Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Recent research in the Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (TCFL) field has focused on the pedagogical perspectives underlying TCFL textbooks and their compilation. With the increasing interaction between China and other countries in global contexts such as culture, economics and commerce, there is a great need to expand research regarding all areas and issues within TCFL, especially in the important area of vocabulary and its translation in TCFL textbooks (Tsung and Cruickshank, 2011). This research investigates a range of translation problems related to the accuracy of the vocabulary lists featured in 12 selected representative TCFL textbooks for teaching Chinese as a foreign language. This thesis presents findings from three triangulation cases (questionnaire survey, corpus research, and assessment test) involving two different groups of participants (e.g. Chinese teachers who completed the questionnaire survey and Chinese undergraduates majoring in English who underwent the assessment test). The contribution of this study is as follows: 1) I conduct a series of empirical evidence based on the viewpoints of practitioners regarding the identified translation problems to fill the gap that there are more descriptive and pedagogical works in the vocabulary translation of TCFL textbooks; 2) I adopt functional equivalence theory of translation and linguistics–based approaches (semantic, pragmatic and grammatical perspectives) to establish a theoretical framework which provides a flexible way of analysing translation and enables the original meanings of Chinese words to be analysed through various perspectives, especially for Chinese and English vocabulary analysis and translation; 3) I draw on translation quality evaluation theory to generate a translation quality evaluation framework which can serve as a reference point for other translation evaluation work regarding vocabulary conducted during other relevant studies; 4) I demonstrate that the majority of translation problems gathered from the selected TCFL textbooks were found at the preliminary level and in the content word class which have much practical relevance and research value for the pedagogical purpose of vocabulary teaching and translation; and 5) I build up a specific parallel corpus with passages and vocabulary lists of the selected TCFL textbooks.

This thesis Issues of translation of the novel Chronos of Taras Antypovych focuses on the indication and analysis of various difficult lexical phenomena in the science-fiction novel of contemporary Ukrainian writer Taras Antypovych. Among the specific features of his novel we could name such as almost complete absence of facts, plenty of neologisms, a lot of self-described names, and frequent mixing of different functional styles. The first part of work deals with the characteristic and detailed analysis of the novel Chronos, the second part is both theoretical and practical one that could be considered as the central part of the work. Such phenomena as neologisms, slang and argot, language games, vulgarisms, own names, "surzhik", phraseological units, interjections, and the words derived from them are considered here as one that may appear problematic in the translation from Ukrainian into Czech. The theoretical explanation is accompanied by examples from the text of the novel which I translated into Czech and supported with comments. The main aim of the work was to clarify the translation process and to present one or more solutions to the problems indicated above. Key words: Taras Antypovych, Chronos, Ukrainian literature, translation, translation theory

Two types mechanisms that control gene expression involve cis-regulatory factors and trans-regulatory factors. Cis-acting regulatory RNAs include targeted messenger RNA (mRNA) specificity and AU-rich elements (AREs). AU-rich mRNAs are a subcategory of mRNAs that have AREs in their 3'-Untranslated Regions (UTRs). These ARE-genes have been observed to correlate with rapid mRNA decay patterns. They comprise approximately 12% of all transcripts and are known to encode for a group of proteins that have involvement in the inflammatory response. Trans-acting regulatory mechanisms are micro RNAs (miRNAs) in eukaryotes, and small RNAs (sRNA) in prokaryotes. Misregulation of these mechanisms can lead to many disease states if rapid mRNA decay does not occur, leading to tumorigenesis, and eventually, different types of cancer. In this project, the TNF-α ARE was studied in both serum-positive and quiescent G0 conditions in order to analyze whether the translation of the gene differed in any respect due to the binding of a known miRNA called miR-130a. Additionally, both serum-positive and one-day serum-starved quiescent G0 conditions were analyzed for eIF5B and FXR1 levels to analyze whether there was a correlation between the two proteins.

Bakgrund: Managementkoncept, som till exempel lean, behöver anpassas för att passa en viss organisations unika förutsättningar. Översättningsteori är ett medel för anpassning av managementkoncept mellan olika kontexter men i forskningen är det främst översättning till en kontext som har undersökts. Vad som händer om organisationen i fråga är diversifierad är i stort förbisett i forskningen. Det är därmed intressant att undersöka hur diversifiering påverkar översättningen och om det kan vara en anledning till att många implementationer, och översättningar, av managementkoncept misslyckas. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för översättning vid implementeringen av lean i en tjänsteorganisation med diversifierad verksamhet. För att uppnå studiens syfte har vi studerat vilken översättningskompetens som i organisationen upplevs vara av vikt vid implementeringen av lean i en diversifierad tjänsteorganisation och hur kompetensen anpassas till de olika enheternas kontexter. Vidare har vilka översättningtyper som används vid implementeringen av lean i en diversifierad tjänsteorganisation och hur de anpassas till enheternas olika kontexter studerats.  Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ fallstudie med ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv med hermeneutisk tyngdpunkt. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer vilka kompletterades med dokumentstudier. Materialet presenteras tematiskt och narrativt. Slutsats: Diversifiering behöver inte nödvändigtvis innebära problem för översättningen om översättningstyp och översättningskompetens är behovsstyrt. Däremot behöver hänsyn tas till tvärgående processer, vilka behöver ett helhetsfokus och en samstämmighet i hur lean används för att fungera kunddrivet och optimalt. / Background: Management concepts, such as lean, need adjustment to fit the unique circumstances of a certain organisation. Translation is a method of adapting management concepts between different contexts but research on the subject has mainly focused on the translation to a single context. The implications that diversification has for the translation to a certain organisation are largely overlooked. It is therefore relevant to study how diversification affects translation and if it can be a reason for the large number of failures in the implementation, and translation, of management concepts. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of the translation that takes place when a diversified service organisation implements lean. To fulfill the purpose we have studied what translation competence that is experienced to be important in the organisation when lean is implemented in a diversified service organisation and how the competence is adapted to the different contexts within the organisation. Furthermore, we have studied which translation types that are used when lean is implemented and how they are adapted to the different contexts of a diversified service organisation. Method: This is a qualitative case study with phenomenological perspective that puts emphasis on hermeneutic context. Semi-structured interviews and document studies provided the empirical material for the study. The empirical material is presented in themes in a narrative way. Conclusion: Diversification per se does not have to imply any difficulties if the translation, in terms of translation type and -competence, is controlled by demand. Transverse processes on the other hand needs to be focused and a holistic approach and a consistency in how lean is used and applied is necessary to make them work in an optimal and customer driven way.

Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-05-17T11:35:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Carlos da Silva.pdf: 4459786 bytes, checksum: 0d5ee6a2e39d0afc3bff06cbd7f106eb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-23T18:37:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Carlos da Silva.pdf: 4459786 bytes, checksum: 0d5ee6a2e39d0afc3bff06cbd7f106eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-23T18:37:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Carlos da Silva.pdf: 4459786 bytes, checksum: 0d5ee6a2e39d0afc3bff06cbd7f106eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Esta tese investiga a reescritura do universo literário de Virginia Woolf para a literatura e para o cinema, por meio da observação das reescrituras do romance Mrs. Dalloway (1925): o filme Sra. Dalloway (1997), de Marleen Gorris; o livro As Horas (1998), de Michael Cunningham; e o filme As Horas (2002), de Stephen Daldry. Partimos da hipótese de que as narrativas reescritoras são mais tradicionais, têm novo arranjo linear e não seguem uma tendência vanguardista, devido, principalmente, ao estilo dos tradutores. Para comprovarmos tal hipótese, analisamos algumas estratégias de tradução, empregadas na criação de imagens de Woolf para os novos públicos, levantando, em cada narrativa, questões gerais sobre o enredo e a construção do tempo e do espaço. As estratégias observadas, no filme Sra. Dalloway, foram as seguintes: linearidade (organização narrativa), flashback, voice-over e montagem. No filme As Horas as estratégias foram as seguintes: delineação do enredo (criação de três histórias paralelas), continuidade de elementos imagéticos (montagem), silêncio e expressões dos atores/atrizes e múltiplas perspectivas. A análise levou-nos a concluir que essas narrativas têm formatos próprios (como arranjo linear particular) e não seguem a tendência vanguardista do texto de Woolf, devido às questões inerentes ao meio cinematográfico (ampliação de público, criação de narrativas lineares, influência da narrativa clássica hollywoodiana, etc), mas, principalmente, devido ao estilo e concepção de criação dos próprios tradutores. A análise fundamenta-se na idéia de reescritura de Lefevere (1992), como um tipo de tradução, na concepção de tradução dos Estudos Descritivos de Toury (1995) e da teoria dos polissistemas de Even-Zohar (1990) e em alguns estudos que tratam da relação literatura e cinema, tais como Bordwell (1985), Vanoye & Goliot-Lété (1994), Aumont et al (1995) e Cruz (1997). / Salvador

As the fifth most visited website on the internet today, the user-generated encyclopaedia Wikipedia has attracted significant attention from researchers based across the academic disciplines. However, this previous work has generally neglected the multilingual aspects of the encyclopaedia, and downplayed the significance of translation within the collaborative processes of content creation that take place within the platform. Consequently, this doctoral thesis has set out to investigate the people and practices involved in the co-production and dissemination of knowledge across linguistic and cultural borders in the context of Wikipedia. By developing an analytical approach that combines narrative theory (Baker 2006) with insights drawn from the work of Henri Lefebvre (1974/1991) and Michel Foucault (1967/1986), I have examined the construction of 27 city-related articles published within the English- and French-language editions of the platform. This analysis has shown that Wikipedia volunteers make abundant use of source materials published in a diversity of languages other than that in which they are writing, and that the creation of these encyclopaedic articles involves a wide range of partly overlapping multilingual activities, a complex combination of translating, re-contextualising, summarising and synthesising. My study has also brought to light the multi-faceted negotiations that occur between the different participants involved in these processes of intersubjective knowledge production. This has drawn attention to Wikipedia as a space of discordant juxtaposition and creative simultaneity, and foregrounded the cacophony of opposing narrative positionings present within each article-focused community of multilingual produsers.

Neural machine translation has been lately established as the new state of the art in machine translation, especially with the Transformer model. This model emphasized the importance of self-attention mechanism and sug- gested that it could capture some linguistic phenomena. However, this claim has not been examined thoroughly, so we propose two main groups of meth- ods to examine the relation between these two. Our methods aim to im- prove the translation performance by directly manipulating the self-attention layer. The first group focuses on enriching the encoder with source-side syn- tax with tree-related position embeddings or our novel specialized attention heads. The second group is a joint translation and parsing model leveraging self-attention weight for the parsing task. It is clear from the results that enriching the Transformer with sentence structure can help. More impor- tantly, the Transformer model is in fact able to capture this type of linguistic information with guidance in the context of multi-task learning at nearly no increase in training costs. 1

This thesis studies the effectiveness of existing translation models in the context of everyday translation and proposes a new translation model. The thesis reviews a number of approaches to the process of translation from the Roman times to the present before focusing on contemporary translation theory and the representation of the translation process by means o f translation models. The thesis introduces - and comments on - a number of existing translation models and then proceeds to develop a new model of the process, which aims to present a more holistic view of the process than the models discussed. The second part of the thesis concentrates on the testing of the model. Two very practical tests are applied to the model in order to assess the accuracy of the representation and the usability of the model in the context o f everyday translation. The first test applied to the model has, however, another function. It aims to provide a contemporary readership with a readable English translation of a Renaissance Latin text, the first book of the Instructiones historico-theologicae de doctrina Christiana et vario rerum statua temporibus Apostolici, ad tempora usque seculi decimi septime prior a (1645) by John Forbes o f Corse. This enables a wide audience with very little or no knowledge o f Latin to gain access to the complex theological argument contained in the specimen text. The commentary on the English translation, and on extracts of the German and French translations of this work serves to test the applicability of the model in the context of translation into more than one language. The second test concentrates on the translation from English into German and German into English. For this test, two groups of students from the Universities of Trier and Rostock in Germany were asked to carry out the same translation exercise. The study o f the work received from these students allows me to assess the usability o f the model as a guideline for translators. The thesis concludes by saying that the model has proved successful on both occasions, and by offering suggestions for further study.

Optoacoustic (OA) imaging is an emerging low-cost hybrid imaging investigation/technique currently in clinical feasibility studies for breast cancer diagnosis and staging. The technique applies pulsed light to the tissue of interest where molecules absorb the light photons and generate acoustic pressure waves. The resulting acoustic responses are detected using ultrasound transducers and converted into images. Image contrast within a pixel is dependent on the relative concentration and absorption characteristics (i.e. spectrum) of the chromophores within the illuminated tissue. Thus, tissue responses from illumination using multiple wavelengths, chosen to reflect the differential absorption of oxy-/deoxy- and total haemoglobin, can be measured. In turn, these signals can be regarded as surrogate measures of tissue hypoxia and neoangiogenesis, hallmarks of cancer associated with adverse outcomes. The aim of this PhD was to translate optoacoustic imaging into the breast clinic to try and fulfil some of the unmet clinical needs in breast cancer imaging using the imaging biomarker roadmap by O'Connor et al. Translation of this new technology to the clinical environment required extensive preparatory work, including the procurement and installation of a scanner prototype, liaison with UK regulatory bodies to secure ethical and MHRA approval, as well as several technical developments (performed during the course of the PhD) to make the technology suitable for breast cancer imaging. The first chapter of the thesis reviews the unmet needs of breast cancer imaging, being followed by a summary of recent techniques and technologies that may potentially fulfil gaps in knowledge and address some of the specific diagnostic challenges in breast cancer imaging. The capabilities of optoacoustic imaging are then discussed in the context of this evolving landscape of new imaging techniques and technologies with a particular focus on the tumour biology (neoangiogenesis and hypoxia) that can be measured in humans using multimodality and multi parametric imaging. Chapter 2 reviews of the current state of clinical translation of optoacoustic imaging, highlighting the particular areas in which clinical translation has advanced the most (breast cancer, melanoma and inflammatory bowel disease). Chapter 3 discusses the logistical, regulatory and technical challenges and solutions involved in translating optoacoustic imaging to the clinic and setting up a clinical service. Chapter 4 presents a series of validation experiments of oxygen saturation aimed at establishing the relationship between the optoacoustic signal and invasive pO2 measurements with an OxyLite probe in a porcine kidney model. This work was conducted in close collaboration with leading clinicians from the local transplant team. The following chapter describes the results of the first stage of our clinical work in the breast, namely the healthy volunteer study. This part had several aims: to perform qualitative assessment of the optoacoustic features of the normal breast under physiological conditions; to establish a robust scanning technique and identify technical and image interpretation pitfalls; and to perform qualitative evaluation of the hormonal changes that occur during the menstrual cycle and menopause, which, in turn, were used to validate surrogate measures of oxy-, deoxy and total haemoglobin. Chapter 6 then focuses on the qualitative assessment of benign and malignant breast lesions and their appearances on optoacoustic imaging. The patient study was divided into three phases. Phase 1 created a feature set to differentiate benign from malignant lesions, while Phase 2 was a transition between the prototype scanner and the installation of the first-generation clinical scanner. In Phase 3 the feature set created in Phase 1 was validated in a reader study. The sensitivity and specificity of optoacoustic imaging for lesion detection and differentiation of benign from malignant lesions was compared with mammography and ultrasound. Chapter 7 then deals with the quantitative analysis of the Phase 1 and Phase 3 data acquired in Chapter 6, assessing the relationships between the use of single wavelengths, spectral unmixing, vascularity versus receptor status, heterogeneity of signal intensity in relation to tumour stage and grade. This chapter also discusses the potential and limitations of quantifying the optoacoustic signal and leads to the final chapter, a discussion of future directions in optoacoustic imaging in breast cancer. At the end of this thesis, chapter 8 briefly discusses the potential future directions for the use of optoacoustic imaging as a clinical and scientific tool.