Synonymous mutations have traditionally been thought to have no significant effect on fitness. However, a growing body of recent research has shown that this is not always the case. In an experimentally evolved population of Pseudomonas fluorescens grown in minimal glucose media, synonymous mutations arose in a glucose transport gene that resulted in beneficial fitness effects comparable to those of non-synonymous mutations. We found that the increase in fitness was a direct result of increased gene expression; however, the precise mechanism was unclear. Synonymous mutations have been shown to affect gene expression on transcriptional and translational levels through changes in mRNA secondary structure and codon usage. Our study investigates the underlying mechanisms in which these evolved synonymous mutations lead to increased gene expression. In addition to the evolved mutations, we have a library of 42 strains with single synonymous mutations within the glucose transport gene and found a positive correlation between fitness and gene expression. To determine whether these mutations affect transcript levels, translational efficiency or a combination of both, we systematically incorporated transcriptional and translational fusions of a yellow fluorescent protein within the glucose transport operon. We found that the evolved mutations predominantly act on the level of transcription and have strong polar downstream effects. Additionally, through manipulation of the local genetic sequence, we investigated the specific molecular requirements necessary for the increased expression. We found that for one of our evolved synonymous mutants, mRNA secondary structure does not play an essential role, but we speculate that the mutation may strengthen a weak internal promoter sequence to confer its increased expression. Our study provides evidence of the adaptive mechanisms of beneficial synonymous mutations in an experimentally evolved setting.

In commercial book translation, the reader is the end-user of the translated text; it is for his or her benefit that the translation has been produced, and it is the reading public whose money ultimately goes towards paying the translator‘s wages. Nonetheless, in Translation Studies, far more attention has been paid to the processes of translation or the finished translation product (see Saldanha and O‘Brien 2013) than to the users of such products, with reader-based studies few and far between. For this reason, there is little empirical evidence that the 'effects' and 'meanings' discussed by scholars in analyses of translated texts have any meaningful existence in actual reading situations, while the opinions and preferences of readers with regards to translation are virtually unknown (Leppihalme 1997; Kruger 2013). The present thesis therefore takes a first step in examining the attitudes of non-professional readers (that is, readers who are reading for pleasure rather than for criticism or analytical purposes) to translated books. The project reports on members of book groups in four UK cities, whose thoughts and opinions regarding translated texts, the act of translation and the role of translators were gathered using a written questionnaire and a series of interviews. Thus, the study combines a Descriptive Translation Studies approach with survey research. The results of this survey suggest that many readers have limited knowledge about what translation involves, as well as a certain ambivalence towards the finer details of the translation process. In addition, although they reveal a vigorous interest in considering and discussing linguistic, cultural and translation-related issues, readers‘ primary concern when presented with a text, whether translated or not, is the immediate reading experience. It is hoped that these findings will be useful in informing future approaches to the creation and dissemination of translated books to the British reading public.

Pronouns are used frequently in language, and perform a range of functions. Some pronouns are used to express coreference, and others are not. Languages and genres differ in how and when they use pronouns and this poses a problem for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems (Le Nagard and Koehn, 2010; Hardmeier and Federico, 2010; Novák, 2011; Guillou, 2012; Weiner, 2014; Hardmeier, 2014). Attention to date has focussed on coreferential (anaphoric) pronouns with NP antecedents, which when translated from English into a language with grammatical gender, must agree with the translation of the head of the antecedent. Despite growing attention to this problem, little progress has been made, and little attention has been given to other pronouns. The central claim of this thesis is that pronouns performing different functions in text should be handled differently by SMT systems and when evaluating pronoun translation. This motivates the introduction of a new framework to categorise pronouns according to their function: Anaphoric/cataphoric reference, event reference, extra-textual reference, pleonastic, addressee reference, speaker reference, generic reference, or other function. Labelling pronouns according to their function also helps to resolve instances of functional ambiguity arising from the same pronoun in the source language having multiple functions, each with different translation requirements in the target language. The categorisation framework is used in corpus annotation, corpus analysis, SMT system development and evaluation. I have directed the annotation and conducted analyses of a parallel corpus of English-German texts called ParCor (Guillou et al., 2014), in which pronouns are manually annotated according to their function. This provides a first step toward understanding the problems that SMT systems face when translating pronouns. In the thesis, I show how analysis of manual translation can prove useful in identifying and understanding systematic differences in pronoun use between two languages and can help inform the design of SMT systems. In particular, the analysis revealed that the German translations in ParCor contain more anaphoric and pleonastic pronouns than their English originals, reflecting differences in pronoun use. This raises a particular problem for the evaluation of pronoun translation. Automatic evaluation methods that rely on reference translations to assess pronoun translation, will not be able to provide an adequate evaluation when the reference translation departs from the original source-language text. I also show how analysis of the output of state-of-the-art SMT systems can reveal how well current systems perform in translating different types of pronouns and indicate where future efforts would be best directed. The analysis revealed that biases in the training data, for example arising from the use of “it” and “es” as both anaphoric and pleonastic pronouns in both English and German, is a problem that SMT systems must overcome. SMT systems also need to disambiguate the function of those pronouns with ambiguous surface forms so that each pronoun may be translated in an appropriate way. To demonstrate the value of this work, I have developed an automated post-editing system in which automated tools are used to construct ParCor-style annotations over the source-language pronouns. The annotations are then used to resolve functional ambiguity for the pronoun “it” with separate rules applied to the output of a baseline SMT system for anaphoric vs. non-anaphoric instances. The system was submitted to the DiscoMT 2015 shared task on pronoun translation for English-French. As with all other participating systems, the automatic post-editing system failed to beat a simple phrase-based baseline. A detailed analysis, including an oracle experiment in which manual annotation replaces the automated tools, was conducted to discover the causes of poor system performance. The analysis revealed that the design of the rules and their strict application to the SMT output are the biggest factors in the failure of the system. The lack of automatic evaluation metrics for pronoun translation is a limiting factor in SMT system development. To alleviate this problem, Christian Hardmeier and I have developed a testing regimen called PROTEST comprising (1) a hand-selected set of pronoun tokens categorised according to the different problems that SMT systems face and (2) an automated evaluation script. Pronoun translations can then be automatically compared against a reference translation, with mismatches referred for manual evaluation. The automatic evaluation was applied to the output of systems submitted to the DiscoMT 2015 shared task on pronoun translation. This again highlighted the weakness of the post-editing system, which performs poorly due to its focus on producing gendered pronoun translations, and its inability to distinguish between pleonastic and event reference pronouns.

Submitted by Lara Cristina Santos Talhaferro null (lara.talhaferro@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-07T01:06:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_LaraCSTalhaferro_2018.pdf: 4550332 bytes, checksum: 634c0356d3f9c55e334ef6a26a877056 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-03-07T15:46:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 talhaferro_lcs_me_sjrp.pdf: 4550332 bytes, checksum: 634c0356d3f9c55e334ef6a26a877056 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-07T15:46:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 talhaferro_lcs_me_sjrp.pdf: 4550332 bytes, checksum: 634c0356d3f9c55e334ef6a26a877056 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O processo da globalização, que tem promovido crescente circulação de informações multilíngues em escala mundial, tem proporcionado notáveis mudanças no mercado da tradução. No contexto globalizado, para manterem-se competitivos e atenderem à demanda de trabalho, a qual conta com frequentes atualizações de conteúdo e prazos reduzidos, os tradutores passaram a adotar ferramentas de tradução assistidas por computador em sua rotina de trabalho. Duas dessas ferramentas, utilizadas principalmente por tradutores das áreas técnica, científica e comercial, são os sistemas de memórias de tradução e as tecnologias de tradução automática. O emprego de tais recursos pode ter influências imprevisíveis nas traduções, sobre as quais os tradutores raramente têm oportunidade de ponderar. Se os profissionais são iniciantes ou se lhes falta experiência em determinada ferramenta, essa influência pode ser ainda maior. Considerando que os profissionais novatos tendem a utilizar cada vez mais as ferramentas disponíveis para aumentar sua eficiência, neste trabalho são investigados os possíveis efeitos do uso de sistemas de memórias de tradução e tecnologias de tradução automática, especificamente o sistema Wordfast Anywhere e um de seus tradutores automáticos, o Google Cloud Translate API, nas escolhas de graduandos em Tradução. Foi analisada a aplicação dessas ferramentas na tradução (inglês/português) de quatro abstracts designados a dez alunos do quarto ano do curso de Bacharelado em Letras com Habilitação de Tradutor da Unesp de São José do Rio Preto, divididos em três grupos: os que fizeram o uso do Wordfast Anywhere, os que utilizaram essa ferramenta para realizar a pós-edição da tradução feita pelo Google Cloud Translate API e os que não utilizaram nenhuma dessas ferramentas para traduzir os textos. Tal exame consistiu de uma análise numérica entre as traduções, com a ajuda do software Turnitin e uma análise contrastiva da produção dos alunos, em que foram considerados critérios como tempo de realização da tradução, emprego da terminologia específica, coesão e coerência textual, utilização da norma culta da língua portuguesa e adequação das traduções ao seu fim. As traduções também passaram pelo exame de profissionais das áreas sobre as quais tratam os abstracts, para avaliá-las do ponto de vista de um usuário do material traduzido. Além de realizarem as traduções, os alunos responderam a um questionário, em que esclarecem seus hábitos e suas percepções sobre as ferramentas computacionais de tradução. A análise desses trabalhos indica que a automação não influenciou significativamente na produção das traduções, confirmando nossa hipótese de que o tradutor tem papel central nas escolhas terminológicas e na adequação do texto traduzido a seu fim. / Globalization has promoted a growing flow of multilingual information worldwide, causing significant changes in translation market. In this scenario, translators have been employing computer-assisted translation tools (CAT Tools) in a proficient way to meet the demand for information translated into different languages in condensed turnarounds. Translation memory systems and machine translation are two of these tools, used especially when translating technical, scientific and commercial texts. This configuration may have inevitable influences in the production of translated texts. Nonetheless, translators seldom have the opportunity to ponder on how their production may be affected by the use of these tools, especially if they are novice in the profession or lack experience with the tools used. Seeking to examine how the work of translators in training may be influenced by translation memory systems and machine translation technologies they employ, this work investigates how a translation memory system, Wordfast Anywhere, and one of its machine translation tools, Google Cloud Translate API, may affect the choices of Translation trainees. To achieve this goal, we present an analysis of English-to-Portuguese translations of four abstracts assigned to ten students of the undergraduate Program in Languages with Major in Translation at São Paulo State University, divided into three groups: one aided by Wordfast Anywhere, one aided by Google Cloud Translate API, and one unassisted by any of these tools. This study consists of a numerical analysis, assisted by Turnitin, and a comparative analysis, whose aspects examined are the following: time spent to perform the translation, use of specific terminology, cohesion and coherence, use of standard Portuguese, and suitability for their purposes. Apart from this analysis, a group of four experts were consulted on the translations as users of their content. Finally, the students filled a questionnaire on their habits and perceptions on CAT Tools. The examination of their work suggests that automation did not influence the production of the translations significantly, confirming our hypothesis that human translators are at the core of decision-making when it comes to terminological choices and suitability of translated texts to their purpose. / 2016/07907-0

Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Célia Maria Magalhães / Banca: John Milton / Banca: Cláudia Maria Ceneviva Nigro / Banca: Arnaldo Franco Júnior / Resumo: Esta pesquisa é parte de um projeto maior, o PETra II - Padrões de Estilo de Tradutores, coordenado pela Profa. Dra. Diva Cardoso de Camargo. O presente trabalho tem como um dos objetivos observar o comportamento de tradutores diferentes em face de fragmentos (re)aproveitados e semelhantes extraídos de três obras de Clarice Lispector A Descoberta do Mundo, traduzida por Giovanni Pontiero como Discovering the World, Uma Aprendizagem ou o Livro dos Prazeres, traduzida por Richard A. Mazzara e Lorri A. Parris como An Apprenticeship or The Book of Delights e Água Viva, traduzida por Elizabeth Lowe e Earl Fitz como The Stream of Life. Outro objetivo é identificar aspectos de normalização encontrados nas respectivas traduções desses fragmentos. A metodologia situa-se no campo dos Estudos da Tradução baseados em corpus, (proposta de Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2004; estudos sobre normalização de Scott, 1998); pesquisas e projeto de Camargo 2003a, 2003b, 2004, 2008), e no da Linguística de Corpus (estudos de Berber Sardinha, 2004); também se apóia na fortuna crítica da autora (trabalhos de Gotlib, 1993, 2009; Nunes, B., 1995; Sant'Anna, 1997; Ruggero 2000; Sá, O., 2000; Franco Júnior, 2000; Ranzolin (1985), Varin, 2002; e Cherem, 2003). A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de uma combinação de análises semi-manuais e de análises computadorizadas. Inicialmente, baseamo-nos na fortuna crítica de Lispector, para levantar seis vocábulos considerados fundantes da autora: ―vida‖, ―morte‖, ―silêncio‖, ―palavra‖, ―estado‖ e ―graça‖. A seguir, utilizamos o programa WordSmith Tools para verificar se esses vocábulos eram recorrentes e significativos sob a perspectiva da Linguística de Corpus. Com base em Scott (1998), examinamos a tradução desses vocábulos em relação a aspectos de normalização. Em uma... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study is part of a bigger project, PETra II - (Padrões de Estilos de Tradutores), coordinated by Prof. Diva Cardoso de Camargo. One of the objectives of the thesis is to observe the behaviour of different translators when faced with similar (re)utilized textual fragments extracted from three books written by Clarice Lispector, A Descoberta do Mundo, translated into English by Giovanni Pontiero as Discovering the World , Uma Aprendizagem ou O Livro dos Prazeres, translated into English by Richard A. Mazzara and Lorri A. Parris as An Apprenticeship or The Book of Delights and Água Viva, translated into English by Elizabeth Lowe and Earl Fitz as The Stream of Life. Another objective of this study is to identify aspects of normalization found in the respective translations of these fragments. The methodology employed is that of corpus-based translation studies proposed by Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000 and 2004); Scott's study concerning normalization, 1998; Camargo's research studies and research project, (2003a, 2003b, 2004, 2008), and that of corpus linguistics (Berber Sardinha's studies, 2004); as well as Lispector's critical heritage (studies by Gotlib, 1993, 2009; Nunes, B., 1995; Sant'Anna, 1997; Ruggero, 2000; Sá, O., 2000; Franco Júnior, 2000; Ranzolin (1985), Varin, 2002; and Cherem, 2003). The research was carried out by means of a combination of semi-manual and computerized analyses. Initially, we used Lispector's critical heritage in order to select six words which are considered to be preferred and recurring in Lispector's writing: ―life‖, ―death‖, ―silence‖, ―word‖, ―state‖and ―grace‖. We went on to use the computer software WordSmith Tools to verify whether Lispector's preferred words were recurring and meaningful from the perspective of corpus linguistics. Based on Scott (1998), we analyzed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Translational efficiency is dictated in part by the availability of charged transfer RNA. Depletion of aminoacylated tRNAs (e.g. during recombinant protein expression) can increase translational errors and associated stress responses. Here, the role of tRNAs as regulators of gene expression was explored through development of synthetic, tRNA-regulated gene circuits, and through an investigation of the impact of tRNA aminoacylation on endogenous gene expression. Synthetic gene circuits initially explored the use of dominant negative alleles of the release factor eRF1 to modulate stop codon readthrough and translationally regulate gene expression. Mutant eRF1 proteins exhibited only a six-fold stimulatory effect on stop codon readthrough. The dominant negative phenotype was rescued partially by overexpression of eRF1, but not eRF3. Ultimately the severity of growth inhibition by these eRF1 alleles limited their utility in synthetic gene circuit design. A novel synthetic circuit was then implemented that utilised TetR interaction with a TetR-inducing peptide in order to control the expression of a suppressor tRNA, and thus a luciferase reporter gene. Using a parameterised mathematical model, the promoter configuration of the circuit was successfully optimised, allowing suppressor tRNAs to regulate the production of luciferase in both feedforward and positive feedback modes of operation. The effects of charged tRNA levels on the global translation network were dissected by regulating the S.cerevisiae glutamine tRNA synthetase gene GLN4 using a tet-off doxycyclineregulated promoter. tRNA synthetase depletion caused the activation of the Gcn4 amino acid starvation response due to accumulation of uncharged glutamine tRNAs. Doxycycline GLN4 shut-off caused increased amino acid production, and decreased ribosome biosynthesis at the transcriptomic and proteomic level, and further physiological changes proposed to result from compromised translation of glutamine-rich regulatory proteins. tRNA overexpression in the GLN4 depletion strain successfully caused altered competition between different isoacceptor tRNA types for their cognate synthetase resource. Together, these results support a growing understanding of tRNA as a key modulator of translation and gene expression in synthetic and natural systems.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / As questÃes relacionadas à qualidade de vida sÃo centrais para a promoÃÃo da saÃde materna. Dentre os objetivos do estudo destaca-se: traduzir, adaptar e validar o The Mother Generated Index para a lÃngua Portuguesa no contexto brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo metodolÃgico, realizado em uma maternidade de referÃncia do estado do CearÃ. O The Mother Generated Index passou por um rigoroso processo de adaptaÃÃo transcultural no qual foi formada a versÃo prÃ-final, aplicada no prÃ-teste com 30 puÃrperas. Um comità de especialistas realizou a validaÃÃo de conteÃdo do The Mother Generated Index-VersÃo Brasileira, para a formaÃÃo da versÃo final. Na fase de validaÃÃo, a amostra foi composta por 91 puÃrperas que foram entrevistadas no perÃodo de maio a agosto de 2012. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um formulÃrio que abordava dados sociodemogrÃficos, obstÃtricos, alÃm do The Mother Generated Index - VersÃo Brasileira. Quanto à anÃlise do perfil sociodemogrÃfico das puÃrperas estudadas apontou para uma maioria de jovens, em uniÃo estÃvel, com poucos anos de estudo, baixa renda per capita e familiar. Quanto Ãs atividades laborais, a maioria exercia afazeres domÃsticos ou outros trabalhos que exigem pouca ou nenhuma qualificaÃÃo profissional. Dentre as oito Ãreas que interferiram na qualidade de vida observou-se que 06 foram consideradas negativas conforme os dados: alteraÃÃo do peso 28(58%); menos tempo para si 33 (82,5%); sono 41 (93,1%); lazer 31 (90,7%); cansaÃo 91 (94,4%) e trabalho 41(85,4%). Assim, observa-se que essas sÃo Ãreas que necessitam de uma melhor atenÃÃo em saÃde. Conclui-se, que o MGI à um instrumento vÃlido e confiÃvel para a mensuraÃÃo do conceito de qualidade de vida entre as puÃrperas brasileiras, pois permite de forma simples e compreensÃvel avaliar as diversas dimensÃes envolvidas na qualidade de vida das puÃrperas. Ademais o MGI pode fornecer aos profissionais de saÃde a oportunidade de apreciar todos os aspectos da vida de uma mulher que sÃo alterados com o nascimento do bebÃ.

Orientador: Trajano Augusto Ricca Vieira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T07:28:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barriviera_Alessandro_M.pdf: 27896667 bytes, checksum: 2b246e86e231acf8419b696321599ee5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O presente trabalho consiste numa tradução da Poética de Aristóteles, acompanhada do texto grego e notas. A poesia sempre teve papel predominante na cultura grega antiga. Conduta moral e religiosa, por exemplo, tinham suas regras - mesmo se criticadas por alguns - estabelecidas nos poemas homéricos. Ao contrário de seu mestre Platão, que excluía a poesia do domínio da investigação racional, atribuindo-a antes ao entusiasmo e inspiração das Musas e inserindo o poeta na mesma classe dos profetas e adivinhos, Aristóteles julgava que a poesia podia ser submetida à reflexão racional e sistematizada num corpo de conhecimentos a que os gregos davam o nome de techne, e que nós traduzimos por "arte" ou "técnica". A Poética constitui o esforço de Aristóteles para cumprir tal tarefa. A obra é constituída de 26 capítulos e pode ser dividida em três principais partes: (a) dos capítulos 1 a 5 Aristóteles teoriza sobre a natureza da poesia em geral, subsumindo-a no gênero das artes miméticas; (b) os capítulos 6 a 22 consistem num estudo minucioso da tragédia e de suas partes constitutivas; (c) a partir do capítulo 23 até ao final, Aristóteles volta-se para o estudo da poesia épica. A Poética culmina com uma comparação entre esses dois gêneros poéticos e o julgamento da tragédia como superior à epopéia / Abstract: This work consists in a translation of Aristotle's Poetics, with greek text and notes. Poetry has always had a predominant role in ancient greek culture. For instance, moral and religious behaviour had their rules - even if criticized by some - laid down in Homeric poems. Contrary to his master Plato, who excluded poetry from the scope of rational investigation, ascribing it rather to enthusiasm and Muses' inspiration, and ranging the poet with prophets and diviners, Aristotle considered that poetry could be subjected to rational reflection and systematized in a body of knowledge which the Greeks called techne ("art" or "craft"). The Poetics constitutes Aristotle's effort to fulfill such a task. The work is formed by 26 chapters and can be divided up into three main parts: (a) from chapter 1 to 5, Aristotle theorizes about the nature of poetry in general, subsuming it into the genre of mimetic arts; (b) chapters 6 to 22 consist in a meticulous study of tragedy and its constitutive parts; (c) from chapter 23 to the end, Aristotle turns towards the study of epic. The Poetics culminates in a comparison between both these poetic genres, tragedy being judged superior to epic / Mestrado / Mestre em Linguística

A primeira tradução de Dante em língua portuguesa surge no Ramalhete poético do parnaso italiano, obra de Luiz Vicente De Simoni, em 1843. Este livro, dedicado ao consórcio de Dom Pedro II com a princesa italiana Teresa Cristina, contém vinte e cinco poetas italianos e traz também importantes reflexões sobre tradução no prefácio. Hoje em dia De Simoni está praticamente esquecido entre nós; neste sentido, a presente dissertação buscou indicar alguns subsídios para a retomada deste pioneiro da tradução no Brasil, que apresentou Dante ao público de língua portuguesa. / The first translation of Dante\'s work was published in the Ramalhete poético do parnaso italiano by Luiz Vicente De Simoni, in 1843. This book, which celebrated the marriage of Pedro II with the Italian princess Teresa Cristina, presents twenty-five Italian poets, besides including a preface containing important considerations about translating. Nowadays, De Simoni is almost forgoten among us; in this sense, the current work has tried to offer some elements which may permit the rediscovery of this pioneer of translation studies in Brazil, who introduced Dante to the Portuguese-speaking public.

Este trabalho se compõe de duas partes. Primeiramente, um estudo introdutório sobre o autor, Antonio Rosmini, sobre sua obra filosófica e, mais especificamente, sobre o livro Principi della scienza morale, que, na segunda parte, traduzimos para o português. Na introdução, expomos brevemente o sistema filosófico rosminiano e o contextualizamos no âmbito histórico-filosófico. Além disso, apresentamos o percurso por nós desenvolvido para obter uma tradução filologicamente correta do texto original, incluindo um breve glossário dos termos filosóficos empregados pelo autor. / This work is composed of two parts. Firstly, there is an introductoty study on the author, Antonio Rosmini, on his phylosophical system and, more specifically, on the book Principi della scienza morale, which we have translated to Portuguese, in the second part. In the introduction, we expose briefly the rosminian phylosofical system and we place it in its historical-phylosofical context. Furthermore, we show the path weve followed to reach a phylologically correct translation from the original text, including a brief glossary of phylosophical terms employed by the author.