Orientador: Carmen Zink Bolognini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:34:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano_AnitaHolmThomsen_M.pdf: 275690 bytes, checksum: 2e8e7ae01aabdea024e15ca390d51867 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Devido à escassez de pesquisas científicas na área da interpretação simultânea no Brasil, o presente trabalho se apresenta como um estudo piloto, cujo objetivo mais amplo foi o de abrir as portas para futuras pesquisas no campo, mostrando sua riqueza e complexidade enquanto objeto de estudo. Assim, com a pretensão de dar um passo inicial em uma grande discussão, este trabalho inicia-se traçando uma breve história da interpretação e mapeando as pesquisas realizadas na área, desde seu início até a atualidade, contextualizando, desta forma, o quadro geral de pesquisas no qual está inserido o tema desta dissertação. Como parte desta proposta mais ampla, apresentou-se uma comparação entre a tradução e a interpretação, com o propósito de definir, a partir das características distintivas das duas, o nosso objeto de estudo: a interpretação simultânea. O objetivo mais restrito desta pesquisa foi o de analisar os fatores lingüísticos envolvidos na interpretação simultânea que possam ser possíveis desencadeadores de problemas (problem-triggers) e, como tais, possam resultar em omissões na produção do intérprete. Com o suporte do modelo teórico de Daniel Gile sobre a capacidade de processamento na interpretação simultânea, analisaram-se duas interpretações realizadas por dois sujeitos, do inglês para o português, suplementadas pelos comentários retrospectivos destes. A análise dos dados nos permitiu identificar várias situações em que fatores lingüísticos, de diferentes níveis, aparentam interferir na produção do intérprete, resultando nas omissões nela registradas / Abstract: Due to the scarcity of scientific research within the area of simultaneous interpreting in Brazil, the present work represents a pilot study with the broader aim of opening the door to future research within the field by exposing its richness and complexity as an object of study. With the purpose of being an initial step in a larger discussion, this work thus starts by outlining a brief history of interpretation and mapping the research terrain in the field, from its beginning to present day, and thereby contextualizing the general framework of research of which the topic of this dissertation is part. As part of this broader aim, a comparison between translation and interpreting was presented with the purpose of defining our object, simultaneous interpreting, based on the distinctive features of the two modalities. The more restricted aim of this research project was to analyze the linguistic factors involved in simultaneous interpreting that could be potential problem-triggers and, as such, could result in omissions in the interpreter¿s output. Based on Daniel Gile¿s theoretical model of processing capacity in simultaneous interpreting, two interpretations from English to Portuguese, produced by two research subjects, were analyzed, supplemented by their retrospective comments. The analysis of the data allowed us to identify various situations, in the two interpretations, where linguistic factors, on various levels, seem to have interfered in the interpreter¿s output and have caused the omissions recorded. / Mestrado / Tradução / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

How does localized translation relate to the Arabic language? According to the Localization Industry Standards Association, localization “involves taking a product and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target locale (country/region and language) where it will be used and sold,” (Esselink 2000a, p. 3). In monoglossic situations, localized translation involves producing translations that reflect regional language variation. Localizing Arabic translations presents a greater challenge because the Arabic language is characterized by both register variation and regional variation (Badawi 1973/2012; Bassiouney 2009; Ferguson 1959/1972). Existing literature addresses both localized translation and Arabic translation, but does not address localized Arabic translation specifically. Within the field of outcomes research, a public health subfield that studies patient populations health and well-being, prior studies that analyze Arabic translations of outcomes research documentation focus solely on the validity of universal, not localized translations. Studies in other specialized fields such as law also fail to include analysis of localized Arabic translation. This study analyzes register and regional variation in one universal and twenty-seven localized Arabic translations of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI), a clinical outcome assessment that is frequently localized for use in internationally sited clinical trials (Margaret Reilly Associates 2013). To determine the degree to which the Arabic WPAIs are localized, twenty-one variables including linguistic lexical items, morphological forms, and syntactic structures were coded as either salient Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or localized. Localized variables include salient Levantine Arabic (LA), Gulf Arabic (GA), and Egyptian Arabic (EA) features, shared MSA/LA/GA/EA variables and simplified variables. Then residual analysis of the expected and observed frequencies of each variable determined the overall degree of localization for each variable. Results indicate that salient MSA variables and localized variables are used in all twenty-eight WPAIs while localized salient LA, GA, and EA variables are completely absent. Although the inconsistent use of localized shared and simplified variables throughout the one universal and twenty-seven L-, G-, and E-WPAIs indicates that localization standards are met inconsistently, all twenty-eight WPAIs are successful within a functionalist framework because the use of salient MSA, shared, and simplified variables ensures that the text is accessible to a lay audience, which is the ultimate function of the target text (TT). This study sheds light on the inherent challenges of localized Arabic translation, which is caught between localization standards and Arabic language norms. Motivations for using salient MSA, shared, and simplified variables are discussed and implications of this study include improving methods for producing localized Arabic translations.

The purpose and focus of this essay is to study different strategies that are used when translating tourist texts of different kinds. The texts used in this essay are French ones, mainly focusing on Normandie and the D-day and they have been translated into Swedish for this comparison. Why and how do you translate for example names and different historical events to an audience from another country without losing the functions of the texts? The ones used in this essay are mainly informative and descriptive but also there to explain the events, thus it is important to keep these functions when translating into Swedish. The method used in this essay is mainly based on the theories of Newmark, Munday and Ingo. The analysis showed that a translator has to know the cultures linked to the the texts, both the original ones as well as the one translated, in order to be able to transmit the text in a good way. When translating you can do it word by word but that might mean a difficulty in transfering the text to another culture. You have to consider the fact that as a translator it is important trying to stay as close as possible to the original text, but still give the new reader an opportunity to understand the text in a good way, wether it means adding an explanation or adapting the choice of words or expressions. In conclusion, a translator should adapt the translation to the target culture carefully, trying not to lose the functions of the text.

Abstract This is a study of translation problems encountered during the translation of the article “Football, Identity, Place: The Emergence of Rugby Football in Brisbane” by Peter Horton. Focus is directed at two different types of translation problems. One of them concerns the cultural differences between the readers of Horton’s text and the translated text. Swedish readers are rather unacquainted both with the sport of rugby and with Australian geography. As a consequence, it may be problematic to translate rugby terms or geographical names. These kinds of problems were often solved by transferring the cultural word and/or adding explanations to the translated text. The second type of translation problem concerned the stylistic level of the text. The translated text is aimed at a broad readership and therefore the stylistic level had to be lowered. Four different techniques were used to make the translation less formal than the source text. One of them was to avoid nominalizations by using a corresponding verb form instead. A second technique was to reduce the number of parenthetical insertions. Thirdly, it could be done by using fewer words before the finite verb to make sentences less left-heavy. And the forth technique involved choosing common everyday words rather than uncommon or formal words.

This PhD by publication focuses on over fifteen years of my cultural production, including poetry, translation, critical essays, and work produced in the context of the visual arts. Ranging from my earliest published work in mor (1997) to my most recent writing projects such as pulllllllllllllllllllllllll: Poesia Contemporânea do Canadá (2010) and the “:”s, published in Open Letter (2012). I have consistently produced work in dialogue with the international context of linguistically innovative writing. The fourteen texts collected here provide clear examples of my approach to practice-led research. Accompanying this portfolio, I have produced a critical essay which reflects on the work. This essay employs a modular rather than a standard hypotactic structure to trace the influences on and the connections among the disparate group of texts which make up my portfolio. A crucial element in my work is the notion—expressed by various proponents of Language Writing and other key influences—that literary production and reception are political as well as aesthetic activities. The critical essay thus contextualizes my work in relation to the politicized experimentalism of North American and European poetics, and clarifies how my writing has consistently challenged the social authority of standard

<p> Arabic-speaking populations suffer from unique stressors including but not limited to acculturation, making it more crucial than ever to have a validated tool to measure stress in this population. The Stress Overload Scale (SOS), which measures stress perceived as overwhelming relative to one&rsquo;s resources, has proven effective in predicting illness in English-speaking populations; but no Arabic version of the 30-item SOS yet exists. The current study aimed to construct an Arabic SOS, and determine if it maintains its validity in native Arabic speakers in the United States. The 30-item SOS was translated into Arabic using the Cross-Cultural Adaptation method, including back translation. The sample consisted of 90 native Arabic speakers, aged 18 years and over from a large public university, who completed the measures online. The study demonstrated that the Arabic SOS generally paralleled the original version in terms of a two-factor structure (Personal Vulnerability and Event Load) and reliability. The Arabic SOS also demonstrated construct and criterion validity by showing significant positive correlations with the Arabic Perceived Stress Scale and the Patient-Health Questionnaire-15, respectively. Limitations of this study and suggestions for future validation in different Arabic-speaking samples and settings are discussed. It is concluded that the Arabic SOS may offer a better tool for evaluating pathogenic stress in Arabic-speaking populations than current existing measures.</p><p>

Between approximately September 1, 2012 and February 1, 2014, the popular Canadian fashion retailer Lululemon Athletica Inc. faced an organizational crisis due to quality management problems. Beginning with manufacturing complications, the quality issues expressed themselves through various crisis symptoms (e.g., financial issues, legal issues, and senior leadership turmoil). The organization enacted crisis communication strategies to mitigate reputational risk and to inform the public and its stakeholders about the crisis. The news media also reported on the crisis extensively, which contributed to the public and stakeholders’ perceptions of the company and crisis. This dissertation draws on theories of narrative, translation, communication and media, and crisis communication to develop a theoretical foundation to guide the goals of this study. It is based on theories that conceptualize textual journalism as a process of both intralingual and interdiscursive translation that results in new narratives for the purpose of news media content creation. A qualitative content analysis informed by principles of critical discourse analysis is conducted to examine the narration of the crisis as depicted in the company’s textual communication about the crisis (e.g., press releases, annual reports), and the depiction of the crisis as narrated in textual media reports about the organization’s crisis. The two information streams are first analyzed individually to extract the main themes and sub-themes presented. Based on these analyses, a comparison of the two different information streams and their respective crisis narratives is conducted. The project investigates the ways in which the media translated information about the crisis to create their own narratives of the crisis. The findings of this dissertation show the process through which translation occurs, namely the linguistic and discursive variance between these two information streams. An analysis of the patterns in the linguistic and discursive variance between these two information streams indicates how the different social contexts in which each information stream is embedded may have impacted how the translation/journalism process occurs.

Language and religion are essential components of cultural identity. Cultural identity both reinforces and subverts the dominant paradigm. An alliance of Church and State in Ethiopia reinforced Abyssinian imperial political, economic, and military domination with linguistic, religious, and cultural hegemony. The Abyssinians are the Amhara and Tigrayan people, who speak related Semitic languages and follow Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity. As the Abyssinians created the modern Ethiopian empire, they dominated the Ethiopian political landscape since the 1880s. Onesimos Nasib’s life serves as a case study, allowing this thesis to explore these themes of how culture can reinforce or undermine state authority. Enslaved as a child, Onesimos’ life reveals how cultural perceptions justified exploitation in the Abyssinian Empire. After his freedom and baptism into the Protestant Christian faith, Onesimos’ work as a missionary, translator, and teacher reveals how language, culture, and religion can help edify an exploited group while challenging the sources of that exploitation. This thesis emphasizes the significance of Oromo literature, education, and the adoption of Protestant Christianity in Wallaga region in Western Ethiopia during the early twentieth century as a means of preserving Oromo language, culture, and beliefs.

This thesis explores Otokar Fischer's translations and their significance for the Czech translation tradition. The theoretical part addresses the status Otokar Fischer had in his time, the ample scope of activities, both creative and academic, he engaged in as well as his problematic position at the boundary between two languages and three cultures during the unstable interwar years. Then, the focus shifts on the way secondary literature, mainly from the field of translation studies, evaluates Fischer's translations. The image of Otokar Fischer and his school of translation promoted by the said literature is subject to criticism in the next chapter which also adds information the relevant books do not emphasize enough or leave out completely. The next part assesses two of the most significant translations done by Fischer - Goehte'sFaust and Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra- and also touches upon his translation of Shakespeare's Macbeth. The last section of the thesis deals with the legacy Otokar Fischer left in the Czech translation tradition and the way his students and younger generations of translators approached this legacy.

Candida albicans is a polymorphic yeast that can cause life threatening systemic infections in immuno-compromised individuals. One key attribute of C. albicans that enhances its pathogenicity is the ability to switch morphologies between filamentous and vegetative modes in response to specific environmental conditions. Stressful changes in such cellular conditions commonly cause a rapid inhibition of global protein synthesis leading to altered programmes of gene expression. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, fusel alcohols signal nitrogen scarcity and induce pseudohyphal growth enabling yeast colonies to spread towards nutrient replete areas. These alcohols also inhibit protein synthesis by targeting the translation initiation factor, eIF2B. eIF2B is the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for eIF2, which supports eIF2-GTP production and represents a key regulated step in translation initiation. eIF2-GTP interacts with Met-tRNAiMet to form the ternary complex which is essential for translation initiation. Fusel alcohols target eIF2B leading to reduced levels of ternary complex and reduced protein synthesis. In Candida albicans, a variety of cell biological and genetic assays suggest that fusel alcohols and ethanol inhibit protein synthesis by targeting the translation initiation factor, eIF2B, and they also induce hyphal/pseudohyphal growth, a process that is associated with pathogenesis in C. albicans. In contrast to fusel alcohols, farnesol, aquorum sensing alcohol, does not appear to impact upon eIF2B activity. Rather, biochemical and mass spectrometric analysis suggest farnesol affects the interaction of the mRNA with the small ribosomal subunit during translation initiation. Further elucidation of the effect of farnesol on C. albicans transcript levels and ribosome association by next generation sequencing gave insight into the genes that are differentially expressed following farnesol treatment. While genes involved inmorphological differentiation were generally repressed, those involved in protein synthesis were upregulated, possibly as an adaptive response to inhibition of protein synthesis by farnesol. Intriguingly, the regulation of these functional categories of genes occurred in a co-ordinated manner at either the transcript level or at the level of ribosome association, but rarely was gene expression regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels for the same gene.