This study examines the translation of an adventure travel guide from English to Swedish, focusing on the translation of conventional metaphors, original metaphors, metonymy and similes, with special attention to conceptual metaphors. The results show that most of the metaphors are reproduced in the target text, along with most of the metonymic segments and all similes. The findings suggest that the relatively high rate of metaphors and metonymy reproduced is due to a high degree of shared metaphorical concepts in source and target culture, whereas the decrease likely is due to an asymmetry in the preference of usage and degree of elaboration for these metaphors. The qualitative analysis shows that many conceptual metaphors fulfilled important functions in the source text, which confirms previous research that preserving the conceptual metaphors as much as possible in the translation process is essential in order to preserve all the functions of the source text. Analysis of metonymy and the personification of cities shows how the metonymic concept place for person is related to the central theme of personification and that this concept is likewise used to fulfill an important purpose of the source text, showing that metonymy is equally important to preserve in the translation process. The results of this study suggest that the choice of translation strategy in some cases is less dependent on category and more dependent on to what extent the cultural concepts that the metaphor/simile/metonymy is based on is similar/different, more/less elaborate or more/less preferred in source and target culture.

Данная работа посвящена переводческому исследованию о переводе рекламных текстов с русского языка на китайский в свете теории скопоса. С развитием глобализации торговые обмены между странами всё более и более оживляются, многие компании и фирмы начали осуществлять транснациональные стратегии и активно расширять рынки за рубежом. На фоне информатизации люди стали обращать особое внимание на рекламирование, являющееся важным средством передачи информации о товарах и услугах. По указанной причине постепенно повышается статус перевода рекламных текстов, служащего посредничеством транснациональной торговли и межкультурной коммуникации. В последние годы китайско-российские экономические связи бурно развиваются, русская продукция в большом объёме продаётся на китайском рынке. В связи с этим исследование перевода рекламных текстов с русского на китайский язык имеет большое актуальное значение и необходимо на современном этапе развития межкультурных отношений. В 1970-е годы в Германии возникла новая теория перевода– функциональная теория перевода, основной частью которой является теория скопоса, ставит проблему перевода рекламных текстов под новый угол зрения. Основная идея теории такова: перевод – это особая форма деятельности человека, она имеет свою определенную цель, на основании которой можно принимать подходящие переводческие стратегии и методы в процессе перевода. Теория скопоса имеет своей целью перевод рекламы с оригинального языка, и этот перевод представляет собой целенаправленные тексты. Поэтому в данной работе теория скопоса может с успехом применяться для перевода рекламы. Теоретическая и практическая значимость данного исследования заключается в том, что, с одной стороны, была найдена новая теория для анализа переводных русских рекламных текстов, а с другой, результаты исследования могут способствовать дальнейшему укреплению и развитию торговых обменов и межкультурной коммуникации между Китаем и Россией. / This work is devoted to the study of translation of advertising texts from Russian to Chinese according to skpos theory. With the development of globalization, trade between countries is becoming more and more active, and many enterprises and business firms have started to implement transnational strategies and actively expand overseas markets. In the context of informationization, people began to pay special attention to advertising, which is an important means of transmitting information about goods and services. For this reason, the status of translation of advertising texts is gradually increasing, becoming an intermediary for transnational trade and cross-cultural communication. In recent years, Russian-Chinese economic relations have developed rapidly, and Russian products are sold in large quantities to the Chinese market. In this regard, the study of translation of Russian advertising texts into Chinese is very important and necessary at the current stage of development of intercultural relations. In the 1970s, a new translation theory appeared in Germany - functional translation theory, the main part of which is the theory of scope, addressing the problem of translation of advertising texts from a new perspective. The main idea of the theory is that translation is a special form of human activity, which has its own specific objectives, on the basis of which it is possible to use appropriate translation strategies and methods in the translation process. The purpose theory aims to translate ads from the original language, and this translation represents the target text. Therefore, in this work, the purpose theory can be successfully applied to translate advertisements. The theoretical and practical significance of this study is that, on the one hand, a new theory is found for the analysis of translated texts of Russian advertisements, and on the other hand, the results of the research can further strengthen and develop trade and cross-cultural communication. Russian-Chinese communication. trade and cross-cultural Russian-Chinese communication.

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В современном мире телевизионные сериалы являются одним из самых популярных способов развлечения и досуга. Криминальные сериалы занимают особое место среди них, так как они позволяют зрителю погрузиться в мир преступлений и расследований, познакомиться с работой правоохранительных органов, судов и следственных комитетов. Однако, при переводе таких сериалов на другие языки возникают трудности, связанные, в первую очередь, с переводом терминологических словосочетаний. Диссертационное исследование посвящено изучению особенностей перевода терминологических словосочетаний в дискурсе криминальных сериалов на примере сериалов «Как избежать наказания за убийство» и «Форс мажоры». В данном исследовании рассматриваются переводческие стратегии, используемые переводчиками при работе с переводом текста криминальных сериалов, а также приводится глоссарий с обнаруженными примерами. Актуальность исследования обусловлена растущим интересом россиян к англоязычным сериалам и фильмам с юридической тематикой, в которых присутствует большое количество уголовно-правовой терминологии. В связи с подобной популяризацией оказывается востребован перевод данных реалий для полного понимания зрителями происходящего в картине. Цель работы – определение переводческих стратегий, которые используются переводчиками при переводе субтитров телесериалов на криминальную тематику. Гипотеза исследования. Можно предположить, что при переводе реплик, содержащих криминальные термины, переводчики оправданно прибегают к использованию переводческих трансформаций и приемов. Результаты исследования показали, что в переводе терминов в дискурсе криминальных сериалов необходимо учитывать специфику контекста, а также использовать различные методы и стратегии перевода. / In the modern world, television series are one of the most popular ways of entertainment and leisure. Crime series occupy a special place among them, as they allow the viewer to immerse themselves in the world of crimes and investigations, to get acquainted with the work of law enforcement agencies, courts and investigative committees. However, when translating such series into other languages, difficulties arise, primarily related to the translation of terminological phrases. The dissertation research is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the translation of terminological phrases in the discourse of criminal series on the example of the series "How to avoid punishment for murder" and "Force Majeure". This study examines the translation strategies used by translators when working with the translation of the text of crime series, and also provides a glossary with the examples found. The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest of Russians in English-language TV series and films with legal themes, in which there is a large amount of criminal law terminology. In connection with such popularization, the translation of these realities is in demand for a complete understanding of what is happening in the picture by the audience. The purpose of the work is to determine the translation strategies that are used by translators when translating subtitles of television series on criminal topics. The hypothesis of the study. It can be assumed that when translating replicas containing criminal terms, translators justifiably resort to the use of translation transformations and techniques. The results of the study showed that in the translation of terms in the discourse of crime series, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the context, as well as use various translation methods and strategies.

On the assumption that the translation strategies used to translate American fast-food advertisements into Arabic cause the Arabic translations to be culturally bound to their originals, the aim of the present study is to identify such translation strategies. The study was conducted with the aid of questionnaires as a primary research method to obtain data which are then complemented by means of textual analyses of the corpus. The findings reveal that the main translation strategies used to translate phrases in fast-food advertisements from English into Arabic are borrowing and transliteration. The overall finding is that inadequate translations of culture-specific concepts, phrases, logos and terms produce target texts which are bound to the source texts. This causes the translations to be rejected by the target culture. / Linguistics / M.A. (Linguistics)

Since the publication of the seminal work by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a), Metaphors we live by, countless research has been done on metaphor. This research was conducted because, in the past, metaphor was considered a deviant and poetic device that could be used only by those who were skilful. These scholars offered another view: metaphor is a matter of thought. They showed that linguistic metaphor is the manifestation of conceptual metaphors that are in our subconscious mind and are found in every day language. In other words, metaphors are a revelation of how we think. Linguists and translation scholars claim that it is a challenge to translate metaphor. The main objective of this study is to determine how conceptual metaphor theory can contribute towards the development of translation in African languages. The study seeks to identify conceptual metaphors in Nelson Mandela’s autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, which was written in English, and then analyse how these were translated into isiXhosa and isiZulu. This implies that this study involves a corpus. In identifying metaphors from the source text a Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU), which was conceived by Steen and his colleagues at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, was used (Steen et al 2010). ParaConc concordancer was used to investigate and compare how the metaphors were translated. The results showed that most metaphors were translated the same way in isiXhosa and isiZulu, which implies that the translators conceptualised the metaphors in the same way. These results revealed that the translators’ styles were similar. This confirms the fact that the two languages are related. As scholars in earlier research indicated, metaphors in translation pose a problem, yet the translators of Mandela’s book successfully met this challenge. They were able to render the metaphors in their respective languages in an acceptable manner. They tried to adhere to the style of the source text writer, but traces of their own style are evident in the texts. / Linguistics and Modern Languages

Since the publication of the seminal work by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a), Metaphors we live by, countless research has been done on metaphor. This research was conducted because, in the past, metaphor was considered a deviant and poetic device that could be used only by those who were skilful. These scholars offered another view: metaphor is a matter of thought. They showed that linguistic metaphor is the manifestation of conceptual metaphors that are in our subconscious mind and are found in every day language. In other words, metaphors are a revelation of how we think. Linguists and translation scholars claim that it is a challenge to translate metaphor. The main objective of this study is to determine how conceptual metaphor theory can contribute towards the development of translation in African languages. The study seeks to identify conceptual metaphors in Nelson Mandela’s autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, which was written in English, and then analyse how these were translated into isiXhosa and isiZulu. This implies that this study involves a corpus. In identifying metaphors from the source text a Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU), which was conceived by Steen and his colleagues at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, was used (Steen et al 2010). ParaConc concordancer was used to investigate and compare how the metaphors were translated. The results showed that most metaphors were translated the same way in isiXhosa and isiZulu, which implies that the translators conceptualised the metaphors in the same way. These results revealed that the translators’ styles were similar. This confirms the fact that the two languages are related. As scholars in earlier research indicated, metaphors in translation pose a problem, yet the translators of Mandela’s book successfully met this challenge. They were able to render the metaphors in their respective languages in an acceptable manner. They tried to adhere to the style of the source text writer, but traces of their own style are evident in the texts. / Linguistics and Modern Languages

Partant du constat de l‟extrême profusion de textes juridiques et journalistiques relatifs aux droits humains traduits en arabe, nous avons voulu retracer l‟histoire de la traduction de ce genre de textes et mettre en lumière les moments forts de son évolution, aux niveaux terminologique, phraséologique et idéologique. Cette recherche nous a fait remonter jusqu'aux productions d'intellectuels arabes modernistes du XIXème siècle. Nous avons rappelé dans le chapitre 1 les contextes à la fois historiques et discursifs qui ont vu ou fait naître le concept de droits de l'homme puis avons présenté une description détaillée des traductions de 3 textes de référence : les traductions de la Charte constitutionnelle française de 1814 par Rifâ„a Râfi„ al-Tahtâwî (1801-1873), de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen de 1789 (DDHC) par Farah Antûn (1874-1922) et de la Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l’Homme (DUDH) de 1948 par les services de traduction de l‟Onu. Dans le chapitre 2, nous avons cherché à montrer que les textes traduits laissaient toujours transparaître des contradictions ou une certaine concurrence entre, d‟une part, les motivations idéologiques qui président à la rédaction des textes sources et, d‟autre part, les motivations intellectuelles de leurs traducteurs. Toujours dans cette perspective, nous avons étudié, au chapitre 3, trois traductions de textes relatifs au domaine mais de genres différents: un discours politique («A new beginning», Barack Obama), un article spécialisé (Human Rights Watch) et un extrait de rapport (Amnesty International). Nous avons mis en avant la complexité du statut des traducteurs de textes relatifs aux droits humains qui doivent, d‟une part, avoir des connaissances à la fois linguistiques, terminologiques et notionnelles, et, d‟autre part, adopter des stratégies traductives (choix lexicaux et phraséologiques) qui respectent la visée du texte source (politique, militante, informative…). / Assessing the extreme profusion of legal and journalistic texts dealing with human rights in Arabic, the aim of this thesis is to retrace the history of those texts‟ translation and to highlight on the most important phasis of its evolution, at terminological, phraseological and ideological levels. This research has made us go back to nineteenth century Arab modernist intellectuals‟ productions. We recalled in Chapter 1 to the both historical and discursive contexts in which the concept of human rights was born. Then, we have presented a detailed description of the translations of three representative texts: the translations of the 1814 French Constitutional Charter by Rifâ„a Râfi „ al-Tahtâwî (1801-1873), of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Human being and the Citizen (DDHC) by Farah Antûn (1874-1922) and of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the United Nations translation services. Chapter 2 demonstrates that the translated texts always denote elements of contradiction or at least some contention between, on the one hand, the ideological motives at the heart of the drafting of the original texts and, on the other hand, the intellectual purposes of the translators. And in such context, Chapter 3 sticks to this point focusing this time on three translations of texts related to the same field but belonging to different genres: a political speech ("A new beginning", Barack Obama), a feature article (Human Rights Watch) and an extract from a survey(Amnesty International). We have highlighted the very complexity inherent to the status of translators of texts dealing with human rights. They, on the one hand, have to be conversant with linguistics, terminological and notional knowledge and, on the other hand, have to keep to traductive strategies (lexical and phraseological choices) in order not to misrepresent the designs of the source text (political, activist, informative ...).

I denna studie undersöker jag de svenska och engelska översättningarna av Bonjour tristesse av Françoise Sagan från 1954 och av Le chapeau de Mitterand av Antoine Laurain från 2012 och hur adekvans- eller acceptansinriktade de är (Toury, 1978/1995; Lindqvist 2005). Jag undersöker vilka översättningsstrategier som använts för att översätta abstrakta substantiv och kulturspecifika begrepp med hjälp av Vinay och Darbelnets (1958) och Pedersens (2007) teorier för att urskilja eventuella tendenser och mönster. Slutligen undersöker jag om resultaten kan säga något om de svenska respektive brittiska litterära systemens öppenhet på 2010-talet jämfört med 1950-talet. Resultaten visar att översättningarna av Le chapeau de Mitterand är adekvansinriktade vad gäller båda variablerna medan översättningarna av Bonjour tristesse är adekvansinriktade men vad gäller kulturspecifika begrepp mer acceptansinriktade. Den engelska översättningen från 1950-talet är mindre adekvansinriktad än den från 2010-talet. Det kan vara så att det brittiska litterära systemet har blivit mer öppet och att det svenska systemet fortsätter att vara öppet och att detta påverkat översättarnas översättningsstrategier men den slutsatsen går inte att dra baserat på mitt material och min metod. / In this paper I examine the Swedish and English translations of Bonjour tristesse by Françoise Sagan from 1954 and of Le chapeau de Mitterand by Antoine Laurain from 2012 and if they are acceptable or adequate in Toury’s (1978/1995) terms. Based on the theories of Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) and Pedersen (2007)  I examine the strategies of translation that are used by the translators to identify patterns. With the results in hand I analyse if they show signs of openness of the Swedish and British literary system in the 1950s and 2010s. I found that the translations of Le chapeau de Mitterand are adequate based on both variables whereas the translations of Bonjour tristesse are both adequate and acceptable, but still more adequate then the latter. It may be the case that the British system has become more open with time and that the Swedish one remains open and that this has affected the translators strategies, but based on my material and method this conclusion cannot be drawn.

<p>Uppsatsen behandlar översättningen av de fem första kapitlen i <em>Rapt à Bamako</em>, som är ett autentiskt översättningsuppdrag och som kommer att publiceras av Bokförlaget Trasten under hösten 2010. En översättningsprincip för det aktuella uppdraget har bestämts utifrån översättningens förutsättningar, bestående av teoretisk bakgrund, måltextens syfte och kontext, genomgång av referenstexter samt en stilstudie av källtexten. Det framkommer att den kontextuella och lexikala nivån var de som gav upphov till mest svårigheter under översättningsarbetet, men att en stor del av de problematiska översättningsfrågorna kunde lösas med hjälp av översättningsprincipen i fråga.</p> / <p>The study deals with the translation of the five first chapters of <em>Rapt à Bamako, </em>an authentic translation assignment which will be published by Bokförlaget Trasten during fall of 2010. Based on relevant theoretical considerations, the purpose and context of the source text, a survey of parallel texts and finally a style analysis, a translation strategy for the task was formulated. The contextual and lexical levels of the translation turned out to be the most problematic ones, but the solution to the problem could often be found in the translation strategy.</p>