<p>This study investigates how best to solve difficulties that may arise when translating bird literature from English into Swedish. The focus of the study lies on the translation of attributive adjectives and bird terminology. The text chosen for the translation, which serves as the basis for the analysis, is the section on general habits of the <em>Turdidae-family </em>in the comprehensive work <em>Handbook of the Birds of the World. </em>Translation theory that proved helpful in the translation process and in the subsequent analysis was primarily that of Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, 2004), Nida (1964a) and Newmark (1981). In most cases a literal translation could be perfonned, both in regard to attributive adjectives and bird tenninology, however, in some cases other translation procedures, such as transposition and equivalence, proved useful. Attributive adjectives that could not be translated literally, or that were preferred not to be translated literally, were translated through the use of transposition, into for instance: compound nouns, prepositional phrases, relative clauses and <em>that-clauses. </em>Bird terminology for which no suitable corresponding terminology could be found in the target language, was translated non-literally through the use of equivalence, into structures maintaining the equivalent semantic meaning in a natural way.</p>

In eukaryotes, regulation of translation and decay of messenger RNA are critical for fine-tuned control of gene expression. An important point of control is the key transition where mRNAs exit translation and assemble into a non-translating mRNP state that can accumulate in cytoplasmic granules such as P bodies and/or Stress granules. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the activators of decapping Dhh1 and Pat1 appear to promote the exit of mRNAs from translation. In my work, summarized below, I describe a new regulator of translation repression and mRNA degradation, Stm1, and its novel mode of action. First, I identified Stm1 as a novel regulator of translation repression and mRNA decay. Stm1 shows several genetic interactions with Pat1 and Dhh1, in a manner consistent with Stm1 promoting the function of Dhh1. This suggests that Stm1 has a role to play in translation repression and/or activation of mRNA decay. stm1 δ strains are defective in the degradation of a subset of mRNAs that include EDC1 and COX17 . These results strongly argue that Stm1 is a novel addition to the mRNA degradation machinery. Second, I have shown that Stm1, a known ribosome-associated protein, can bind and stall 80S ribosomes to repress translation and promote decay. Stm1 is able to repress translation and stall an 80S complex in vitro . Several mutations were identified in the protein, which link the in vitrophenotype to its biological functionin vivo. The analysis of different steps in translation reveals Stm1 functions in a novel manner to inhibit translation after the formation of an 80S complex. Since most of the regulation of translation is thought to happen at the stage of initiation, this study reveals a novel mode of translation regulation. These results also provide a direct and mechanistic link between ribosome function, inhibition of translation and the degradation of messenger RNAs.

This is a dissertation project on medieval Arabic rhetoric and philosophy that focuses on the innovative nature of the knowledge produced while translating and commenting on foreign works of science and philosophy in Abbasid Baghdad. Chapter One challenges colonial attitudes toward the Translation Movement as exclusively imitative and preservative. The chapter shows that the translations had practical and ideological purposes to fulfill, not simply archival ones. Translation genres are discussed to show how deletions, additions, and new material were introduced during the translation process to ensure that that translation work met the goals of the sponsors. The work of the most renowned translator, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq is discussed in some detail to illustrate the process of translation and to show that translation overlapped with knowledge making. The chapter also covers the translation done in fields such as medicine, astronomy, and philosophy. Chapter Two covers how the work of theorists such as Edward Said, Michel Foucault, and Mikhail Bakhtin enabled me to challenge an Orientalist attitude toward medieval Arabic philosophy as was as show its innovative nature. In Chapter Three, I provide a translation of al-Kindi's "A Statement on the Soul," followed by an analysis of the epistemological and persuasive significance of the treatise. The chapter illustrates how the Arabic engagement with Greek and Neo-Platonic knowledge was dialogic in nature. Chapter Four is a translation of al-Farabi's book of rhetoric. Chapter Five is an analysis of al-Farabi's theory of rhetoric that is based on the previous chapter. It focuses on his understanding of rhetoric as a logical art, how logical and rhetorical terms acquired new meanings when translated from Greek to Arabic in his work, and the rhetorical nature of his work as he adapted Platonic and Aristotelian models to suit his monotheistic context.

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The aim of this research paper is to analyze the peculiarities of grammatical translation transformations in modern English novel “Bridget Jones’s Diary” (1996) written by Helen Fielding and its translated Lithuanian version. To achieve this aim the following objectives have been set: 1. To present the theoretical background about translation as a science. 2. To represent the linguistic theory about the role of grammar in translation practice. 3. To explain the usage of grammatical translation transformations in the target text. 4. To reveal the distribution of pure and mixed grammatical translation transformations in the intended text. The structure of the work. The theoretical part focuses on the issues of translation. initiating. Namely, the development of translation studies, equivalence, methods, procedures and translation transformations have been presented. In the subsequent part, i.e. the practical analysis, the usage of grammatical translation transformations has been briefly analyzed considering the collected instances. / Darbo tikslas išanalizuoti gramatinių vertimo transformacijų įpatybes šiuolaikinėje anglų kalbos noveleje "Bridžitos Džouns dienoraštis" (1996)parašytos Helen Fielding ir šios knygos lietuviškame vertime. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Pateikti teorinę apžvalgą apie vertimą kaip mokslą. 2. Pristatyti lingvistinę medžiagą apie gramatines vertimo transformacijas, grupuojant jas į sukeitimas, praleidimas, pridėjimas, pakeitimas. 3. Paaiškinti grynų ir mišrių gramatinių transformacijų pasiskirstymą tyriamajameme kūrinyje. Darbo struktūra. Teorinėje dalyje daugiausia dėmesio skiriama vertimui. Aprašyti: vertimo studijų vystimasis, ekvivalentiškumas, vertimo metodai, procesai ir transformacijos. Praktinėje dalyje analizuojamas gramatinių vertimo transformacijų naudojimas remiantis surinktais pavyzdžiais.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss different translation strategies that may be used in translation from English to Swedish of a text on Country &amp; Western costuming. The focus will be on terminology, metaphors, and similes. In order to discuss the terminology, the metaphors, and simile, an English text has been translated into Swedish. To ensure a correct understanding of the source text, different dictionaries, encyclopaedias, various search engines and viewing services online have been very useful throughout the translation process. Corpora together with retailers’ web sites have also been valuable sources in providing variation and nuances to the translated text. Different sources on translation theory have also been reviewed; Newmark (1988) and Vinay and Darbelnet (1995). Terms have been selected out of their typical characteristic of being Western wear, and metaphors and simile out of their context to Western wear clothing. The results of the analysis show that a translator does not make use of one translation procedure when translating, but several. Which procedure that will be carried out is dependent on the context of the source text, the readership of the target text, the source text’s degree of specificity of the terminology, the source text’s imagery of the metaphors and simile, and the translator’s interpretation of the source text.

Machine translation offers the challenge of automatically translating a text from one natural language into another. Statistical methods - originating from the field of information theory - have shown to be a major breakthrough in the field of machine translation. Prior to this paradigm, many systems had been developed following a rule-based approach. This denotes a system based on a linguistic description of the languages involved and of how translation occurs in the mind of the (human) translator. Statistical models on the contrary use empirical means and may work with very little linguistic hypothesis on language and translation as performed by humans. This had implications for rule-based translation systems, in terms of software architecture and the nature of the rules, which were manually input and lack any statistical feature. In the view of such diverging paradigms, we can imagine trying to combine both in a hybrid system. In the present work, we start by examining the state-of-the-art of both rule-based and statistical systems. We restrict the rule-based approach to transfer-based systems. We compare rule-based and statistical paradigms in terms of global translation quality and give a qualitative analysis of their respective specific errors. We also introduce initial black-box hybrid models that confirm there is an expected gain in combining the two approaches. Motivated by the qualitative analysis, we focus our study and experiments on lexical phrasal rules. We propose a setup allowing to extract such resources from corpora. Going one step further in the integration of rule-based and statistical approaches, we then examine how to combine the extracted rules with decoding modules that will allow for a corpus-based handling of ambiguity. This then leads to the final delivery of this work: a rule-based system for which we can learn non-deterministic rules from corpora, and whose decoder can be optimised on a tuning set in the same domain.

This paper is a contribution to the study of countable Borel equivalence relations on standard Borel spaces. We concentrate here on the study of the nature of translation equivalence. We study these known hyperfinite spaces in order to gain insight into the approach necessary to classify certain variables as either being hyperfinite or not. In Chapter 1, we will give the basic definitions and examples of spaces used in this work. The general construction of marker sets is developed in this work. These marker sets are used to develop several invariant tilings of the equivalence classes of specific variables . Some properties that are equivalent to hyperfiniteness in the certain space are also developed. Lastly, we will give the new result that there is a continuous injective embedding from certain defined variables.

Tracing semantic change in various translations of The Bible.

This thesis is focused on the linguistic and didactic interpretation of translation. Its objective is to introduce the reader to the issues of language-focused findings, which are reflected in translators' work and besides, to describe the situation of didactic contribution of translation in second language teaching. The work is divided ino two main parts. In the first one, there is translators' work and his competences being presented on the ground of chosen linguistic theories. These are further extended by a practical part of description and analysis of translation methods. The whole thesis is being closed by the second part which mediates the didactic point of view of the given issue. The basic overview facts of actual situation of the use of translation in modern language classes are summarized in here.