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This paper considers some of the questions posed by literary translations both from and into Swahili. While the questions a translator might address as she proceeds with each translation may be the same, their differing answers often highlight the translator’s different position towards, and history with, each target language, as well as her aesthetic and political commitments in each. The projects discussed are Mlenge Fanuel Mgendi’s comic short story Starehe gharama (Comfort is Expensive) about a young schoolboy’s misadventure on a daladala bus in Dar es Salaam and Tope Folarin’s Caine Prize shortlisted story Genesis (Mwanzo), in which two Nigerian boys living in the American Midwest witness their mother’s struggle with her new surroundings.

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The aim of this Master Thesis is to present an annotated literary translation of two chapters of the novella Vstrecha from Maxim Osipov's book, Grech zhalovatsya. The first part of this Master Thesis contains a translation of selected chapters from the novella Vstrecha. The second part, a commentary on the translation, includes information about the author and his work, style classification, the role of translation, vocabulary, intertextuality, characterization of translation methods, strategy of solving translation problems and typology of translation shifts.

The aim of this Master Thesis is to provide the reader with an annotated literary translation of the book Palabras Envenenadas written by the Spanish author Maite Carranza. The first part of the thesis presents in total of 6 translated chapters of the novella Palabras Envenenadas. The second part focuses on presenting the information about the author and the style of the book as well as the role of the original and the translatated text in the source and target culture context, the development of the translation analysis and translation methods while discussing the translation problems and their solutions. Last but not least, the thesis should also offer the reader also a brief glimpse into a process of the birth of a translated literature. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

La question directrice qui nous guide tout au long de ce travail est le "principium redendae rationis sufficientis" (le principe de la raison suffisante) sur la traduction duquel Heidegger mène ses réflexions au sujet de la traduction sans le mettre lui-même en relation avec la problématique de la traduction. En d’autres termes, la question que nous nous posons est de savoir si quelque chose comme la traduction est possible, quelle est la raison déterminante de cette possibilité et pourquoi en général une telle chose est possible plutôt qu’impossible. La question de la possibilité de la traduction au sens de ratio sufficiens, est une question qui porte sur l’essence de la traduction en tant que lieu où l’identité et la non-identité à la fois se thématisent et se problématisent. Nous nous référons afin de répondre à cette question directrice à la phénoménologie d’Edmund Husserl. Indépendamment du fait que Husserl lui-même, comme nous le montrons, pense à une telle possibilité de la traduction, l’intérêt de la phénoménologie de Husserl pour la théorie de la traduction consiste à proposer un instrument formidable d’analyse linguistique, dont la spécificité ne consiste pas dans l’analyse de la forme telle qu’elle est, mais dans l’analyse de la forme à partir du contenu de la conscience dans laquelle toute forme a soit son équivalent conscientiel conscient selon le mode intentionnel de la conscience, soit est explicable à partir d’un tel contenu. L’idée et la possibilité d’une recherche phénoménologique de la traduction se réalisent dans le présent travail à partir de l’exploration d’une telle conscience qui se présente en même temps comme une conscience traductionelle. / The central thought of the present work is the "principium redendae rationis sufficientis", the translation of which Heidegger himself dealt with in his reflections on translation, but without drawing these in relation to the issue of translation. In other words, we raise the following question: If something like translation is possible, what is then the decisive reason and why is translation more likely possible than impossible? The question with regard to the possibility of translation in the sense of ratio sufficiens enquires about the essence of translation as a specific location in which identity, but also non-identity, are simultaneously problematized and thematised. In order to elucidate our initial question, we refer to Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology. Irrespective of the fact that Husserl himself thought of a such possibility of translation, as we intend to show, the interest of Husserl’s phenomenology for a theory of translation consists in offering a formidable instrument of linguistic analysis whose specificity does not rely on a purely formal analysis, but on an analysis of form deriving from the content of consciousness, in which each form, according to the intentional mode of consciousness, is either disposing of its conscious equivalent or is explicable through a such content. The idea and the possibility of a phenomenological translation research is to carry out in this present work starting from the investigation of a such consciousness, that presents itself at the same time as a translation-consciousness. / Der dieser Arbeit zugrundeliegende Leitgedanke ist das "principium redendae rationis sufficientis", mit dessen Übersetzung sich Heidegger bereits in seinen Betrachtungen zu Übersetzung befasst hat, ohne jedoch diese selbst auf die eigentliche Übersetzungsproblematik zu beziehen. Mit anderen Worten fragen wir uns: Wenn etwas wie Übersetzung möglich ist, was ist der entscheidende Grund dafür und weshalb ist etwas derartiges vielmehr möglich als unmöglich? Die Frage nach der Möglichkeit der Übersetzung im Sinne der ratio sufficiens fragt nach dem Wesen der Übersetzung als Ort, an dem sich Identität und Nicht-Identität gleichzeitig thematisieren und problematisieren. Um unsere Ausgangsfrage zu erforschen, beziehen wir uns auf die Phänomenologie Edmund Husserls. Unabhängig davon, dass Husserl selbst, wie wir zeigen werden, bereits an eine solche Möglichkeit der Übersetzung gedacht hat, besteht das Interesse der Husserlschen Phänomenologie für die Übersetzungstheorie darin, ein ausgezeichnetes Instrument zur linguistischen Analyse vorzuschlagen, dessen Spezifizität nicht in einer reinen Formanalyse besteht, sondern in der Analyse der Form ausgehend vom Bewusstseinsinhalt, in dem jede Form entweder gemäß dem intentionalen Modus des Bewusstseins über ein bewusstseinsmäßiges Äquivalent verfügt oder von einem solchen Inhalt aus erklärbar ist. Die Idee und Möglichkeit einer phänomenologischen Übersetzungsforschung wird im Ausgang von der Erforschung eines solchen Bewusstseins, das sich auch als ein Übersetzungsbewusstsein darstellt, durchgeführt.

Jitka Nešporová doctoral thesis ABSTRACT The doctoral thesis focuses on the translation persona and work of Ludvík Kundera. A poet himself, he translated verse first and foremost and was able to do so from many languages, although he sometimes resorted to the use of interlinear translations. The research, however, concentrates primarily on the description, analysis and reception of his direct translations in the Czech - German language pair, which was predominant in Kundera's translation work. The thesis contributes to the understanding of the history of Czech literary translation after 1945 by describing Kundera's translation method, making accessible part of his literary estate, notably his correspondence, and providing an update to Kundera's translation bibliography. Kundera is best known as the exclusive, authorized translator of Bertolt Brecht's drama and poetry. His translations of Expressionists Georg Trakl and Gottfried Benn, for which he received the State Award for Literary Translation in 1996, are considered canonical today. The same holds true for his translations of Paul Celan's poetry and Alfred Kubin's novel Die andere Seite (The Other Side). Kundera was also the first to introduce Czech readers to the poetry of Alsatian Dadaist Hans Arp and the poetry of East German lyricist Peter Huchel....

The process of translation initiation is the most highly regulated step of protein synthesis. In bacteria, three initiation factors (IF1, IF2 and IF3) play crucial roles during initiation. IF3 acts as an anti-association factor for the two ribosomal subunits. Eubacterial IF3 also permits initiator tRNA (i-tRNA) selection at the P site of the ribosome. Two features of i-tRNA, i. e. the characteristic 3GC base pairs in the anticodon stem and the cognate interaction of the anticodon sequence with the initiation codon of the mRNA contribute to IF3 based selection and/or proofreading. However, the exact mechanism of this discrimination and the contribution of the individual domains towards this process of selection/ proofreading are unclear. Further, there are exceptional instances in the natural world where either the codon-anticodon interaction or the anticodon stem composition deviates from the norm. For instance, in mammalian mitochondria, non-AUG codons such as AUU and AUA are present in the genome although they are notoriously poor initiation codons. In addition, some species of Mycoplasma have i-tRNAs with variations in the typically conserved 3GC base pairs of the anticodon stem. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism of proofreading activity of IF3 of E. coli, mitochondrial and mycoplasmal origins. Part I: Proofreading function of IF3 in E. coli IF3 is composed of N and C terminal domains joined by a flexible linker region. By means of complete and partial IF3 knockouts, we show that the C-terminal domain (CTD) is essential for the survival of E. coli while the N-terminal (NTD) is required for cellular fitness. Using reporter assays, we have established the role of the NTD in proofreading, while polysome profile analyses reaffirm that the CTD alone can bind to the 30S and carry out ribosome anti-association. Therefore, we show that the CTD is the ribosome binding and anti-association domain, while the NTD is the major proofreading domain. Unpublished cryoEM structures from Prof. Ramakrishnan’s lab indicate that the NTD of IF3 pushes the i-tRNA at its elbow and helps in P site accommodation of the i-tRNA. We propose that when the codon-anticodon interaction is non-cognate or if the 3GC base pairs of the anticodon stem are not intact, then the dynamic action of the NTD destabilises the tRNA at the P site and leads to its rejection. Part II: Proofreading function of mitochondrial IF3 (IF3mt) Of the 13 protein-coding genes in mammalian mitochondria, 3 utilise the non-canonical AUA codon and one utilises the non-canonical start codon AUU. Since IF3mt does not possess many of the generally conserved residues implicated in proofreading, we decided to characterise the proofreading function of IF3mt and its role in initiation with non-canonical start codons. Structurally, IF3mt is similar to EcoIF3 with its N and C terminal domains joined by a linker region. However, IF3mt additionally possesses N- and C-terminal extensions which are generally disordered in structure. In vivo studies of mitochondrial translation factors have been mired by the lack of methodologies to manipulate mitochondria. We have developed an E. coli strain to study the proofreading functions of mitochondrial IF3 (IF3mt) with the help of reporter genes. Consistent with its function in mitochondria, IF3mt allowed promiscuous initiation from non-AUG codons. However, IF3mt avoided initiation with i-tRNAs lacking evolutionarily conserved 3GC pairs in anticodon stems. Interestingly, expression of IF3mt N-terminal domain or IF3mt devoid of its typical N-, and C-terminal extensions significantly improved its proofreading activity. Our immunoblot assays from polysome profile fractions indicate that the IF3mt derivative lacking extensions is capable of superior 30S ribosome binding. The two derivatives of IF3mt missing the Next (IF3mtΔNext) or both the Next and Cext (IF3mtΔNextCext) display an affinity for the 50S ribosome. We propose that the extensions of IF3mt may have evolved to reduce the affinity of IF3mt to the ribosome and thereby permit initiation with non-canonical start codons like AUU and AUA. Our studies suggest that E. coli provides an excellent heterologous model to study distinctive features of mitochondrial factors. Part III: Fidelity of translation initiation in mycoplasma One of the many singular features of mycoplasma is the presence of many anticodon stem variants of the i-tRNA across different species. In general, i-tRNAs are characterized by the presence of the typical feature of the conserved 3 consecutive GC base pairs (GC/GC/GC) in the anticodon stem. However, many mycoplasmal species have i-tRNAs with AU/GC/GC, GC/GC/GU or AU/GC/GU sequences. Interestingly, the mycoplasmal species which harbour the AU/GC/GU i-tRNA are also human pathogens. Therefore, we decided to investigate whether these organisms possess any unique features to accommodate the i-tRNA variants, by investigating the usage of Shine Dalgarno sequences and by carrying out multiple sequence alignments of genes encoding initiation factors, ribosomal proteins S9 and S13 and 16S rRNA. Since IF3 plays a crucial role in i-tRNA selection, we carried out computational analysis of mycoplasmal IF3 sequences, which revealed many interesting features. Most striking amongst them was the variation of the highly conserved R at position 131 in some species. Interestingly, these were the very mycoplasmal species which possessed the anticodon stem variant AU/GC/GU, suggesting a strong correlation between these two features. It is known that the R131P mutation of EcoIF3 is characterised by an enormous loss of proofreading activity. It seemed unusual that such compromised proofreading would be tolerated in the cell, so we decided to investigate other components of the translational machinery as well. The C-terminal SKR tail of the ribosomal protein S9, which contacts the P-site tRNA, is highly conserved across bacteria. Analysis of the C-terminal sequences of S9 proteins in various mycoplasmal species revealed a surprising variation- the presence of a TKR tail in strains with the AU/GC/GU tRNA. In this study we have investigated the co-occurrence of S9 and IF3 variations in i-tRNA selection in E. coli. We see that the R131P polymorphism of IF3 leads to a tremendous loss of proofreading, but this loss is significantly tempered by the presence of the S9 TKR variation. Our bioinformatics studies revealed that the mycoplasmal species which are sustained on AU/GC/GU i-tRNAs also tend to use a higher percentage of non-AUG codons. By means of our reporter assays in E. coli, we have shown once again that the R131P polymorphism of IF3 leads to a tremendous increase in initiation with the non-canonical start codon AUA, but this increase is significantly tempered by the presence of the S9 TKR variation.

This paper contains an overview of some of the main 20th Century tendencies in translation theory. It focus especially on matters of equivalence, dynamic equivalence, formal equivalence, skopos, abusive fidelity and foreignizing translation or resistant translation and their implications for actual translations. This paper also includes translations prepared according to the principles of abusive fidelity, equivalence and dynamic equivalence, which are compared and commented.

Abstract Research on the translation of children’s literature in South Africa is currently in its nascent stages. This study aims to provide a comprehensive descriptive overview of current practices in the translation of children’s literature in South Africa, particularly against the backdrop of the educational context. It espouses a broadly causal view of translation, but also encompasses a comparative and process model (see Chesterman, 2000). Translation is used to a significant degree in the production of children’s books in South Africa. However, it is not clear exactly to what degree translation is utilised, nor is there any information available about how translation contributes to the production of children’s books in South Africa. This study addresses these questions. Based on survey research among publishers, and the analysis of publishing data, it finds that there are significant differences between the ways in which translation is used in the production of children’s books in the various languages in South Africa. Specifically, translation is used much more extensively in the African languages than in Afrikaans and English, with a correspondingly lower incidence of original production in the African languages. Furthermore, the educational discourse has a profound effect on the uses of translation in the production of children’s books in South Africa. However, the educational discourse has a greater determining effect on the production of books for children in the African languages than in Afrikaans and English. Theoretical discourse surrounding domestication and foreignisation is particularly problematic in the South African context, and findings from a survey among translators indicate that translators from different language groups have different opinions about whether children’s books should be translated using domesticating or foreignising approaches. The above findings broadly deal with the contextual dimension. They are concerned with how social, ideological and material factors and discourses affect the ways in which translation is used in the production of children’s books in South Africa. At this point the matter of translation theory is introduced. It is questioned to what degree contemporary context-oriented translation theory manages to provide a satisfactory explanation of the South African situation. It is argued that polysystem theory and Toury’s (1995) concept of translation norms provides some explanation of the translational dynamics evident in the production of children’s books in the different languages in South Africa. However, some aspects of the South African situation do not neatly “fit” into polysystem theory, and some parts of the theory therefore have to be mediated or reconsidered, particularly utilising postcolonial and more ideologically sensitive perspectives, to satisfactorily account for the South African situation. This reconsideration leads to a conception of the relationship between translation and its context that is less binary and determinist, with a greater emphasis on hybridity and fluidity. This contextual dimension of the study spills over into the textual dimension. All of the above contextual and process-oriented factors finally find their precipitation in actual translations. By means of close analysis of a sample of 42 (21 translations and their source texts) English and Afrikaans children’s books intended for leisure reading and for educational reading, this part of the study investigates the norms evident in the selection of children’s books for translation, as well as the operational norms evident from the translations. The key questions here are why particular texts are selected for translation, and how cultural markers in these texts are handled in translation. The analysis demonstrates that the selection of books for translation (preliminary translation norms) is dependent on contextual as well as textual factors, with ideology and function playing particularly important roles. These roles differ for different types of books, books of different origins, and books in different language pairs. In terms of the operational norms, translators’ opinions about domestication and foreignisation do not necessarily correspond to translation practices. Rather than an exclusive, binary adherence to domesticating and foreignising approaches, analyses of the operational norms evident in translated children’s books demonstrate a hybridised mix of domesticating and foreignising strategies, which vary according to the type of book, the origin of the book, and the language pair involved in the translation process.