The present study discusses some of the culture-specific and name issues encountered during a translation from English into Swedish of the walking guide Leisure walks for all ages - The Lake District. Peter Newmark’s model of translation procedures forms the basis for the analysis and a variety of his translation procedures are examined in relation to the two specific aspects – culture-specific phenomena and names. The results show in reference to culture-specific phenomena that whenever a cultural word in the source text did not seem to have an established translation in the target language, either the cultural equivalent-, functional equivalent-, descriptive equivalent- or the additions translation procedure were used. With reference to names, Newmark’s transference translation procedure was used. If the name merely served as a label or was likely to be understood by the target reader transference alone was used. However, when the purpose of the name was to explain the way or a place, or if it was likely that the geographical feature might be unknown to the target reader, transference was used with a classifier.   : culture,

This diploma thesis deals with special phraseological units called binomials. The aim of this thesis is to analyse Czech translation options of German binomials. The thesis is divided into two parts: a theoretical and an empirical part. The theoretical part of the thesis consists of the comparison of Czech and German approaches to phraseology and idiomatics based on the work of František Čermák and Harald Burger. Definitions of binomials in both approaches are compared and the topic of equivalence and the concept of translation procedures as drafted by Pavel Krejčí is introduced further in this part as well as the model of translation shifts by Anton Popovič. In the empirical part of the thesis, we concentrate on 100 units from the list of binomials put together by Wernfried Hofmeister in the Czech InterCorp corpus and examine the Czech translation options of these German binomials. Further, we analyse the translation variants primarily in terms of equivalence, translation shifts and procedures. In the conclusion of the thesis, the results are evaluated and possible areas of further research are recommended. Key words: binomials, phraseology, corpus, equivalence, translation procedures, translation shifts

Title: Translation procedures and typology of equivalences used when translating Belgian and Dutch culture-specific items into the Czech language Author: Lenka Somolová Department: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts Study program: Netherlandistics Supervisor: Prof. PhDr. Jana Rakšányiová, CSc. Number of pages: 115 Attachments: 51 pages Year: 2012 Key words: Culture-specific items, Belgium, Netherlands, translation procedures, exotising components. The thesis is a contribution to the field of cultural translation. It is focused on translation procedures used in translated books Belgický labyrint and Moje Nizozemsko. The practical part investigates single transfers of Belgian and Dutch cultural specifics. Obtained results are expected to reveal the typical translation procedures within the particular topics and moreover the translation strategy.

The purpose of this study is to analyze two literary translations of Astrid Lindgren’s Pippi Långstrump (Lindgren, 1945) from Swedish into English.  The study compares the British and the American English translations of neologisms, nonce words and proper nouns.  The primary data chosen for this study are the Swedish children’s book Pippi Långstrump (1945), written by Astrid Lindgren, and its 1954 British translation, by Edna Hurup, as well as the 1977 American English translation, by Florence Lamborn.  The method used in this study is qualitative, and consists of an in-depth analysis of representative examples of neologisms, nonce words and proper nouns.  Three research questions aimed at finding out what translation procedures were used, whether there were any differences between the two translations, and whether there were any semantic changes in the two translations.  The conclusion is that the most common translation procedure used is equivalence.  The most distinguishing difference between the two translations is that the American English translation seems to stay more true to the original text, whereas the British translation has a greater respect for the target text reader, in the sense that it is more culturally adapted than the American English translation.  There were no major semantic changes in the samples from the two translations, with the exception of a few examples.  In conclusion, both translators manage to maintain the atmosphere of the original text.

<p>The purpose of this study is to analyze two literary translations of Astrid Lindgren’s <em>Pippi Långstrump </em>(Lindgren, 1945)<em> </em>from Swedish into English.  The study compares the British and the American English translations of neologisms, nonce words and proper nouns.  The primary data chosen for this study are the Swedish children’s book <em>Pippi Långstrump </em>(1945), written by Astrid Lindgren, and its 1954 British translation, by Edna Hurup, as well as the 1977 American English translation, by Florence Lamborn.  The method used in this study is qualitative, and consists of an in-depth analysis of representative examples of neologisms, nonce words and proper nouns.  Three research questions aimed at finding out what translation procedures were used, whether there were any differences between the two translations, and whether there were any semantic changes in the two translations.  The conclusion is that the most common translation procedure used is equivalence.  The most distinguishing difference between the two translations is that the American English translation seems to stay more true to the original text, whereas the British translation has a greater respect for the target text reader, in the sense that it is more culturally adapted than the American English translation.  There were no major semantic changes in the samples from the two translations, with the exception of a few examples.  In conclusion, both translators manage to maintain the atmosphere of the original text.<strong></strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p>

L'objectif de cette recherche est de fournir une analyse de la pièce de théâtre perse ''Marionettes'' de Bahrām Beyzā'ī (1963) ainsi que de sa traduction anglaise (1989) afin de comparer et de mettre en contraste les traits propres à la culture «Culture-specific items» (CSI) et des stratégies de traduction. Les formes problématiques pertinentes des différences culturelles seront étudiées et les procédés suggérés par Newmark (1988) seront examinés afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure ils sont pertinents dans la traduction des différences culturelles du perse à l'anglais. La pièce a été traduite par une équipe de traducteurs: Sujata G.Bhatt, Jacquelin Hoats, Imran A. Nyazee et Kamiar K. Oskouee. (Parvin Loloi et Glyn Pursglove 2002:66). Les oeuvres théâtrales de Beyzā'ī sont basées sur les traditions ainsi que sur le folklore iranien. L'auteur aborde la réalité sous une perspective philosophique. « (Un point de vue) enveloppé dans une cape de comparaisons complexes à tel point que nombre des personnages de son oeuvre errent entre des symboles de la mythologie et de l’histoire, ou sociaux» (M.R. Ghanoonparvar, John Green 1989, p.xxii notre traduction). La classification des éléments culturels de Newmark (1988) va comme suit: «Écologie, culture matérielle, culture sociale, organisations, coutumes / moeurs, gestes et habitudes» (Newmark 1988:95). La recherche mettra l’accent sur les procédés suggérés pour traduire les CSI ainsi que sur les stratégies de traduction selon Newmark. Ces procédés comprennent : «traduction littérale, transfert, équivalent culturel, neutralisation, équivalent fonctionnel, équivalent descriptif, synonymie, par le biais de la traduction, transposition, modulation, traduction reconnue, étiquette de traduction, compensation, analyse componentielle, réduction et expansion, paraphraser, distique, notes, additions, gloses» (Newmark 1988:81-93). L'objectif ici est de déterminer si les procédés suggérés sont applicables à la traduction des CSIs du perse à l'anglais, et quels sont les procédés les plus fréquemment utilisés par les traducteurs. / The focus of this research project is to provide an analysis of the Persian literary play by Bahrām Beyzā'ī “Aroosak-ha” in 1963 and its English translation (Marionettes) in 1989 to compare and contrast the culture specific items (CSI) and translation strategies in the 20th century. The relevant problematic forms of the cultural differences will be investigated and the procedures suggested by Newmark (1988) will be examined to see how they fit in the translation of cultural differences from Persian to English. The play was translated by a team of translators, Sujata G.Bhatt, Jacquelin Hoats, Imran A. Nyazee and Kamiar K. Oskouee. (Parvin Loloi and Glyn Pursglove, 2002:66) Beyzā'ī’s plays are based on Iranian traditions and folklore. His outlook is philosophical, “wrapped in a cloak of complex similes to the extent that many of the characters in his work wander between mythology and historical or social symbols.” (M.R. Ghanoonparvar, John Green 1989, p.xxii) The marionettes characters are modeled from traditional Iranian puppet shows. The classification of cultural elements by Newmark (1988) is as follows: “Ecology, material culture, social culture, organization, customs, ideas, gestures and habits” (Newmark 1988:95). A focus on the suggested procedures to translate CSI and translation strategies by Newmark will also be employed. These procedures include: “Literal translation, transference, cultural equivalent, neutralization, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, throughtranslation, shift or transpositions, modulation, recognized translation, translation label, compensation, componential analysis, reduction and expansion, paraphrase, couplets, notes, additions, glosses” (Newmark 1988:81-93) to see if the suggested procedures are in fact applicable in the translation of CSIs from Persian to English and what are the most frequently used by translators.

The concepts of translation and culture as well as the change in the perception towards these phenomena are revealed in the theoretical part of this study. As Indian cultural phenomena are the subject of the work, the notion of cultural realia, different their classifications and possible translation procedures are also supplied. It was noticed that cultural realia comprise not only linguistic aspects in ‘translating’ different cultures but non-linguistic elements as well, therefore, cultural phenomena becomes the more adequate definition. In the empirical part of the study, the novels of Salman Rushdie and their translations are analysed in order to investigate how Indian cultural phenomena are translated into Lithuanian. The results obviously proved that translation procedures of naturalization and notes, additions, glosses are the most frequently applied. Though numerous Indian cultural phenomena have been rendered with explanations for the readers, there are more cases where additional information would be appreciable in the translations of Rushdie’s works. / Teorinėje šio darbo dalyje aptariamos vertimo bei kultūros sąvokos, atskleidžiama, kaip kito požiūris į šiuos reiškinius laikui bėgant. Kadangi darbo objektas – indų kultūros reiškiniai, darbe apibrėžiama kultūrinių realijų, su kuriomis gana ilgai buvo siejama vertimo mokslų problema, sąvoka, pateikiamos skirtingos jų klasifikacijos bei galimos vertimo procedūros. Pastebėta, kad vertimo procese kultūrinės realijos neapsiriboja vien lingvistiniais aspektais, todėl tikslesnis tampa “kultūrinių reiškinių” pavadinimas. Empirinėje šio darbo dalyje nagrinėjami Salman Rushdie romanai ir jų vertimai. Analizės metu stebima, kaip šie indų kultūros reiškiniai verčiami į lietuvių kalbą. Gauti rezultatai akivaizdžiai parodo, jog daugiausia surinktų pavyzdžių vertimo metu buvo tiesiog perkelti, pritaikant lietuvių kalbos rašybos taisykles ir/arba pasitelkiant papildomą informaciją, pastabas ar išnašas pačiame tekste, puslapio apačioje ar specialiuose aiškinamuosiuose straipsniuose knygos gale. Nors daugelis šiuose romanuose rastų indų kultūros reiškinių į lietuvių kalbą perteikti su paaiškinimais, tačiau pastebėta nemažai atvejų, kurie nebuvo paaiškinti arba kuriuos vertėtų paaiškinti plačiau.

[pt] A proposta desta pesquisa, informada pelo paradigma teórico dos Descriptive Translation Studies, foi examinar três traduções para o inglês de romances brasileiros contemporâneos feitas pelo professor e tradutor norte- americano Clifford Landers, tendo em vista os seguintes objetivos: (i) verificar, mediante uma análise contrastiva das estratégias utilizadas por Landers na tradução de itens especificamente culturais, se essas traduções têm como efeito resultante um apagamento ou uma acentuação dos elementos culturais brasileiros a partir do ponto de vista da cultura receptora, e (ii) investigar qual é a imagem do Brasil projetada no pólo receptor norte-americano por meio dessas obras traduzidas, buscando avaliar se tais traduções desmentem, perpetuam ou geram representações culturais estereotipadas do Brasil. Além disso, sempre que pertinente aos objetivos da pesquisa, analisei a prática tradutória de Landers a fim de avaliar, dentre outras questões, em que medida sua prática se coaduna com suas próprias teorizações, divulgadas em livros, artigos e comunicações pessoais. / [en] Having the Descriptive Translation Studies as a theoretical framework, in this research I analysed the English translations of three Brazilian contemporary novels, all made by the American translator Clifford Landers. The purpose of it was to (i) analyse the strategies employed by Landers in translating textual elements known as culture-specific items, so as to infer if such strategies resulted either in the detachment or in the approximation, from the point of view of the target culture, of Brazilian culture as signaled by these kind of textual elements and (ii) to investigate the resulting representation of Brazilian culture by these translations, trying to infer if such texts create, deny or confirm stereotyped representations of Brazilian culture. Besides, whenever pertinent to the objectives of this research, I reviewed Lander`s translational practice, taking into account, amongt other issues, if his practice matches with his own theorization, published in books, papers or personal communications.

This diploma thesis on Commented Translation of Joël Casséus' Crépuscules consists of translation of the first three chapters of the Quebec novel Crépuscules into the Czech language and subsequent expert commentary. This commentary focuses on the analysis of the novel genre that balances science fiction and modern myth, as well as the Christiane Nord analysis of the original text through which it explores external factors such as author, reader, intention, text function or its motive and intra-text factors such as theme and content, composition, nonverbal components, lexicon, syntax, and suprasegmental phenomena. Subsequently, in the commentary, we deal with translation problems, their solutions and applied translation procedures such as transposition, modification, compensation, generalization or specification.

The master thesis treats about the multi awarded roman Le dernier des nôtres. This roman is the second written by the French novelist and journalist Adélaïde de Clermont-Tonnerre. The purpose of this thesis is the translation of some chapters of this roman into Czech language. On the following pages, we will focus on analyzing and professionally comment our way of translating. We will study the different elements composing the translation and the cultural specificities we had to consider while translating. Not less important was the general approach of theoretical translation processes and methodology, but also the problematics that could be faced by a translator. Theoretical chapters give a better understanding of translation discipline.