of gonadal male tissue, and spermatogenesis. In the intermediate phase, the male gonadal architecture begins to be defined, with the proliferation of numerous spermatocysts containing germ cells at different developmental stages. In final transitional gonads, only few degenerating oocytes and melanomacrophage centers remain. The morphology of transitional gonad at this phase is characterized by the complete formation of the testicular lamellae and the seminiferous lobules, which can be classified as unrestricted lobular type. At hormonal level, the beginning of the sexual transition is associated with the decrease of plasma estradiol-17 'beta' levels and the increase of circulating testosterone, suggesting the implication of such circumstances to trigger the natural sex change in S. marmoratus. Plasma 11-ketotestosterone levels onlysuffered weak variations during the initiation and progress of such process, which may indicate the secondary role of this androgen in S. marmoratus sex reversal. The identification of the adenohypophyseal cells of Synbranchus marmoratus during sex reversal does not show any alteration in the immunomarcation pattern of secretory cells of different hormones during the process, except for gonadotropin-producing oolls, which synthesis activity was very high in the initial intersexes. Probably, these cells offer hormonal support for sex reversal in this species. Therefore, sex reversal in S. marmoratus seems to occur under hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis control. Morphological alterations necessary to sex reversal process accomplishment - disorganization of female gonadal tissue and development of the tissue of opposite sex - are gradually promoted by the estrogens privation, and/or by the androgens levels increase. Therefore, S. marmoratus constitutes an excellent model for the studying of morpho-functional eventsof sex change / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

HUR GÖR VI NU? EN STUDIE KRING LÄRARES REFLKETIONER AV ATT MÖTA ICKE-CISPERSONER I SKOLMILJÖ. HANNA BORGSTRÖM PETROVIC Hanna Borgström Petrovic. Trängsel i uppdraget. En studie av lärares reflektioner av att möta icke-cis elever i skolmiljö. Examensarbete i Sexologi 30 högskolepoäng. Malmö universitet: Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle. 2018.Bakgrund: En normkritisk pedagogik och diskurs har de senaste åren implementerats runt om i landets skolor. Trots detta mår ungdomar som är icke-cis betydligt sämre än jämförande grupp av cis- elever. Enligt styrdokumenten ska läraren möta varje elev utifrån deras förutsättningar och behov, men samtidigt skapa goda relationer åt alla håll.Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur lärare som arbetar normkritiskt reflekterar och funderar kring synen på läraruppdraget i relation till de elever som inte är cis- personer.Metod: Semistrukturerade intervjuer i fokusgrupper online med kvalitativ metod. Totalt fyra intervjuer med tre till fyra deltagande legitimerade lärare i varje. Resultat och analys: De intervjuade lärarna var eniga kring uppdraget och att en normkritisk pedagogik bör genomsyra skolan. Stöd finns för detta förhållningssätt i samtliga styrdokument som berör skolmiljön. Komplexiteten består av att även om en lärare gör allt som står i hens makt för att arbeta normkritiskt finns en rad hinder, exempelvis vårdnadshavare med en äldre diskurs i vilken bara två kön finns, kollegor som konstant använder kill- och tjejgrupper. Omklädningsrum som är helt könade samt elever som agerar diskriminerande och ifrågasättande kring könsidentitet. Därtill en rad andra specialbehov som kräver både fortbildningsinsatser och tid som inte finns i en redan fullspäckad arbetsmiljö. Konklusion: Trots styrdokumentens stringens kring värdegrund och normkritik, finns inte enbart en normkritisk diskurs inom ramen för skolmiljön utan en rad äldre diskurser lever kvar, vilka syns i strukturer och handlingar. För de lärare som ämnar leva upp till styrdokumenten och arbeta normkritiskt finns därför en rad hinder. Kring dessa hinder tycks det inte finnas några strukturella lösningar, utgångspunkter eller regler. Det lämnas allt förmycket utrymme i skolans värld till enskilda och personliga lösningar för icke-cis elever. Dessutom finns en total avsaknad av konsekvenser för personer som inte arbetar normkritiskt vilket leder till att allt för stort utrymme för andra diskurser än den normkritiska. Nyckelord: Diskurs, trängsel, script, läroplan, normkritik, lärare / AND NOW THEN? A STUDY MAKES THE LEARNERS`S REFLECTIONS OF MEETING NON-CISPERSONS IN SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTHANNA BORGSTRÖM PETROVIC Hanna Borgström Petrovic. Title. A study of teachers' reflections on meeting non-cis students in the school environment. Degree project in sexuality 30 högskolepoäng. Malmö University: Faculty of Health and Society, 2018.Background: A norm-critical pedagogy and discourse has been implemented throughout the country's schools in recent years. Nevertheless, young people who are non-cis are significantly worse than the comparative group of cis pupils. On the one hand, the teacher will meet each student based on their prerequisites and needs, but on the other hand, create good relationships in all directions.Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to invstigate how teachers who work norm critically reflect and think about the view of teacher assignment in relation to those non-cis students .Method: Semi-structured interviews in focus groups online with qualitative methodology. A total of four interviews with three to four participating legitimate teachers in each.Results and Analysis: The interviewed teachers agreed on the assignment and that norm-critical education should penetrate school. There is support for this approach in all governing documents relating to the school environment. The complexity is that even if a teacher does everything in his power to work normally, there are a number of obstacles, such as guardians with an older discourse in which there are only two sexes, colleagues who constantly use boy- and girl groups. Fully gendered dressing rooms as well as students acting discriminatory and questioning about gender identity. In addition, a number of other special needs that require both training efforts and time that are not in an already packaged work environment.Conclusion: In spite of the strictness of the guideline's string of values and norm criticism, there is not only a norm-critical discourse within the school environment, but a number of older discourses remain, which are seen in structures and actions. For those teachers who intend to live up to the control documents and work normally, there are therefore a number of obstacles. Around these barriers, there appear to be no structural solutions, starting points or rules. It leaves all the available space in the school world to individual and personal solutions for non-cis students. In addition, there is a total lack of consequences for people who do not work normally, which leads to too much room for discourses other than the norm critical.Keywords: discourse, congestion, script curriculum, teachers

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-17T11:53:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nathalia Carolini Mendes dos Santos.pdf: 970157 bytes, checksum: 8c0beb5e48612ade18d83f8e931b6c02 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-17T11:53:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nathalia Carolini Mendes dos Santos.pdf: 970157 bytes, checksum: 8c0beb5e48612ade18d83f8e931b6c02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Although there is still a long way for transsexuals to have their rights fully assured in Brazil, in recent years many achievements have been achieved. The national and international political agenda included the struggle linked by years of social movements in the pursuit of equality of conditions, respect, freedom, dignified life and full exercise of citizenship for the LGBTI + population. The Brazilian legal system is flawed and does not specifically regulate the protection and defense of transsexuals who, in order to eliminate invisibility and persecution, have found in the evolution of human rights and constitutional principles the chance of recognition before the community, leaving gradually to be part of a group that survives on the fringes of society, consistently considered as rests or "something" that should not exist, sometimes inhabiting the underworld of prostitution in search of at least sustenance. However, this path has not been easy and there are still many difficulties in the effectiveness of these rights, since prejudice, discrimination and intolerance create many obstacles. In view of this, the present study analyzed the legal protection of transsexuals and their effectiveness, through affirmative actions to combat discrimination as a way to ensure the existential minimum, guaranteeing inclusion in the labor market and in all social segments, stressing the the need for a regulatory law that criminalizes discriminatory practices, intolerance or violates fundamental rights, and finally, the strengthening of the work of the Public Labor Ministry in monitoring compliance with labor legislation, following up on complaints and stimulating their implementation / Apesar de ainda faltar muito para que os transexuais tenham seus direitos plenamente assegurados no Brasil, nos últimos anos, muitas conquistas foram alcançadas. A agenda política nacional e internacional incluiu a luta encadeada por anos dos movimentos sociais na busca de igualdade de condições, respeito, liberdade, vida digna e pleno exercício da cidadania para a população LGBTI+. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro é falho e não regulamenta, de forma específica, a proteção e a defesa dos transexuais que, no intuito de eliminar a invisibilidade e a perseguição, encontraram na evolução dos direitos humanos e princípios constitucionais a chance de reconhecimento perante a coletividade, deixando, paulatinamente, de fazer parte de um grupo que sobrevive à margem da sociedade, considerado de forma constante como rés ou “algo” que não deveria existir, por vezes habitando o submundo da prostituição em busca, ao menos, de sustento. No entanto, esse caminho não foi fácil e ainda restam inúmeras dificuldades na efetividade desses direitos, pois o preconceito, a discriminação e a intolerância criam numerosos obstáculos. Em vista disso, o presente estudo analisou a proteção jurídica dos transexuais e sua efetividade, por meio de ações afirmativas de combate à discriminação como forma de assegurar o mínimo existencial, garantindo a inclusão no mercado de trabalho e em todos os segmentos sociais, frisando a necessidade de lei regulamentar que criminalize práticas discriminatórias, intolerância ou violem os direitos fundamentais e, por fim, o fortalecimento da atuação do Ministério Público do Trabalho na fiscalização do cumprimento da legislação trabalhista, acompanhando denúncias e estimulando a sua realização

La famille du XXIème siècle, héritière d’un idéal défini d’abord par l’Église puis par le Code civil, est née des bouleversements sans précédent qu’a connu la société dans son ensemble. Pendant des siècles, le rôle essentiel de la famille était lié à la transmission patrimoniale et culturelle entre générations. Aujourd’hui, la famille doit favoriser le développement individuel et la réalisation personnelle de chacun de ses membres. La famille est de moins en moins une institution normée, aux formes et aux codes prédéfinis, d’autant qu’elle doit composer avec le droit individuel à « une vie familiale normale » que consacre l’article 8 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. L’influence des droits fondamentaux qui sont par nature des droits individuels dans la vie familiale confirme bien que la famille est davantage le lieu d’épanouissement individuel qu’une entité tournée vers un intérêt commun. Tout ou presque est devenu possible en termes de combinaisons familiales. On peut désormais choisir son sexe (transsexualisme), décider de créer une famille ou de vivre seul sans que la société ne s’en émeuve particulièrement.Les liens et les rôles de chacun dans la famille ne sont plus ni pérennes ni clairement définis. Les progrès scientifiques (qui ont surtout permis une contraception efficace) et la révolution sexuelle ont complètement transformé la sexualité, la vie de couple et la procréation. Il n’y a plus un seul modèle de couple fondé exclusivement sur le mariage d’un homme et d’une femme. Le couple est maintenant homosexuel ou hétérosexuel, libre de vivre ou non ensemble, d’être fidèle, de se marier, de se séparer, de conclure un pacs, de vivre en concubinage. La conjugalité est donc désormais plurielle et repose sur l’égalité entre ceux qui composent le couple et entre les différents modèles de couples possibles. Les relations entre les parents et les enfants ont également été bouleversées. La parentalité s’impose peu à peu à côté de la parenté. La filiation va devoir composer avec les nouvelles cuisines procréatives. La procréation médicalement assistée, la gestation pour autrui ou l’utérus artificiel doivent modifier l’établissement du lien de filiation qui ne peut se déduire du seul lien biologique. Le droit devra répondre, parfois contraint sous l’influence ou la pression internationale, aux nouvelles aspirations sociales et sociologiques et tenter de trouver un équilibre entre la liberté individuelle et la dimension institutionnelle de la famille. / While it was initially born out of the ideals set out first by the Church and then by the Civil Code, family in the 21st century is really the offspring of the unprecedented upheavals that have shaken society as a whole. For centuries, the essential role of family was linked with cross-generational patrimonial and cultural transmission. Nowadays, family must instead facilitate the individual development and self-realization of every single one of its members. The family is an institution that is decreasingly bounded by predetermined norms, forms, and codes, not least because it must align itself to the individual right to a “normal family-life”, to which Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights is dedicated. More or less everything is now possible in terms of family make-up. One can now choose one’s legal sex/gender (transgenderism), decide to establish a family, or live alone, without society being particularly affected by any of it. The ties and roles of each individual in the family are no longer perennial, no clearly defined. Scientific progress (through which efficient contraception became available) and the sexual revolution have completely transformed sexuality, romantic relationships, and procreation. There is no longer a single model for the romantic relationship, based on the marriage of a man to a woman. The couple is now homosexual or heterosexual, and individuals may choose whether they want to live together or be faithful. They can also choose if and when to get married, to separate, to be joined in a civil union (pacs), or to simply live under the same rooftop. In other words, conjugality is now pluralistic and rests on the equality both of the individuals constituting the couple, and between different models of romantic relationships. Relationships between parents and children have also been completely changed. Parenting is gradually gaining on kinship. Filiation will soon be forced to reckon with the different procreational recipes. Various assisted reproductive technologies, including artificial insemination, surrogacy, and the artificial uterus must change the ways in which kinship is established since it can no longer simply be deduced from biological ties. The law will have to respond to new social and sociological aspirations, and will sometimes even have to do so under international influence or pressure. It will, in fact, have to find a new equilibrium between individual freedoms, and the institutional dimensions of the family.