[pt] O presente trabalho se insere na discussão sobre a identificação de fronteiras para o fazer tradutório. Levando-se em conta as teorias pós-modernas sobre a linguagem, busca-se compreender se, mesmo diante de novas concepções de língua, cultura, sujeito e tradução, é possível reivindicar características razoavelmente estáveis para a prática tradutória. Algumas práticas de reescrita que são apresentadas como tradução, mas que, supostamente, subvertem em excesso os textos que lhes precedem representam um desafio ao estabelecimento dessas fronteiras. Neste trabalho, analisam-se três diferentes projetos de tradução que abertamente declaram a defesa de uma agenda política específica, para verificar até que ponto eles se afastam da acepção de tradução como uma representação o mais próxima possível, na língua-alvo, de um texto estrangeiro. Os projetos estudados são: as traduções feministas, as traduções pós- colonialistas e o projeto de tradução minorizante de Lawrence Venuti. Esta análise se presta a verificar as motivações ético-políticas dos projetos em questão e as principais estratégias por eles utilizadas. A busca de um campo conceitual e prático próprio para a tradução está articulada a uma preocupação ética na qual o leitor é o norte das discussões. / [en] This paper was developed in the context of the discussion about the identification of boundaries in translation practice. Taking into account the postmodern theories of language, I try to understand whether it is possible to define, even in face of new conceptions of language, culture, subject and translation, reasonably stable characteristics of the translation practice. Some rewriting practices presented as traslations, but which, in my opinion, subvert excessively the original text pose a challenge for the definition of such boundaries. In this thesis, I analize three different translation projects which openly uphold a particular political agenda, in order to verify to which extent they are distanced from the definition of translation as the closest possible representation of a foreign text in a target language. The projects studied here are: feminist translations, postcolonial translations and Lawrence Venuti´s minoritizing project. This analysis aims at understanding the ethical and political motivations of the projects at issue and their main strategies. The pursuit of a specific conceptual and practical field for translation is linked to an ethical concern at which the reader is the focus of the discussion.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as características da tradução intralingual (JAKOBSON, 1960), mais conhecida como adaptação (MILOU, 1973), da obra Maigret tend un piège, de Georges Simenon (1955). A análise, que busca a ocorrência dos universais da tradução (BAKER, 1998) simplificação, normalização, explicitação , foi feita pela observação de dados obtidos com as ferramentas da linguística de corpus, em especial o programa WordSmith Tools®. Além da adaptação, a versão original e a tradução para o português brasileiro (ALMEIDA, 1966) compõem o corpus de estudo da pesquisa, que conta ainda com dois corpora de referência, um em francês e outro em português, utilizados para obter as palavras-chave dos textos em estudo. A obra integral foi comparada à tradução interlinguística e à tradução intralinguística, e o resultado aponta para características comuns entre as duas formas de tradução e características peculiares da adaptação. / The main purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of intralingual translation (JAKOBSON, 1960), widely known as adaptation (MILOU, 1973), extracted from the book Maigret tend un piège written by Georges Simenon (1955).The research, which aim is to verify the occurrences of universals of translation: simplification, normalization and explicitation (BAKER, 1998) is based on the data that have been provided through the use of several corpus linguistic tools in special the WordSmith Tools®. In addition to adaptation, the original version and the translation into Brazilian Portuguese (ALMEIDA, 1966) constitute the corpus of this research that still includes two reference corpora one in French and the other one in Portuguese. Both were used to achieve the keywords of the texts under investigation. The original work was compared to the intralingual and interlingual translation. The results indicate that there are similarities between the two forms of translation and common characteristics of adaptation.

<p>In this thesis I explore how compound processing can be used to improve phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT) between English and German/Swedish. Both German and Swedish generally use closed compounds, which are written as one word without spaces or other indicators of word boundaries. Compounding is both common and productive, which makes it problematic for PBSMT, mainly due to sparse data problems.</p><p>The adopted strategy for compound processing is to split compounds into their component parts before training and translation. For translation into Swedish and German the parts are merged after translation. I investigate the effect of different splitting algorithms for translation between English and German, and of different merging algorithms for German. I also apply these methods to a different language pair, English--Swedish. Overall the studies show that compound processing is useful, especially for translation from English into German or Swedish. But there are improvements for translation into English as well, such as a reduction of unknown words.</p><p>I show that for translation between English and German different splitting algorithms work best for different translation directions. I also design and evaluate a novel merging algorithm based on part-of-speech matching, which outperforms previous methods for compound merging, showing the need for information that is carried through the translation process, rather than only external knowledge sources such as word lists. Most of the methods for compound processing were originally developed for German. I show that these methods can be applied to Swedish as well, with similar results.</p>

This thesis addresses the technical and linguistic aspects of discourse-level processing in phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT). Connected texts can have complex text-level linguistic dependencies across sentences that must be preserved in translation. However, the models and algorithms of SMT are pervaded by locality assumptions. In a standard SMT setup, no model has more complex dependencies than an n-gram model. The popular stack decoding algorithm exploits this fact to implement efficient search with a dynamic programming technique. This is a serious technical obstacle to discourse-level modelling in SMT. From a technical viewpoint, the main contribution of our work is the development of a document-level decoder based on stochastic local search that translates a complete document as a single unit. The decoder starts with an initial translation of the document, created randomly or by running a stack decoder, and refines it with a sequence of elementary operations. After each step, the current translation is scored by a set of feature models with access to the full document context and its translation. We demonstrate the viability of this decoding approach for different document-level models. From a linguistic viewpoint, we focus on the problem of translating pronominal anaphora. After investigating the properties and challenges of the pronoun translation task both theoretically and by studying corpus data, a neural network model for cross-lingual pronoun prediction is presented. This network jointly performs anaphora resolution and pronoun prediction and is trained on bilingual corpus data only, with no need for manual coreference annotations. The network is then integrated as a feature model in the document-level SMT decoder and tested in an English–French SMT system. We show that the pronoun prediction network model more adequately represents discourse-level dependencies for less frequent pronouns than a simpler maximum entropy baseline with separate coreference resolution. By creating a framework for experimenting with discourse-level features in SMT, this work contributes to a long-term perspective that strives for more thorough modelling of complex linguistic phenomena in translation. Our results on pronoun translation shed new light on a challenging, but essential problem in machine translation that is as yet unsolved.

The present dissertation explores the relationship between Translation Studies and translation didactics at theoretical level and as reflected in the teaching practice at selected Czech educational institutions. The dissertation, theoretical-analytical in its orientation, first seeks to define its key terms, profession, didactics, education and training, Translation Studies and translation theory, conducting cross-linguistic comparisons and outlining the past and present thinking about these concepts. Two typologies of translator training are offered, one based on education objectives, the other differentiating between diverse teaching contexts. A special chapter introduces translation didactics as a dynamic component of Translation Studies, discussing current trends in education research and outlining the institutionalization of translator training. Our attempt at defining the content of, and relationship between, Translation Studies and translation theory, the central concepts of the present work, suggested terminological and conceptual disagreement. The following chapters discuss the strongly multidisciplinary nature of today's Translation Studies, and the manifold sources thereof, pointing out the risks this may create to the internal coherence and public image of the discipline. The core...

Title: Translated Czech and Its Characteristics Author: Mgr. Lucie Chlumská Department: Institute of the Czech National Corpus Supervisor: doc. Mgr. Václav Cvrček, Ph.D. Abstract: Despite the fact that translated literature accounts for more than one third of all written publications in the Czech Republic, Czech in translations has not yet been systematically analyzed from a quantitative point of view. The main objective of this corpus-based dissertation is to identify characteristic features of translated Czech com- pared to Czech in original, i.e. non-translated texts. The analysis was based on a large monolingual comparable corpus Jerome, created for the purposes of this study. It inclu- des both fiction and non-fiction texts and its design reflects the real Czech situation regarding the translations' source languages, i.e. translations from English prevail. The research was inspired by the theory of translation universals (typical linguistic featu- res common to any translated text) and focused mainly on simplification, convergence and general frequency characteristics, including parts-of-speech distribution and n-gram analysis. The findings have supported the hypothesis that translated Czech, as reflected in the Jerome corpus, is different from the non-translated Czech in terms of higher degree of...

Target culture is a concept regularly used in Translation Studies but it is not a concept which is routinely defined any further than the geographical location of the target language. In English translation this can be problematic because some translations published in English are produced in one English-speaking country which are then sold to other English-speaking domains and this process of migration might not be obvious from the edition notice of the book. The underlying principle for the production of these translations could be that one translation can fit all English target cultures. Yet, in contrast, some anglophone translations are published separately e.g. as a British translation or an American translation. There has been, so far, minimal investigation into the different ways in which English translations come into existence and, therefore, this thesis aims to address the theoretical gap by creating a taxonomy of translation. The thesis presents new terminology for the various translation types within the anglophone world: for example, a translation can be separate when published independently by both Britain or America, or it can be transatlantic when it is shared by both countries. The existence of transatlantic translation challenges preconceived ideas regarding the concept of target culture within Descriptive Translation Studies. Through textual, paratextual and metatextual analysis of several case studies of each translation type the thesis explores the possible refinement of the concept of target culture per se. The thesis is underpinned by analysis of the work of two prominent Swedish children’s authors: Astrid Lindgren and Sven Nordqvist. Swedish children’s literature was selected because of its proven perennial contribution to the genre of children’s literature and its exceptional success in translation. Furthermore, children’s literature itself presents its own unique challenges in translation because, for this particular genre, the target culture introduces powerful constraints based upon the educational, social and cultural expectations of the receiving language community. However, in the case of the transatlantic translation, it is the initial target culture constraints which will be present within the text. In the second country to receive the translation, expectations regarding educational, social and cultural ideals may vary from the first target culture. Ultimately, the thesis argues that there are powerful constraining ideological forces within target cultures which are visible in separate translation; those same forces may present themselves in transatlantic translation also, but the origin of the ideology behind them may not be obvious. Thus, the thesis aims to change the way we label translation within newly delineated English-speaking target cultures.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 stupiello_ena_dr_sjrp.pdf: 980318 bytes, checksum: 65f85d4d951959755414469d5e56e14d (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / As transformações experimentadas no mundo considerado globalizado têm gerado o crescimento do montante de informações e a urgência de disseminação das mesmas além fronteiras, promovendo o expressivo aumento da demanda por traduções elaboradas de maneira rápida e segundo padrões de produção específicos. Para atender a essas exigências e manterem-se competitivos, tradutores, cada vez mais, estão lançando mão das ferramentas tecnológicas atualmente disponíveis, em especial, sistemas de memórias de tradução. A aplicação dessas ferramentas requer que o tradutor siga determinadas regras que garantam o desempenho prometido, especialmente pela manipulação de termos e fraseologias utilizados na tradução a fim de garantir seu reaproveitamento em trabalhos futuros. A crescente adoção de ferramentas pelo tradutor contemporâneo suscita uma reflexão de cunho ético sobre a extensão de sua responsabilidade pelo material traduzido. Visando a esse fim, nesta tese, investigam-se os pressupostos teóricos que sustentam os projetos dessas ferramentas tecnológicas de tradução, analisando-se tanto as contribuições que elas têm proporcionado ao tradutor, como algumas das questões que procedem do modo como a profissão é concebida como resultado do uso dos recursos por elas disponibilizados. Para fomentar a análise proposta, foram examinados os recursos pressupostos como dinamizadores do trabalho do tradutor, principalmente pelas funções de segmentação do texto de origem, alinhamento de traduções e pelo processo de correspondência textual disponíveis em três sistemas de memória: o Wordfast, o Trados e o Transit. O estudo dos projetos e dos recursos disponibilizados por essas ferramentas auxiliou a análise sobre o envolvimento do tradutor com a tradução, quando esse profissional integra um processo maior de produção... / Transformations in the globalized world have generated the growth of the amount of information and the urgency of its dissemination beyond borders, promoting a significant increase in the demand for translations performed fast and according to specific production standards. In order to comply with these requirements and remain competitive, translators are more and more embracing the technological tools currently available, mainly, translation memory systems. The application of these tools requires the translator to follow certain rules that guarantee the promised performance, mainly by manipulating terms and phraseologies used in the translation so as to ascertain their reuse in future translations. The growing adoption of tools by the contemporary translator calls for an ethical consideration of the extension of the translator’s responsibility for the translated material. In this thesis, the theoretical assumptions supporting the projects of these translation technological tools are investigated through the analysis of both the contributions they have been providing for the translator and some issues that arise from the way the profession is conceived as a result of the use of the resources made available by these tools. To foment the proposed analysis, resources deemed to make the translator’s work more dynamic have been examined, mainly through the functions of source-text segmentation, translation alignment and textual matching available in three translation memory systems: Wordfast, Trados and Transit. The study of the projects and resources made available by these tools encouraged the analysis of the translator’s involvement with the translation when he/she is part of a larger process of production and distribution of information to audiences located in the most varied places in the world. From this analysis, a survey was carried out of issues... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

abstract: Every act of communication, and therefore, reading, are in themselves acts of translation and interpretation, as the reader creates a mental representation or reconstruction of the text, extrapolating meaning from it. Interlinguistic translation adds another dimension to these hermeneutic processes, and in the movement through space and time, constant re-interpretation, new translations, and, often, modern theories and perspectives, can interfere with or bring clarity to the meaning of the original text, as well as add to the myth-creation of the writers themselves. This study centers on some of the great literary figures in poetic and essayistic production in the world of Spanish-speaking letters: Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, José Martí, and Octavio Paz. These figures represent not only important literary movements going from the baroque to modernismo, to the vanguardia and to the creation of the self-conscious “modern” poet, but also are among the most well known Spanish-language writers in the English-speaking world. They are all self-aware creators, who, in distinct ways, join poetry, critical essays and theory that are at once an extension of and revolve around their personal poetics, projected toward the currents of their respective epochs. Finding problematic moments in translation theory and practice, and studying them in the context of the analysis of these great literary figures, at the same time contributes to a new understanding of translation theory itself. These ‘case studies’ expose certain key moments of existing translations, moments that later contribute to critical and interpretive dialogue in a type of hermeneutic spiral of influence. They also show the importance of translation as a contribution to cultural changes and literary movements. This ultimately aids in the understanding of the important points of contact between the many worlds occupied by these great writers and the ways in which they, and in turn, their translators, recreate the contexts in which they were produced. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Spanish 2016

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as características da tradução intralingual (JAKOBSON, 1960), mais conhecida como adaptação (MILOU, 1973), da obra Maigret tend un piège, de Georges Simenon (1955). A análise, que busca a ocorrência dos universais da tradução (BAKER, 1998) simplificação, normalização, explicitação , foi feita pela observação de dados obtidos com as ferramentas da linguística de corpus, em especial o programa WordSmith Tools®. Além da adaptação, a versão original e a tradução para o português brasileiro (ALMEIDA, 1966) compõem o corpus de estudo da pesquisa, que conta ainda com dois corpora de referência, um em francês e outro em português, utilizados para obter as palavras-chave dos textos em estudo. A obra integral foi comparada à tradução interlinguística e à tradução intralinguística, e o resultado aponta para características comuns entre as duas formas de tradução e características peculiares da adaptação. / The main purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of intralingual translation (JAKOBSON, 1960), widely known as adaptation (MILOU, 1973), extracted from the book Maigret tend un piège written by Georges Simenon (1955).The research, which aim is to verify the occurrences of universals of translation: simplification, normalization and explicitation (BAKER, 1998) is based on the data that have been provided through the use of several corpus linguistic tools in special the WordSmith Tools®. In addition to adaptation, the original version and the translation into Brazilian Portuguese (ALMEIDA, 1966) constitute the corpus of this research that still includes two reference corpora one in French and the other one in Portuguese. Both were used to achieve the keywords of the texts under investigation. The original work was compared to the intralingual and interlingual translation. The results indicate that there are similarities between the two forms of translation and common characteristics of adaptation.