This thesis focuses on translation norms of professional and amateur film subtitles. Adopting a descriptive approach, it first tries to establish recommended and actual technical and linguistic norms of translated film subtitles. Then, based on 109 films and corresponding 133 amateur and 101 professional subtitles, it quantitatively investigates which technical norms are actually upheld. The result is that actual technical norms of both groups are markedly different from the recommended ones and also slightly different from each other. Last, it qualitatively compares one amateur and one professional subtitles. Keywords: audiovisual translation, subtitling, amateur translation, fansubbing, translation norms 1

The number of translation programs within a university context has multiplied in many countries worldwide, which led to the need to question their quality (Gambier, 2012). In the Arab world, especially in the Gulf region, translator education is an emerging practice. For instance, in Qatar, the first translation programs were launched in 2012 at both Qatar University (BA minor in translation ) and the MA programs in translation studies at the Translation and Interpreting Institute (College of Humanities and Social Sciences; Hammad bin Khalifa University). Arabic scholars in the field of translation have highlighted the ongoing curriculum and pedagogical issues at the regional level. Many university programs in the Gulf region prefer to import foreign curriculum packages rather than invest in creating localized programs (Badry & Willoughly, 2015); hence, there is a need for programs relevant to the local and regional communities and contexts (Taibi, 2016). This could only be done through ground exploratory research to identify the problems and address them through a consensus process between the various stakeholders: academia, society and the profession. This doctoral thesis is a result of an exploratory and descriptive study carried out on the two existing translation programs in Qatar (a postgraduate program at the translation and interpreting Institute at Hammad Bin Khalifa University; and an undergraduate program at Qatar University) to identify the type of pedagogical and curricular practices in these institutions and align them with the findings from the practices in the translation and interpreting professions as well as translation professionals' perceptions in the state of Qatar. The present study has focused on the following objectives: 1) the identification and description of the professional translator profile in the Qatari context; 2) the identification of the pedagogical (teaching and learning) practices used in translation programs at Arabic universities in the Gulf region, such as Qatar; 3) knowledge required according to the opinions of professionals working in the field, and the competencies that these professionals believe should be developed in a translation program; and 4) a description of the necessary conditions to integrate such professional requirements in these types of professionally-oriented programs. The findings obtained from the study suggest that a knowledge of the working environments of translators and the required knowledge, skills and abilities to exercise the translation profession is crucial to a translation instructor as well as to a translation or interpreting curriculum developer. Such an awareness would result in the transfer of a different meaning of translation and translator status in society than the one it carries at present in Qatar. Also, there is a need to update the pedagogical and curriculum practices within a university context in Qatar to further integrate professionally oriented types of content, and adopt innovative pedagogies to educate multilingual service providers in the country. Although participants claimed that they are willing to integrate dynamic teaching practices, at the same time they also declared that they would keep the same curricular practices privileged by the institutions. The Interviewees from the profession reported the poor students’ performance in an internship in the local context. Other interviewed practising translators - who graduated from one of the translation programs in Qatar- suggested that the current modes of instruction need to be revised and that more situated, project and problem-based types of activities need to be implemented in the classroom. The results may be useful for teaching staff, instructors, administrators, and the management to improve and reconsider their existing curriculum and pedagogical practices within a university-based program by including the integration of research-based professional practices in the initial design of courses. The positive and consensus-based partnership between academic instances and the professional practitioners is a key solution in this regard. The addition or deletion of courses in a program and the focus on the importance of textbooks without diagnosing the social and community needs, as well the lack of a clear framework to assess faculty or instructor competency and eligibility to educate and train translators, has led to quality issues in existing programs.

In translation studies, the short story cycle has been largely overlooked as an object of study in prose translation. This thesis serves as a case study on the practice of translating the short story cycle, using my translation of Suzanne Myre’s 2007 short story collection Mises à mort as a paradigm. The thesis comprises four sections: the first is devoted to a discussion of the short story cycle, a modernist form of the short story collection. It is a hybrid subgenre, balancing elements of both the traditional short story collection, characterized by heterogeneity, and the novel, characterized by homogeneity. In this first section, I examine a few definitions of the cycle, then I discuss the subgenre according to a four-part criteria established by Gerald Lynch: ‘character,’ ‘place,’ ‘theme’ and ‘style or tone.’ In the second section, I provide an analysis of Mises à mort within the framework of short story cycle criteria; an examination of the characters, setting, overarching themes and stylistic parallels serves to demonstrate how and why I ultimately interpreted the collection as a short story cycle. The third section is my complete translation of the work. In the fourth and final section, I discuss what implications my interpretation of Mises à mort as a cycle had for my translation thereof, and what unique challenges it presented. I compare my first draft, produced in the mindset that I was translating a traditional collection, to my final draft, revised to accommodate the cohesiveness of the work. This thesis serves to demonstrate how a translator can accommodate for the dual nature of the short story cycle, simultaneously maintaining the discreteness and interconnectedness of the stories.

Mass production of translationally optimized bacteriophages (hereafter referred to as phages) is the need of the hour in the application of phages to therapy. Understanding translational efficiency of phages is the major preliminary step for mass producing efficient phages. The objective of this thesis is to understand factors affecting translational efficiency of phages. In chapter two, we hypothesized that weak translation initiation efficiency is responsible for weak codon concordance of Escherichia coli lambdoid phages with that of their hosts. We measured the strength of translation initiation using two indices namely minimum folding energy (MFE) and proportion of Shine-Dalgarno sequence (PSD). Empirical results substantiate our hypothesis suggesting lack of strong selection for improving codon adaptation in these phages is due to their weak translation initiation. In chapter three, we measured codon usage concordance between GC-rich and GC-poor Aeromonas phages with their GC-rich host Aeromonas salmonicida. We found low codon usage concordance in the GC-poor Aeromonas phages. We were interested in testing for the role of tRNAs in the GC-poor phages. We observed that the GC-poor phages carry tRNAs for codons that are overused by the phages and underused by the host. These findings suggest that the GC-poor Aeromonas phages carry their own tRNAs for compensating for the compositional difference between their genomes and that of their host. Previously several studies have reported observed avoidance of stable secondary structures in start site of mRNA in a wide range of species. We probed the genomes of 422 phage species and measured their secondary structure stability using MFE. We observed strong patterns of secondary structure avoidance (less negative MFE values) in the translation initiation region (TIR) and translation termination region (TTR) of all analyzed phages. These findings imply selection is operating at these translationally important sites to control stable secondary structures in order to maintain efficient translation.

La novela Stone butch blues (1993) de Leslie Feinberg fue un hito en la historia de la representación de subjetividades trans en la literatura y ha sido traducida a más de diez idiomas. A pesar de ello, aún no ha sido publicada en español, un claro ejemplo de la falta de visibilización de este tipo de subjetividades en la literatura disponible en este idioma. Frente a esta situación, el presente trabajo propone una traducción queer y colaborativa, al español, de la novela, donde la traducción queer se posiciona como un acto político que busca cuestionar las representaciones sistema sexo/género y relaciones de poder en la traducción, y la traducción colaborativa se usa como herramienta para cumplir estos objetivos a través de la inscripción de las subjetividades de la comunidad LGBT+ peruana en el texto meta. Se analizará el desarrollo y producto de la traducción de fragmentos de la novela. Mediante la elaboración de un análisis pretraslativo, entrevistas no estructuradas y grupos focales con los colaboradores se determinará en qué medida la interrelación entre el enfoque queer y colaborativo en la traducción permitirá alcanzar los fines políticos de la obra. De esta forma, responderemos, también, a la escasa publicación académica sobre el uso conjunto de ambos enfoques. / In the history of trans subjectivities represented in literature, Stone Butch Blues (1993) by Leslie Feinberg was a milestone that has been translated into over ten languages. Nevertheless, it has yet to be published in Spanish, a clear example of the lack of visibility these subjectivities have in literature available in this language. In light of this situation, this study proposes a queer and collaborative translation of the novel to Spanish, where the queer aspect is positioned as a political act that seeks to question sex and gender representations and power structures in translation, while the collaborative aspect will be used as a means to accomplish these objectives through the inscription of the Peruvian LGBT+ community’s subjectivities in the target text. The translation will be analyzed as a process and a product. A pre-translation analysis, non-structured interviews and focus groups, with the assistance of the collaborators, will be used to determine to what extent the interrelation between a queer and collaborative approach in the translation will allow us to achieve the political purposes of the novel. The study will also be a response to the lack of academic publications on the joint use of these two approaches. / Trabajo de investigación

En un mundo globalizado como el actual en el que, además, muchas sociedades son inherentemente multilingües, la traducción e interpretación entre diversas lenguas requiere de un esfuerzo notable debido a su volumen. Diversas tecnologías de asistencia existen para facilitar la realización de estas tareas de traducción, entre las que se encuentra la traducción automática interactiva (TAI), una modalidad en la que el traductor va escribiendo la traducción y el sistema ofrece sugerencias que predicen las próximas palabras que va a teclear. En el estado de la cuestión, las aproximaciones a la TAI siguen una aproximación de caja de cristal: están firmemente acopladas a un sistema de traducción automática (muchas veces estadístico) que utilizan para generar las sugerencias, por lo que tienen las mismas limitaciones que el sistema de traducción automática subyacente. Esta tesis desarrolla una nueva aproximación de caja negra, donde cualquier recurso bilingüe (no solo sistemas de traducción automática, sino también otros recursos como memorias de traducción, diccionarios, glosarios, etc.) puede ser utilizado para generar las sugerencias.

ABSTRACT COLONIALISM, EDUCATION, AND GABON: AN EXAMINATION OF THE SELF-TRANSLATION OF GABONESE CITIZENS IN THEIR POSTCOLONIAL SPACE THROUGH EDUCATION AND LANGUAGE. SEPTEMBER 2016 MOUSSAVOU FROY BATSIELILIT, B.A., UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Maria Tymoczko Gabon’s educational model, mode, and language of instruction are similar to that of France. Likewise, the official language in Gabon remains French. The similarities between both countries, as a result, have continued to perpetuate and reinforce the indirect, or direct, influence of French culture in Gabon. The resemblance also contributed to the inability of Gabon to create an independent identity from France. As a result, Gabonese citizens are self-translating and rewriting themselves as an extension of France while simultaneously censoring half of their identities from the narrative of nation. To understand the current situation, I investigate education and the language situation in Gabon and relate them to the field of Translation Studies in terms of the latter’s concepts. The thesis begins with a historical background of Gabon. The discussion then shifts to analyze the connection between language and power, and its use during French colonialism in Africa. The importance of language and power is in turn linked to education, resulting in an analysis of Gabon and France’s educational systems and materials. The issues of education, language, and identity are discussed so as to determine the influences on Gabonese citizens’ identities.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第17921号 / 情博第503号 / 新制||情||89(附属図書館) / 30741 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 石田 亨, 教授 田中 克己, 教授 黒橋 禎夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

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