The aim of this master's thesis is to create an analysis of the Czech and German translations of Roy Jacobsen's novel De usynlige, which was published by Cappelen Damm in 2013. The first part includes a biography of Roy Jacobsen and a literary analysis of his novel. Translators Jarka Vrbová. Gabriele Haefs and Andreas Brunstermann are introduced as well as interviewed. The mainstay of this thesis is to analyse the Czech and German translations. The analysis is focused on the lexical, syntactic and stylistic level and based on Jiří Levý's theory of a faithful and free translation. Afterwards, the translation methods in both translations are deduced and compared with each other. The thesis presents several topics in the field of publishing practices.

The purpose of this thesis is to create a grid to assist in analysing three works of migration literature selected from the anthology, Retrato de una nube: Primera antología del cuento hispano canadiense (Molina Lora & Torres-Recinos, 2008) that would be informative in carrying out their translation with greater depth and scope, including language, discourse and real-life experience. My choice for a model was a recasting of Octavio Paz’s diachronic sequence “translations of translations of translations” (1979, p. 14) into its synchronic equivalent. Translation of the surface text or my interlinguistic (microtextual) translation from Spanish into English is the starting point, and the other two levels then need to be defined in relation to this first one. The next structural level in the sequence is the level that is normally consulted by the translator when the microtext is not sufficient for a satisfactory translation, i.e. the level of the macrotext, where there are networks of elements: plot, characterization, dialogue along with power relations and other characteristics reflected in the dialogue as discovered using critical discourse analysis. These larger discursive structures make up a level, a subtext that “encloses” the previous one. Since the texts chosen are works of migration literature, this subtext deals with migration and with the corresponding characteristics. At this level the translation is that of the migrant from one nationality to another represented with the characters and elements of this migration. Level 3 (the anthropological) is the third translation that encloses the other two, that of the migrant author, who translates him/herself from one nationality to another and who shows diasporic and hybrid characteristics reflected through the (micro)textual and discursive layers. The resulting structure is that of three vertical levels of translations that are synchronic and vertical rather than diachronic and horizontal (as Paz seems to have imagined) that not only describe translations internally but that also translate between themselves externally and in both directions: the linguistic (microtextual) into the discursive, and inversely, and the discursive into the anthropological, and inversely. Résumé : L’objectif de cette thèse consiste en l’élaboration d’une nouvelle grille d’analyse de trois nouvelles de la littérature migrante hispano-canadienne sélectionnées de l’anthologie, Retrato de una nube: Primera antología del cuento hispano canadiense (Molina Lora & Torres-Recinos, 2008) pour entreprendre et justifier leur traduction avec un plus grand degré de profondeur et une portée plus large, à la fois linguistique, discursive et phénoménologique. En vue de développer cette grille, j’ai choisi de revisiter la séquence diachronique d’Octavio Paz, « traductions de traductions de traductions » et de la transposer en son équivalent synchronique. La traduction interlinguistique (microtextuelle) de l'espagnol vers l'anglais constitue le point de départ, les deux autres niveaux devant être définis par rapport à celui-ci. Le niveau structurel qui suit dans la séquence est le niveau normalement consulté par le traducteur ou la traductrice lorsque le microtexte ne suffit pas à la réalisation d’une traduction adéquate, à savoir le niveau du macrotexte, où il existe une série de réseaux de signifiants, que ce soit l'intrigue, la caractérisation des personnages, les dialogues où se révèlent les relations de pouvoir entre ces derniers, et d’autres caractéristiques relatives à la mise en œuvre de ces dialogues, tel qu’on les découvre en appliquant une analyse critique du discours. Ces grandes structures discursives constituent un sous-texte qui « renferme » le précédent. Puisque les textes choisis sont des œuvres de littérature migrante, ce sous-texte traite de la migration et de ses caractéristiques socio-discursives. À ce niveau, la traduction est celle du migrant qui « passe » d'une identité nationale à l'autre, avec tous les personnages et tous les éléments que ce passage suppose. Le troisième niveau, de type anthropologique, est la troisième traduction qui renferme les deux autres, celle de l'auteur-migrant qui traduit en quelque sorte sa nationalité en une autre, et qui présente des caractéristiques hybrides et diasporiques traversant les couches (micro) textuelle et discursive. La structure obtenue est celle de trois niveaux de traduction qui sont synchroniques et verticaux plutôt que diachroniques et horizontaux (comme Paz semble les avoir imaginés), formant ainsi non seulement des traductions internes à chaque niveau, mais qui se traduisent aussi entre eux et dans les deux sens: le linguistique (microtextuel) se traduit dans le discursif, et inversement, et le discursif dans l’anthropologique, et inversement.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Translation Studies and Linguistics)) --University of Limpopo, 2017 / This study examines the translation of idioms and fixed expressions between Tshivenḓa and English. The aim of the study is to explore factors that lead to the mistranslation of idioms and fixed expressions between the two languages. The study presents problems that are encountered in the translation of the idioms and fixed expressions between these languages and looks at translation strategies that can be used. In translating idioms, the translator encounters various difficulties that are not usually easy to overcome mainly due to lack of equivalence. It is rare to come across an idiom in the source language that shares the same form and meaning in the target language. In order to deal with the problems that arise in the process of translation, translators use various strategies. Among others, the translator must have extensive knowledge about the function of idioms in the source and target languages. From the data collected, the study revealed that there are numerous problems that the translator comes across in the process of translation. These include the ambiguity of idioms; idioms expressing meaning at a literal level; idioms that do not exist in the target language and the frequency of use of an idiom. The study adopted the qualitative research approach to collect and analyse data. Through use of this approach, it was noted that the translator needs to take into account cultures associated with the languages involved as well as the context in the translation process. The translation of idioms cannot be properly done without considering the impact of culture. A translator must be well-versed in the culture of both the source and target languages. It is important for one to know that language and culture are two entities that are inseparable. Idioms and fixed expressions express the uniqueness of the language and culture of the respective languages. Therefore, translators must have a comprehensive knowledge base of both languages and cultural context. From the recommendations made in this study, the following are the most prominent ones: Linguists should be exposed to idiomatic expressions in order to enhance their knowledge of the translation of idioms and fixed expressions. There are instances where idioms are translated literally because the translator does not understand or recognise the idiom. Therefore, this study recommends that translators need to learn more about idioms in order to have better understanding of translation of idioms and fixed expressions. Translators need to learn more about the translation strategies that are available to deal with the translation of idioms and fixed expressions. The first strategy is translation by using an idiom of similar meaning and form. This strategy involves using an idiom in the target language consisting of equivalent lexical items, which conveys roughly the same meaning as that of the source-language idiom. The second strategy is translation by idioms of similar meaning but dissimilar form. This strategy uses an idiom in the target language which has a meaning similar to that of the source idiom or expression, but consists of different lexical items. The third strategy is translation by paraphrasing. In this strategy, the translator transfers the meaning of an idiom using a single word or a group of words which roughly correspond to the meaning of the idiom but is not an idiom itself. The fourth strategy is translation by omission. This is used to completely omit the idiom from the target text where there is no close match between the items of the two languages. Where the idiom is very difficult for the translator, one tries to eliminate the whole part of the idiom. The fifth strategy is translation by a superordinate. This strategy is used to solve the problem of non-equivalence across languages because the hierarchical structure of semantic fields is not language specific. This strategy involves translation by a more neutral and less expressive word. Lastly, it is translation by cultural substitution which is a method that requires the replacement of a culture-specific item or expression with a target language one that has no exact meaning, but has an impact on the target reader. However, this study recommends translation by idioms of similar meaning with a dissimilar form. The researcher believes that this strategy provides the closest meaning of the idiom in the target language. Idioms might not be the same in form but the meaning can be derived from the idiom with a dissimilar form.

For English-language audiences, twentieth-century French literature is often identified with a variety of literary movements tied to the political left. In spite of its lesser visibility, the French literary right enjoyed considerable prestige during the first half of the twentieth century. This thesis employs methodologies from translation studies in order to study how the French literary right has been translated, or not translated, into English. Case studies devoted to three seminal writers of the right, including Charles Maurras (1868-1952), Pierre Drieu la Rochelle (1893-1945), and Roger Nimier (1925-62), demonstrate that right-wing committed literature was a central mode of literary production from the 1910s to the 1950s and that this current of writing is underrepresented in English-language translation and scholarship. A number of literary and cultural asymmetries separating English-language literature from French literature have contributed to this situation, such as the phenomenon of literary engagement in French literature and France’s strong anti-liberal intellectual tradition. Using systems theory this thesis argues that these differences between the French and Anglophone literary systems have contributed to the lack of representation accorded to the French literary right, which is manifested in the selection, presentation, and translation of texts by right-wing authors such as Maurras, Drieu, and Nimier. When translations of texts by these authors do exist, a number of translation patterns emerge. These patterns and distortions have ramifications for the construction of literary canon and for our understanding of twentieth-century literary history and the role ideology plays in influencing high- and low-level translation decisions.

Machine translation (MT) as a field of research has known significant advances in recent years, with the increased interest for neural machine translation (NMT). By combining deep learning with translation, researchers have been able to deliver systems that perform better than most, if not all, of their predecessors. While the general consensus regarding NMT is that it renders higher-quality translations that are overall more idiomatic, researchers recognize that NMT systems still struggle to deal with certain classic difficulties, and that their performance may vary depending on their architecture. In this project, we implement a challenge-set based approach to the evaluation of examples of three main NMT architectures: convolutional neural network-based systems (CNN), recurrent neural network-based (RNN) systems, and attention-based systems, trained on the same data set for English to French translation. The challenge set focuses on a selection of lexical and syntactic difficulties (e.g., ambiguities) drawn from literature on human translation, machine translation, and writing for translation, and also includes variations in sentence lengths and structures that are recognized as sources of difficulties even for NMT systems. This set allows us to evaluate performance in multiple areas of difficulty for the systems overall, as well as to evaluate any differences between architectures’ performance. Through our challenge set, we found that our CNN-based system tends to reword sentences, sometimes shifting their meaning, while our RNN-based system seems to perform better when provided with a larger context, and our attention-based system seems to struggle the longer a sentence becomes.

Machine translation (MT) is experiencing a renaissance. On one hand, machine translation is becoming more common and used in ever larger scale, on the other hand many translators have an almost hostile attitude towards machine translation programs and those translators who use MT as a tool. Either it is assumed that the MT can never be as good as a human translation or machine translation is viewed as the ultimate enemy of the translator and as a job killer. The article discusses with various examples the limits and possibilities of machine translation. It demonstrates that machine translation can be better than human translations – even if they were made by experienced professional translators. The paper also reports the results of a test that showed that translation customers must expect that even well-known and expensive translation service providers deliver a quality that is on par with poor MT. Overall, it is argued that machine translation programs are no more and no less than an additional tool with which the translation industry can satisfy certain requirements. This abstract was also – as the entire article – automatically translated into English.

The diploma thesis deals with Czech-Hungarian translation difficulty, especially in the linguistic field. It covers the most frequent issues that a particular beginning translator confronts with when translating from Hungarian into Czech language. Working on concrete examples of contemporary translations (created after 2000), it provides a possible solution in terms of adequately transferring content and form of the original. The comparison of translational transformations is the subject in varios linguistic levels, starting from morphological to a syntactical level. Depending on the type of solution and transformation, the effects of these changes will be mentioned on a stylistic level. The thesis is designed as a guide for novice translators. Keywords: theory of translation, critique of translation, methods of translation, Hungarian literature, manual, Czech translation, Hungarian translation, linguistics

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Existe escasa información sobre el gestor de proyectos de traducción en el mercado laboral limeño. La falta de investigaciones acerca del perfil de gestores de proyectos se debe a que es un tema relativamente reciente comparado con otros campos de la traducción. Además, los pocos estudios realizados en Lima se enfocan más en el perfil de un traductor. Por ello, la presente investigación se centrará en describir el perfil profesional del gestor de proyectos de traducción en el mercado laboral de Lima. Se conducirán entrevistas a los gestores de proyectos para analizar las competencias que poseen y a los empleadores de las agencias de traducción para conocer los requisitos que buscan al contratar a un gestor. De la misma forma, se plantea hacer un análisis de los anuncios o convocatorias de trabajo para obtener más información con respecto a las competencias de los gestores de proyectos de traducción. / The existing information regarding the translation project manager in the Lima labor market is somewhat limited. There seems to be scarce research on the project managers' profile since it is considered a relatively recent topic compared to other translation fields. In addition, the few studies carried out in Lima focus more on the profile of a translator. Therefore, this research study will describe the professional profile of the translation project manager in the labor market of Lima. Interviews will be conducted to project managers in order to analyze their competencies, and to translation agencies' employers so as to find out their hiring requirements for a project manager. Similarly, an analysis of job advertisements will be carried out to obtain more information regarding the competencies of translation project managers. / Trabajo de investigación

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