Expositora: Núria Molines Galarza (Universitat Jaume I) / La traductora Núria Molines Galarza conversa con profesores de la UPC sobre su trayecto profesional en el campo de la traducción literaria y editorial.

Utifrån ett elevperspektiv har syftet med examensarbetet varit att ta reda på vilka strategier eleverna använder sig av när de har två språk, modersmålet danska och andraspråket svenska, som är så lika och ändå så olika, för att uppnå ett bättre lärande. Med hjälp av frågeställningarna Vilka lingvistiska strategier använder de sig av när svenska språket skal översättas till danska?, Vilka problem kan det uppstå när det svenska språket skall översättas till modersmålet danska?, Hur kan kunskaper om det ena språket hjälpa till när de ska översätta till ett andra? redovisas en kontrastivt empirisk undersökning för att få svar på dessa. I forskningen anses elevernas språkliga medvetenhet att ha stor vikt för elevernas språkförmåga. För att uppnå språkligt medvetenhet ska det i viss mån både tas hänsyn till deras kognitiva, sociala och affektiva aspekter samtidigt med att de själva är engagerade och tar ansvar i sitt lärande. Tillika krävs det att läraren undervisar utifrån didaktiska metoder som kan utveckla och stötta eleverna i sina språk. I den empiriska delen redovisas intervjusvar från 6 elever från klass 7-9 utifrån en översättning av en svensk text om till dansk. Undersökningen visar at eleverna är semantisk medvetna i de två språkens likheter och skillnader. Eleverna använder sig av strategier där de fokusera på språken – deras likheter och olikheter i fonologin, morfologin, reglarna i grammatik och syntax. De upptäcker och verbaliserar de grammatiska reglerna, de ljudar och rättar sig själva . De använder sig av sina erfarenheter utifrån sina egna upplevelser och de sätter sig in i hur en dansk vän eller väninna hade uttryckt sig så att meningarna låter rätt på danska. Samtidig är de uppmärksamma på att läraren kan vara med om att underlätta deras utveckling, så att de blir språkligt medvetna, och att det handlar om att undervisa med metoder så att eleverna har lust att lära och som kan styrka deras tankeprocesser och kunskaper.

This dissertation tackles the problem of entanglement in Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). The key insight is that disentanglement in GANs can be improved by differentiating between the content, and the operations performed on that content. For example, the identity of a generated face can be thought of as the content, while the lighting conditions can be thought of as the operations. We examine disentanglement in several kinds of deep networks. We examine image-to-image translation GANs, unconditional GANs, and sketch extraction networks. The task in image-to-image translation GANs is to translate images from one domain to another. It is immediately clear that disentanglement is necessary in this case. The network must maintain the core contents of the image while changing the stylistic appearance to match the target domain. We propose latent filter scaling to achieve multimodality and disentanglement. Previous methods require complicated network architectures to enforce that disentanglement. Our approach, on the other hand, maintains the traditional GAN loss with a minor change in architecture. Unlike image-to-image GANs, unconditional GANs are generally entangled. Unconditional GANs offer one method of changing the generated output which is changing the input noise code. Therefore, it is very difficult to resample only some parts of the generated images. We propose structured noise injection to achieve disentanglement in unconditional GANs. We propose using two input codes: one to specify spatially-variable details, and one to specify spatially-invariable details. In addition to the ability to change content and style independently, it also allows users to change the content only at certain locations. Combining our previous findings, we improve the performance of sketch-to-image translation networks. A crucial problem is how to correct input sketches before feeding them to the generator. By extracting sketches in an unsupervised way only from the spatially-variable branch of the image, we are able to produce sketches that show the content in many different styles. Those sketches can serve as a dataset to train a sketch-to-image translation GAN.

(english) This thesis deals with Italian translations of the Czech novel "The Good Soldier Švejk" by Jaroslav Hašek. The aim of the thesis is to analyze, compare and evaluate four different translations published in Italy in the period 1951-2016, namely two older translations by Venosto Vorlíček (1951-1952) and Renato Poggioli in collaboration with Bruno Meriggi (1961-1966), and two more recent translations by Giuseppe Dierna (2010) and Annalisa Cosentino (2014). In the analysis, I focused on the language elements on the lexical, phraseological and stylistic level. The comparison of the translatological solutions is carried out in the form of well- arranged tables with comments and evaluations. The quality and contribution of individual translations are assessed in terms of their fidelity to the original as well as the functionality in the target environment, Italy. In conclusion, I try to summarize how much the individual translators succeeded in meeting these requirements and whether their translations are more literal or rather free.

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Student Number : 0002424T - MA research report - School of Literature and Language Studies - Faculty of Humanities / This study examines various approaches to the translation of a South African culturally bound novel, Never Been At Home (2004) by Zazah Khuzwayo. The purpose of this research is to combine theoretical concepts with a practical translation and make a valid contribution to the research that has been undertaken so far with regard to the translation of the South African postcolonial novel into German. In order to contextualise the current situation of the translation business, the status of translators as defined by copyright law as well as the increasing trend towards the commoditisation of translation is clarified. The concept of invisibility/visibility of the translator plays n important role in this research. Various models for understanding culture including the domesticating and the foreignising translation strategies are presented and emphasis is put on the role of the translator as a cultural mediator. The notion of postcolonial texts, also referred to as ‘hybrids’ or ‘métisses’, are explicated and the space ‘in-between’ of postcolonial authors is analysed. Aspects of Nord’ Skopostheorie, Hewson and Martin’s Variational Approach, Chesterman’s Memetics and Baker’s theories about equivalence in translation serve as a fundamental basis for the theoretical framework of this study. The findings include challenges in translating this postcolonial text, as well as a presentation of the translation solutions. The conclusion investigates the overall approach applied in the translation of the text and finally discusses aspects of this particular field in Translation Studies that would be worth addressing in future projects.

Das kolorektale Karzinom ist eines der häufigsten beim Menschen vorkommenden Karzinome [2]. Diesem liegen unterschiedliche Mutationen zugrunde, die in knapp 100% der kolorektalen Karzinome zu einer Überexpression von MYC führen, welches als Transkriptionsfaktor maßgeblich den Zellzyklus, Proliferation und Vaskularisierung beeinflusst [10,16]. Damit stellt MYC ein potenzielles Therapieziel in der Behandlung des Kolorektalen Karzinoms dar. Zusätzlich konnte in den letzten Jahren ein Onkoprotein namens CIP2A identifiziert werden, welches nach Depletion mit einem Verlust von MYC Protein einhergeht [69]. Zusätzlich ist CIP2A ein unabhängiger prognostischer Faktor im Kolorektalen Karzinom [70]. Diese Arbeit konnte zeigen, dass CIP2A-depletierte Zellen einen deutlichen Wachstumsnachteil gegenüber unbehandelten Zellen zeigen. Dieser Unterschied kann nicht durch eine gesteigerte Apoptose, sondern vielmehr durch einen verlängerten Zellzyklus erklärt werden. Weiterhin konnte eine neue Zelllinie mit DOX-induzierbarer shCIP2A hergestellt werden, die für weitere Experimente genutzt werden kann. Entgegen der Wirkweise im Zervixkarzinom [69], konnte im kolorektalen Karzinom kein Einfluss auf die Stabilität von MYC Protein durch CIP2A nachgewiesen werden. Auch konnte der Verlust von MYC nach CIP2A Knockdown nicht durch gleichzeitige Inhibierung des Abbaus, durch Okadasäure, MG132 oder in den FBWX7-defizienten Zellen, verhindert werden. Stattdessen resultiert die Herunterregulation von CIP2A in einem leichten Rückgang der MYC-mRNA Menge und einem deutlichen Verlust an MYC-Protein. In Zellen mit verschiedenen Konstrukten der MYC Transkripte kann dieser Verlust an MYC Protein auf eine translationelle Regulation in der 5’UTR zurückgeführt werden, was eine bisher nicht beschriebene Wirkweise von CIP2A darstellt. Da CIP2A in normalen Zellen praktisch nicht exprimiert ist [78], könnte dies ein mögliches Ziel in der Tumortherapie darstellen. Dieses gilt es in weiteren Experimenten noch genauer zu untersuchen. / Colorectal Cancer is one of the most common type of cancer in human beings [2]. These are based on different mutations, which, in nearly 100%, lead to overexpression of MYC. As an transcription factor, MYC influences cell cyclus, proliferation and vascularization [10,16]. So MYC appears to be a good target in the therapy of colorectal cancer. Additionally a oncoprotein called CIP2A could be identified in the last years, which depletion leads also to a loss of MYC protein [69]. CIP2A was also found to be a independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer [70]. In this work it could be demonstrated, that CIP2A-depleted cells show disadvantage in cell growth compared to the untreated cells. This difference could not be explained through an increased cell death, but an extended cell cycle. Additionally, a new cell line with DOX-inducible shRNA against CIP2A was established, which can be used for further experiments. Contrary to the mode of action which was found in cells of cervix carcinoma [69] we could not see an influence of CIP2A on the stability of MYC. Furthermore, the loss of MYC protein after knockdown of CIP2A could not be prevented by simultaneous inhibition of MYC degradation by okadaic acid, MG132 or in FBWX7-deficient cells. Instead knockdown of CIP2A lead to little decrease of MYC-mRNA and a clear loss of MYC protein. In cells with different constructs of MYC mRNA the loss of MYC protein can be attributed to a regulation in the 5’UTR. Because CIP2A is rarely expressed in normal tissue [78] it seems to be a possible target in the treatment of colorectal cancer. This should be further evaluated in future experiments.

The word, the corporeal word, the forgotten piece of word, the pause, the breath, the silence_Having said, heard, not at all. Through text, video, sound and installation, this thesis investigates the materiality of language, translation and memory in relationship to words as an attempt to reconfigure a certain inner space. This thesis is a research on the theoretical context and cultural reference of the M.F.A. work. The play between the spoken words (multiple voices within one voice) and the image (body) echoes the geography of survival: moments translated to words, speech translated to body, to image, to void.

In this thesis, I have presented my translation of the novella Rakushō no goku (落照の獄) by Ono Fuyumi, preceded by a critical introduction. In this introduction, I have provided brief biographical information about the author, context for the story and its place in the Twelve Kingdoms series of novels, an analysis of the story's use of the death penalty as allegory, and an explanation for some of my choices in the translation. In my introduction, my main purpose was to present the author, who has written multiple best-selling, award-winning novels that have received both popular and critical acclaim, yet has received little notice abroad and even less scholarly attention both in and out of Japan, as a writer meriting further study. To this end, I have used my own translation of Rakushō no goku as a primary example of the depth and value of her work, presenting my reading of the conflict in Rakushō no goku as an oblique criticism of the death penalty in Japan, and attempting to tie the story into a longstanding literary tradition of using the fantastic as allegory in order to comment on and critique contemporary culture.

The first section of this thesis was developed from two major papers I had written during my coursework for the degree. The first, entitled “Orientalism and Dionysos: a look at translations of Euripides’ Bakkhai,” was written for Edwin Genzler’s Translation and Postcolonial Theory class in the spring of 2002. The second, “Postcolonial Greek: Hellenism and Identity in the Early Roman Empire,” was written for Maria Tymozcko’s Translation Theory and Practice class in the spring of 2007. Together, they argue that Greek literature is postcolonial in that it was used by the Roman Empire to certain ends, which resulted in its interpretation being influenced and changed by means of that Roman power and legacy throughout Western Europe, and that Euripides’ Bakkhai in particular was misinterpreted for centuries as a result of that influence. The second section of my thesis is a translator’s note, which discusses the particular theory behind my translation strategy, as well as the choices I made concerning spelling, lines missing from the manuscript, et cetera. The third section of the thesis is the translation itself, on which I began in the fall of 2002 and finished this past summer. The final section of this thesis is a commentary on the play itself. I have focused on the concepts of sophrosune (safemindedness) and paideia (education) around which to weave my analysis. The central idea is that the play serves as a lesson to the audience that sophrosune is part of Dionysos’ sphere, and to deny the life-affirming nature of his ritual is to court danger—the danger of rigidity and oppression. The death of Pentheus, after he rejects this education despite Dionysos’ best efforts to dissuade him, is merely an object lesson, not the repudiation of Dionysos’ worship and the Greek gods as a whole that previous generations have held it to be.