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Challenges of arms transfers facing the emerging supplier states in the new international political economyKhwela, Gcwelumusa, Chrysostomus 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MMil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The fundamental motivation for emerging arms suppliers to produce arms was the desire to overcome
their position of dependence in the system of arms production and transfers. However, their
predicament as late entrants into the system castigated them to fail in this endeavour. This failure is
based on three criteria, which also assist in the identification of emerging suppliers. Firstly, the
weaponry they produce is far below the sophistication characterised by higher levels of technological
advancement. Secondly, they can only produce one or two advanced weapon systems. Finally, they
rely on the leading suppliers for certain sophisticated components of weapon systems which they cannot
produce themselves and as a result, become so dependent that they, with an exception of a few, are
unable to go beyond the simple reproduction or retrofitting of existing weapon systems. The capability
to produce arms was restrictedly extended to certain states in the post-war era, and even those states that
obtained such a capability were confmed to producing small arms and platforms for naval vessels.
Those states that went beyond these capabilities did so with the assistance of other states or specialists,
the initial intention being to meet domestic requirements, and ultimately to dispose surplus Second
World War equipment in the re-transfer market. The emerging supplier states' intention to develop
indigenous arms industries was driven by the political urge to reduce their reliance on the leading
suppliers and to nationalise the arms production process for import substitution in order to meet
domestic security needs. Since the emerging suppliers began the process of defence industrialisation
from the importation of complete weapon systems to import substitution, and ultimately to the
promotion of exports, they mainly relied on technology imported from the leading suppliers. On the one
hand, the leading suppliers attempted to hinder the efforts of emerging suppliers to promote arms
exports so as to protect their oligopolistic share of the arms market through tightening the controls and
regulations on technological supplies. On the other, the emerging suppliers were impelled to promote
their arms exports in order to overcome the saturation of their domestic markets, to utilise effectively
their arms production capacities, and to positively affect their balance of payments through the
procreation of foreign exchange returns.
This study reached the following conclusions and inferences:
1. The arms trade has evolved to be characterised by the transfer of military technology, which did
not feature in the arms transactions of the previous periods.
2. The gap between the leading and emerging suppliers is widening with regard to the
sophistication of technological capabilities, and accordingly the stratification within the arms production
and transfer system is sustainable and reinforced, thus making it hard for the lower tiers to progress
beyond their current status.
3. The emerging suppliers' share of and contribution into the arms market is constricted, and as
such they specialise in specific (often uncomplicated) weapon systems that constitute niches in the
global market.
4. The unfolding arms production and transfer system is characterised by a fiercely competitive
atmosphere, and consequently, only those states that can subsidise or integrate their efforts are enabled
to sustain an advanced arms production faculty.
5. As the emerging suppliers begin to introduce more and more of their wares into the market, the
costs of research and development begin to soar in the same manner as those of the leading suppliers,
thus urging them to become more export-oriented.
6. Participants in the system will be compelled to relinquish their comparative technological
superiority in order to survive, thus narrowing the gap between the capabilities possessed by both the
leading and the emerging suppliers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderliggende motivering van opkomende wapenverskaffers om wapens te produseer word
toegeskryf aan 'n behoefte om hulle relatiewe afhanklikheid in die stelsel van wapenproduksie en -
handel te oorkom. Boonop het die laat toetrede tot die stelsel hierdie opkomende verskaffers se kanse
tot sukses verder belemmer. Die rede vir die onsuksesvolle toetrede word gebasseer op drie kriteria
(wat ook dien as identifiserende eienskappe van opkomende wapenverskaffers). Eerstens, die wapens
wat opkomende verskaffers lewer skiet tekort aan die vereiste gesofistikeerde standaarde van die
gevestigde wapenprodusente. Tweedens, hulle kan slegs een of twee gevorderde wapenstelsels
produseer. Derdens, sekere komponente van wapenstelsels word verkry by die gevestigde verskaffers,
wat lei tot afhanklikheid tot so 'n mate dat die opkomende verskaffer se vermoëns beperk word tot
eenvoudige reprodusering of herinstallasies van bestaande stelsels. Trouens, in die post-oorlog tydperk
is die vermoë om wapens te produseer doelbewus beperk tot sekere state wat 'n afgebakende reeks van
handwapens en uitrusting vir vloot vaartuie kon vervaardig. State wat verby hierdie vermoë beweeg
het, het dit gedoen met behulp van ander state of spesaliste, oorspronklik met die oog op die
huishoudelike behoefte maar ook om ontslae te raak van surplusse uit die Tweede Wêreldoorlog. 'n
Politieke begeerte om in hulle eie sekuriteitsbehoeftes te voorsien deur middel van invoersubstitusie, het
die opkomende verskaffers genoop om ontslae te raak van die afhanklikheid op gevestigde verskaffers
en om die wapenproduseringsproses te nasionaliseer. Hulle het hoofsaaklik gesteun op ingevoerde
tegnologie om die verdedigingsbedryf te industrialiseer. Die proses het so verloop: volledige
wapenstelsels is ingevoer, daarna het invoersubstitusie plaasgevind, en daarna 'n bevordering van
uitvoere. Gevestigde verskaffers het endersyds probeer om (deur middel van strenger kontrole en
regulasies of tegnologiese ware) die opkomende verskaffers te verhoed om hulle oligopolistiese houvas
op die mark te belemmer en andersyds moes opkomende verskaffers noodgedwonge hulle uitvoere
bevorder om te voorkom dat die plaaslike mark versadig word. Die laasgenoemde aspek het ook die
betalingsbalans van opkomende verskaffers positief beinvloed as gevolg van die inkomste uit
buitelandse valuta.
Hierdie studie kom tot die volgende aanames en gevolgtrekkings:
1. Wapenhandel het só ontwikkel dat die oordrag van militêre tegnologie die hoofkenmerk geword
het in die stelsel - 'n ongekende kenmerk tot dusver in die ontwikkelingsgang van internasionale
wapenhandel.
2. Die gaping van tegnologiese vermoëns tussen opkomende en gevestigde wapenverskaffers word
groter en daarmee saam word die stratifikasie in wapenproduksie en -lewering volhoubaar en versterk,
wat lei tot 'n beperking op die vermoë van opkomende verskaffers om vooruitgang te maak.
3. Opkomende verskaffers se aandeel in en bydrae tot wapenmarkte bly beperk en spesialiseer
daarom op spesifieke (meestalongekompliseerde) wapenstelsels wat gemik is op sekere nisse in die
wêreldmark.
4. Die ontluikende wapenproduksie en -handelsisteem is uiters kompeterend, met die gevolg dat
slegs state wat hulle pogings kan subsidieer of integreer in staat is om gevorderde fasiliteite te onderhou.
5. Met die toenemende aanbod vanaf opkomende verskaffers, styg die kostes van navorsing en
ontwikkeling vir beide die opkomende en die gevestigde verskaffer wat weer beide dwing om hulle
uitvoere te beklemtoon.
6. Deelnemers in die stelsel sal gedwing word om hulle vergelykende tegnologiese voorsprong
prys te gee om te oorleef in die stelsel, waarna die gaping tussen die vermoëns van opkomende en
gevestigde verskaffers verminder sal word.
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Information technology and its economic impacts in Hong Kong with special emphasis on the financial sector.January 1984 (has links)
by Wong Yiu Chung. / Bibliography: leaves 298-304 / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1984
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Telephone banking service in Hong Kong.January 1994 (has links)
by Chan Kit Ping, Wendy. / Includes questionnaire in Chinese. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-52). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.viii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TELEPHONE BANKING SERVICE IN HONG KONG --- p.7 / High Telephone Usage in Hong Kong --- p.7 / Telephone Banking Service as Differentiation Weapon --- p.8 / Hectic Life Style of Hong Kong People --- p.8 / High Property Prices in Hong Kong --- p.8 / Labor Shortage in Hong Kong --- p.9 / Chapter III. --- INDUSTRY REVIEW --- p.10 / Development of Telephone Banking Service in Hong Kong --- p.10 / Procedure of Using Telephone Banking Service --- p.12 / Variants of Telephone Banking Services --- p.16 / Chapter IV. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.20 / Adoption of a Service Innovation --- p.21 / Adoption of New Banking Technology --- p.21 / Hypotheses Setting --- p.25 / Chapter V. --- RESEARCH METHOD --- p.27 / Research Information Needed --- p.27 / Research Design --- p.29 / Demographic Characteristics of the Sample --- p.33 / Chapter VI. --- RESEARCH ANALYSIS --- p.34 / Awareness of Telephone Banking Service in Hong Kong --- p.34 / Way of Learning about Telephone Banking Service --- p.34 / Adoption of the Service --- p.35 / Reasons for Using the Service --- p.35 / Frequency of Using Telephone Banking Services --- p.36 / Most Frequently Used Services --- p.36 / Satisfaction Level of Users --- p.37 / Reasons for Not Using the Service --- p.37 / Attitude Towards Telephone Banking Service --- p.37 / Psychographic Characteristics of Users vs Non-users --- p.38 / Chapter VII. --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.40 / Ways to Recruit New Users --- p.40 / Ways to Encourage More Usage from Existing Users --- p.43 / Operational Recommendations --- p.44 / Chapter VIII. --- LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS --- p.46 / Questionnaire Setting --- p.45 / Sample Size --- p.47 / The Use of Personal Questions --- p.48 / Suggestions for Future Researches --- p.48 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.50 / APPENDIX --- p.53 / Questionnaire --- p.53 / Figures 1-13 --- p.63-80 / Tables 1-13 --- p.81-93
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Moving towards a cashless era in 2000: design a marketing strategy for Mondex, an electronic cash, in Hong Kong.January 1996 (has links)
by Li Chun-Kit Patrick. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [87-90]). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / LITERATURE REVIEW - DEVELOPMENT OF SMART CARD --- p.4 / Terminology --- p.4 / General Application of Smart Card --- p.6 / DESCRIPTION OF MONDEX --- p.14 / History of Mondex --- p.14 / Description of Mondex and Its Accessories --- p.16 / Advantages of Mondex --- p.20 / Disadvantages of Mondex --- p.22 / COMPETITOR ANALYSIS --- p.24 / Maestro --- p.25 / Credit Card --- p.27 / Electronic Payment System (EPS) --- p.29 / RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.35 / Research Objective --- p.35 / Research Design and Method --- p.36 / RESEARCH FINDINGS --- p.39 / Data analysis on the Whole Sample Basis --- p.39 / Data Analysis by Type of Adopter --- p.50 / RECOMMENDATION --- p.58 / Characteristics of Potential Adopters --- p.58 / Product --- p.59 / Promotion --- p.63 / LIMITATION --- p.70 / APPENDIX 1: DIAGRAMS / APPENDIX 2: CHINESE QUESTIONNAIRE / APPENDIX 3: ENGLISH QUESTIONNAIRE / APPENDIX 4: FIGURES / APPENDIX 5: TABLES / BIBLIOGRAPHY
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La circulation du savoir africain : présence et reception de la littérature académique africaine en Allemagne et en France / The circulation of African knowledge : presence and reception of African academic literature in Germany and France / Zirkulation afrikanischen Wissens : Präsenz und Rezeption akademischer Literatur aus Afrika in Deutschland und FrankreichSteinbach-Hüther, Ninja 19 December 2017 (has links)
Bien que la globalisation culturelle laisse supposer qu'il soit possible de produire et de recevoir de façon égalitaire des informations partout dans le monde, les cartes du savoir sont en réalité caractérisées par un déséquilibre énorme. Le projet analyse ce phénomène en s’appuyant sur l‘exemple du transfert trilatéral de la littérature académique africaine en France et en Allemagne depuis les années cinquantes. D’une part, le but principal de ce projet est de relever la quasi totalité des livres et recueils universitaires en sciences sociales et humaines rédigés par des intellectuels africains et publiés dans des maisons d’édition allemandes et françaises. D’autre part, l’analyse des résultats quantitatives est basée sur une approche macro-perspective en s’appuyant sur les études qualitatives sur le sujet préexistantes. L’analyse quantitative et la classification des résultats ainsi que leur interprétation permettent actuellement d’obtenir des connaissances étonnantes, non seulement sur des continuités et discontinuités dans la publication de la littérature universitaire en provenance d’Afrique sur une période d‘environ soixante ans, mais également sur les profils géographiques, thématiques et temporels des maisons d’édition ainsi que sur leurs préférences personnelles, éditoriales et linguistiques. Grâce à la collection de données, le filtrage, le traitement ultérieur et la visualisation, nous pouvons alors comprendre quelle « Afrique scientifique » a finalement été transmise et importée, pour la période définie (1950-2012), à ces deux marchés du livre. Cette approche permet d’envisager de nouvelles hypothèses et interprétations pour l’analyse de la circulation du savoir africain, à l’instar des publications en sciences sociales et humaines. Une approche établie pour la recherche sur le franchissement culturel des frontières constitue le concept de transfert culturel. Pour ce travail, le concept fournit des approches théoriques et pratiques essentielles. En combinant différentes méthodes pour lesquelles les « digital humanities » ont été de plus en plus souvent sollicitées, l’approche méthodologique va vers une reconstruction complète du transfert, en utilisant aussi bien les analyses quantitatives que qualitatives. / Even though international interconnectedness and globalization evoke the idea of being able to produce and receive knowledge equally all over the world, the maps of knowledge are unevenly distributed on a global scale. My dissertation project analyses this phenomenon by examining the trilateral, multidimensional transfer of African academic literature to Germany and France since the 1950s.The research interest of this project is to determine and organize the entire spectrum of publications from the social sciences and the humanities written by African authors and published in German and French publishing houses. The quantitative analysis on a macro level is based on already existing qualitative studies in the field. The quantitative analysis and the classification of the results give valuable knowledge about continuities and discontinuities in the publication of African academic literature over the span of six decades (1950-2012). The research further examines and elaborates upon geographical, thematic, and temporal profiles of the publishing houses as well as their personal, editorial, and linguistic preferences. By means of collecting, filtering, processing, and visualizing the data, it is possible to find out what kind of “academic Africa” has finally reached the two national book markets. This approach helps to identify new hypotheses and interpretations concerning the circulation of African knowledge in general through the specific example of academic literature from the social sciences and the humanities. Providing important theoretical and practical approaches for this project, the concept of cultural transfers is an established approach for analysing cultural border crossings between countries and regions. The methodological approach combines different methods and, for the data processing, includes examples from the digital humanities to realize an all-embracing reconstruction of the entire transfer process in both a quantitative and qualitative sense.
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Förvärv i samband med aktieöverlåtelser : En utredning av avdragsrätten för ingående mervärdesskattLarsson, Linda January 2014 (has links)
Den ingående mervärdesskatten som är hänförlig till förvärv som har ett direkt och ome- delbart samband med en från mervärdesskatt undantagen aktieöverlåtelse är inte avdrags- gill. Till följd av EU-domstolens avgörande i X BV och HFD:s avgörande i HFD 2014 ref. 1 står nu klart att kostnader hänförliga till en från mervärdesskatt undantagen aktieöverlå- telse också kan utgöra allmänna omkostnader, vilket medför att den ingående mervär- desskatten är avdragsgill i den mån förvärven har ett direkt och omedelbart samband med den samlade ekonomiska verksamheten eller en avgränsad del därav. Avgörandena i X BV och HFD 2014 ref. 1 innebär även att det nu står klart att en aktieö- verlåtelse kan utgöra en del i en verksamhetsöverlåtelse. För förvärv som gjorts i samband med en sådan transaktion är den ingående mervärdesskatten avdragsgill i sin helhet. Utredningen visar att eftersom det i HFD 2014 ref. 1 aldrig prövades om kostnaderna kunde anses utgöra allmänna omkostnader har underinstanserna såväl som Skatteverket inte fått ledning i hur bedömningen ska göras. Författaren anser att Skatteverket och un- derinstanserna i sin prövning av om kostnader för förvärv kan anses utgöra allmänna om- kostnader inte tar hänsyn till de EU-rättsliga principer som EU-domstolen har framhållit. Vidare anser författaren att rättsläget efter X BV och HFD 2014 ref. 1 innebär att den rätt till avdrag av ingående mervärdesskatt hänförlig till förvärv i samband med aktieöverlåtelser som svenska beskattningsbara personer ska erhålla enligt EU-rätt, synes skilja sig från den faktiska rätt som erhålls i praktiken. / The input VAT related to acquisitions made that have a direct and immediate link with a share transfer that constitute a transaction that is exempted from VAT, is not deductible. Due to the EU Court of Justice’s ruling in X BV and HFD:s ruling in HFD 2014 ref. 1 it is now clear that costs related to a share transfer exempted from VAT also can constitute overheads, with the result that the input VAT is deductible to the extent the acquisitions have a direct and immediate link with the whole economic activity or a clearly defined part of the economic activities. The rulings in X BV and HFD 2014 ref. 1 mean that it is now clear that a share transfer can be a part of a transfer of a totality of assets. For acquisitions made in connection with such a transfer, the input VAT is entirely deductible. The thesis shows that due to the fact that the ruling in HFD 2014 ref. 1 did not include a determination of if the costs in question could constitute overheads, the Swedish courts of lower instances as well as Skatteverket have not received any guidance on how the deter- mination is to be made. The author is of the opinion that the courts of lower instances and Skatteverket in their determination of whether costs related to acquisitions can constitute overheads do not consider the EU-law principles declared by the EU Court of Justice. Further, the author is of the opinion that the legal situation due to X BV and HFD 2014 ref. 1 mean that the right to deduct input VAT related to acquisitions made in connection with share transfers that Swedish taxable persons are supposed to obtain in accordance with EU-law seem to differ from the rights actually obtained in practice.
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Regsaspekte van die rekenarisering van die betalingstelselMeiring, Gezina Aletta 11 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / The development of sophisticated computer technology and the consequent
computerisation of the payment system has had a far-reaching effect on fund
transfer systems all over the world. The most important purpose of this thesis is to
indicate the nature of an electronic fund transfer; to set out the relationships of the
parties involved in an electronic funds transfer and to show by comparison with other
legal systems where our law may be deficient in the regulation of the computerised
payment system.
At the outset, the nature and functions of money are compared to electronic fund
transfers and a distinction drawn between paper-based transactions and electronic
fund transfers. In this regard, electronic fund transfers as method of payment is also
discussed.
Automatic computer processing also gave rise to a variety of new kinds of financial
services. A distinction is made between customer-initiated systems (A TM' s, EFTPOS
and home-banking services) and systems used by the banks to effect electronic
funds transfers between banks and to send financial messages. In this regard, the
settlement function of clearing houses and the legal nature thereof are examined. A
description of a local clearing house, the ACB, is included as well as a discussion of the clearing of cheques, the moment of payment of cheques and the status of the
ACB.
Other relevant legal aspects of the computerisation of the payment system which are
examined and discussed are the following: the use of the so-called electronic
signature; the regulation of risks in electronic payments and the creation of sufficient
security measures; the criminal liability of an accused in the case of an unauthorised
withdrawal or transfer; questions and problems surrounding evidential matters; the
putting into operation of procedures to correct errors and the creation of an
ombudsman to settle and resolve disputes; cheque truncation and the right of an
individual to privacy in the milieu of electronic payments. Finally, the legal
relationships between the parties involved in a credit transfer and the moment of
payment is examined. Regulation in this regard is also considered. / Die ontwikkeling van gesofistikeerde rekenaartegnologie en die gevolglike
rekenarisering van die betalingstelsel het 'n verreikende effek op die
fondsoordragstelsels van banke regoor die wereld gehad. Die belangrikste
doelstellings van hierdie proefskrif is gevolglik om die aard van 'n elektroniese
fondsoordrag aan te dui; om die verhoudinge tussen die partye betrokke by 'n
elektroniese fondsoordrag nader te omskryf en om by wyse van 'n regsvergelykende
ondersoek aan te toon waar daar leemtes in ons reg ten opsigte van die regulering
van die gerekenariseerde betalingstelsel bestaan.
Die aard en funksies van geld is ter aanvang met elektroniese fondsoordrag vergelyk
en 'n onderskeid is tussen papierbasistransaksies en elektroniese fondsoordragte
getref. In hierdie verband is elektroniese fondsoordrag as betalingsmetode ook
bespreek.
Outomatiese rekenaarverwerking het ook tot 'n verskeidenheid van nuwe soorte
finansiele dienste aanleiding gegee. Daar is onderskei tussen klient-geaktiveerde
stelsels (OTM'e, EFTPOS en tuisbankdienste) en fondsoordragstelsels wat deur die
banke aangewend word om elektroniese fondsoordragte tussen banke te
bewerkstellig en om finansiele boodskappe te versend. In die verband is die
verrekeningsfunksie van klaringshuise en die regsaard daarvan ondersoek. 'n
Beskrywing van die werksaamhede van die ACB, as plaaslike klaringshuis, is hierby
ingesluit asook 'n bespreking van die verrekening van tjeks, die tydstip van betaling
van tjeks en die status van die ACB.
Ander relevante regsaspekte van die rekenarisering van die betalingstelsel wat
ondersoek en bespreek is, is die gebruik van die sogenaamde elektroniese
handtekening; die risikoreeling in die elektroniese betalingsverkeer en die daarstelling
van voldoende sekuriteitsprosedures; die strafregtelike aanspreeklikheid van 'n
beskuldigde in die geval van 'n ongemagtigde onttrekking of oordrag; vrae en
probleme rondom bewysregtelike aangeleenthede; die inwerkingstelling van
foutoplossingsprosedures en die daarstelling van 'n ombudsman om geskille te
voorkom en te besleg; tjekretensie en die reg van die individu op sy privaatheid in die
milieu van die elektroniese betalingsverkeer. Laastens is die regsverhoudinge tussen
die deelnemende partye en die tydstip van betaling in die geval van 'n kredietoordrag
ondersoek, en oorweging is aan regulering in die verband geskenk. / Private law / LL. D.
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O descumprimento dos requisitos fiscais do CAUC e o financiamento municipal: uma análise sobre a burocratização do serviço e o princípio da eficiênciaFraga, Fagner Vasconcelos 28 June 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-06-28 / A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo apresentar o impacto que a burocracia decorrente do cumprimento dos requisitos fiscais exigidos no Serviço Auxiliar de Informações para Transferências Voluntárias (CAUC) ocasiona nas receitas públicas municipais públicas municipais por constituir uma barreira na obtenção de recursos financeiros da União. Nesta senda, teve-se a preocupação em descrever como funciona esse serviço, suas características, o modo de funcionamento e os itens fiscais a serem atingidos pelos gestores públicos municipais como meio de obtenção dos repasses de recursos tributários oriundos da União. Para tanto, discorreu-se desde a formação do Estado Federal Brasileiro, as mudanças ocorridas com o advento da Constituição da República com ênfase na questão da promoção dos Municípios como ente federativo e suas consequências constitucionais, confrontando-se com o surgimento das normas contidas na Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal. Foram descritas as propostas do denominado CAUC, criado com o objetivo de explicitar se há cumprimento das condições legais para a efetivação das transferências governamentais voluntárias dos recursos federais, que tornaria mais célere a constatação da regularidade na comprovação dos requisitos fiscais previstos no ordenamento jurídico, sem necessidade de apresentação de documentos, em cada processo entre os entes públicos, o que trazia morosidade. Entretanto, a pesquisa apresentou e analisou as repercussões no âmbito das finanças municipais diante do fenômeno burocrático institucional incorporado no rigor da exigência de inúmeros requisitos fiscais que compõem o CAUC que terminam por impedir tais transferências aos municípios. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho utilizou-se como recurso metodológico a pesquisa qualitativa no sentido de realizar estudo, comparações, construções e conclusões acerca da dependência financeira dos municípios pelos recursos financeiros da União e as consequências para a gestão pública municipal ensejando uma reflexão acerca da utilização do atual modelo das transferências voluntárias com necessária revisão sistemática com o fito de atingir o objetivo pelo qual foi criado. / The current research aims at presenting the impact bureaucracy, which accrues from fulfilling fiscal requirements demanded by the Auxiliary Service of Information for Voluntary Transfers (ASIVT), causes to the municipal public funds as it constitutes a barrier for the obtainment of financial resources from the Union. In this pathway, there was concern about describing how this service works, its characteristics, the way it operates, and the fiscal items to be achieved by the municipal public managers as a way of obtaining tributary resource transfers that arise from the Union. This way, it was expatiated information about the formation of the Brazilian Federal Estate, the changes occurred after the advent of the Republic Constitution with emphasis on the issue of the promotion of Counties as federative entities and its constitutional consequences, in confrontation with the emergence of standards contained in the Fiscal Responsibility Law. ASIVT purposes were described, as it was created with the objective of expliciting if there is compliance with legal conditions for the effectiveness of the voluntary government transfers of federal funds, which would hasten the finding of regularity in attesting the expected fiscal requirements in the legal system, without the need of presenting documents, for every process between public entities, which brings an overall slowdown. Nevertheless, the research presented and analysed the effects in the municipal financial field in face of the bureaucratic institutional phenomenon incorporated to the stringency of the demand of numerous tax requirements which compose the ASIVT that end up preventing those transfers to the counties. In order to develop the present paper, it was utilized as a methodological resource the qualitative research in terms of performing a study, comparisons, constructions and conclusions regarding the budgeting dependency of counties on the Union financial resources and the consequences for the consecution of the local public policies occasioning a reflection about the use of the current model for voluntary transfers with the need of performing a systematic review with the aim of reaching the objective for which it was created.
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Performance Modelling Of TCP-Controlled File Transfers In Wireless LANs, And Applications In AP-STA AssociationPradeepa, B K 03 1900 (has links) (PDF)
Our work focuses on performance modelling of TCP-controlled file transfers in infrastructure mode IEEE 802.11 wireless networks, and application of the models in developing association schemes. A comprehensive set of analytical models is used to study the behaviour of TCP-controlled long and short file transfers in IEEE 802.11 WLANs. The results can provide insight into the performance of TCP-controlled traffic in 802.11 WLANs in a variety of different network environments. First, we consider several WLAN stations associated at rates r1, r2, ...,rk with an Access Point. Each station (STA) is downloading a long file from a local server, located on the LAN to which the AP is attached, using TCP. We assume that a TCP ACK will be produced after the reception of d packets at an STA. We model these simultaneous TCP-controlled transfers using a semi-Markov process. Our analytical approach leads to a procedure to compute aggregate download as well as per-STA throughputs numerically, and the results match simulations very well. Performance analysis of TCP-controlled long file transfers in a WLAN in infrastructure mode is available in the literature with one of the main assumptions being equal window size for all TCP connections. We extend the analysis to TCP-controlled long file uploads and downloads with different TCP windows. Our approach is based on the semi- Markov process considered in above work, but with arbitrary window sizes. We present simulation results to show the accuracy of the analytical model. Then, we obtain an association policy for STAs in an IEEE 802.11 WLAN by taking into account explicitly an aspect of practical importance: TCP controlled short file downloads interspersed with read times (motivated by web browsing). Our approach is based on two steps. First, we consider the analytical model mentioned above to obtain the aggregate download throughput. Second, we present a 2-node closed queueing network model to approximate the expected average-sized file download time for a user who shares the AP with other users associated at a multiplicity of rates. These analytical results motivate the proposed association policy, called the Estimated Delay based Association (EDA) policy: Associate with the AP at which the expected file download time is the least. Simulations indicate that for a web-browsing type traffic scenario, EDA outperforms other policies that have been proposed earlier; the extent of improvement ranges from 12.8% to 46.4% for a 9-AP network.
We extend the performance model by considering _le sizes drawn from heavy-tailed distributions. We represent heavy-tailed distributions using a 1 mixture of exponential distributions (following Cox's method). We provide a closed queueing network model to approximate the expected average-sized file download time for a user who shares the AP with other users associated at a multiplicity of rates. Further, we analyze TCP-controlled bulk file transfers in a single station WLAN with nonzero propagation delay between the file server and the WLAN. Our approach is to model the flow of packets as a closed queueing network (BCMP network) with 3 service centres, one each for the Access Point and the STA, and the third for the propagation delay. The service rates of the first two are obtained by analyzing the WLAN MAC. We extend this work to obtain throughputs in multirate scenarios. Simulations show that our approach is able to predict observed throughputs with a high degree of accuracy.
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Micro-payment exchange systemHao, Yiyao 01 January 2005 (has links)
The purpose of this project is to investigate the infrastructure requirements for a currency exchange market for holders of currencies issued through the Lightweight Currency Protocol. The Lightweight Currency Protocol was designed as a means for entities to issue currencies for the purpose of cultivating low value business transactions between collaborating nodes in a peer-to-peer market.
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