The present thesis is an experiment in adaptation of one of Roberto Payró's plays for staging in English. Sobre las Ruinas was chosen both because it is one of the best known of his works and because no previous translation is known to exist.

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The systemic environment in children is characterized by factors that facilitate muscle and bone development. These systemic factors may help to regulate the growth of these tissues particularly when mechanical loading is minimal, as observed with low-impact exercise. Low-impact exercise induces an alteration in the systemic environment in children and adults, however the direct implications of these changes on muscle and bone development are unclear. The focus of this thesis was to examine the effects of exercise on systemic regulators of muscle and bone growth in prepubertal girls and women, and to determine whether changes in these systemic regulators can influence osteoblast and myoblast proliferation and differentiation. In addition, this thesis will also highlight the importance of translating knowledge in the form of an animation video about the effects of exercise on bone health. Our first study demonstrated that an acute bout of moderate intensity exercise elicits similar responses in systemic regulators (CX3CL1, FGF-2, and IGF-1) of muscle and bone growth in prepubertal girls and women, with exception of a higher inflammatory response (IL-6) in women. In our second study, we show that exercise does not elicit a proliferative response myoblasts and osteoblasts in vitro after treatment with serum collected from prepubertal girls and women. However, proliferation of osteoblasts and myoblasts was higher in women post- exercise relative to prepubertal girls. Moreover, there was no exercise effect on myotube formation in prepubertal girls and women, however mineralization decreased post-exercise in both groups. In our final study, we developed an animation video that summarizes the findings of this thesis to school-age children and explored the educational utility of this knowledge translation tool. Four salient viewpoints were identified in our cohort of children, each with varying degrees of engagement and attitudes towards the video. All participants expressed an improved understanding how exercise influences bone as evidenced by their consensus statement. Altogether, our data suggests that inflammatory responses induced by exercise are attenuated in children relative to adults, which can have an effect on myoblast and osteoblast proliferation. The decrease in mineralization observed after exercise may be indicative of increased bone remodeling followed by an anabolic bone response. Finally, the development of a knowledge translation tool proved to be feasible and beneficial in promoting awareness about the benefits of exercise on bone health. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Sketch-to-photo synthesis usually faced the problem of lack of labeled data, so we propose some methods based on CycleGAN to train a model to translate sketch to photo with unpaired data. Our main contribution is a proposed Sketch-to-Skeleton-to-Image (SSI) method, which performs skeletonization on sketches to reduce variance on the sketch data. We also tried different representations of the skeleton and different models for our task. Experiment results show that the generated image quality has a negative correlation with the sparsity of the input data.

Many recent studies established a potential role for p53 in translational control of many transcripts through the modulation of the expression of several microRNAs, RNA binding proteins (RBPs), translation factors, or of ribosome biogenesis factors. To establish the relevance of translation control in p53-dependent apoptosis our group recently compared by polysome profiling two cell lines, SJSA1 and HCT116, undergoing respectively p53-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in response to the treatment with Nutlin-3, a selective activator of p53. Examining the markedly different, treatment-induced translation landscapes, the RNA helicase DHX30 was identified as a protein able to bind only in HCT116 cells to a 3’-UTR sequence motif, labeled as CGPD-motif. The motif had been identified as highly over-represented among translationally enhanced mRNAs in nutlin-treated SJSA1 cells, among which apoptosis effectors were enriched. Since the binding of DHX30 to the CGPD-motif transcripts is observed in cell cycle arresting HCT116, where those mRNA are not translationally enhanced, we reasoned that DHX30 could be part of an RBP complex responsible for reduced translation of specific pro-apoptotic mRNAs. To pursue this hypothesis, HCT116-shDHX30 clones were obtained and I studied the functions of this relatively unknown RNA helicase in this and other cell models. A translatome analysis by RNA-seq of HCT116-shDHX30 cells showed higher activation of ribosome biogenesis pathways, according to GSEA. Consistently, eCLIP data from ENCODE indicate that DHX30 can bind to most ribosomal protein transcripts, and those showed higher relative translation efficiency in HCT116-shDHX30 cells. In fact, the cells exhibited increased rRNA synthesis and higher global translation as well as a large expansion of the number of transcripts showing higher polysome-association in response to Nutlin. The DHX30 gene features two promoters, one of which can produce a transcript containing a mitochondrial localization signal. I confirmed that DHX30 has both a cytoplasmic and a mitochondrial localization by both cell fractionation and immunofluorescence. HCT116_shDHX30 cells have reduced mitochondrial metabolism, based on oxygen consumption rates but do not show evidence of compensatory glycolytic activity. Impaired mitochondrial functions could be related also to decreased expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) components as well as reduced expression of nuclear encoded mitoribosome proteins. Based on RIP assays DHX30 appears to target directly mitoribosome transcripts. Depletion of DHX30 showed reduced proliferation in various assays both in 2D and 3D culture conditions and sensitized cells to the treatment with the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP. A similar role was observed also on mitochondrially encoded OXPHOS compomenents as well as mitoribosome components in MCF7 breast cancer cell line silenced for DHX30 with a consistent reduction in cell proliferation. In contrast, U2OS osteosarcoma cells did not show a change in the expression in mitochondrial components as well as an impact on proliferation after transient DHX30 silencing. Hence, it appears that DHX30 can exert a broad general control on cell metabolism and translation as well as a cis-element mediated control of the translation of specific mRNAs impacting both on cell fitness and apoptosis.

Yes / Purpose This article investigates the treatment of translation within the international business and management (IBM) literature in order to highlight colonialist assumptions inscribed in this treatment as a result of the hegemonic status of English. Design/methodology/approach This investigation takes the form of a systemic literature review to examine the treatment of translation in the IBM literature through a postcolonial lens Findings The findings demonstrate that despite growing interest in language in international business, matters of translation have received comparatively little attention. However, those articles which do address translation matters tend to do so in five key ways, including epistemological/methodological considerations, exploring translator agency, the investigations of the discursive void/conceptual fuzziness between languages, and approaches which discuss translation as social practice. Research limitations/implications Despite our critique of English language hegemony, our literature review is restricted to English-language journals, which we acknowledge as problematic and discuss within the article. Practical implications In exposing the limited treatment of translation within the literature, we provide a call to action for IBM scholars to be more explicit in their treatment of translation in order to ensure representation of cultural and linguistic Others, rather than providing domesticated accounts of multilingual research. Originality/value Although there have been other articles which have examined translation in the past, this article is the first to do so through a postcolonial lens, demonstrating from a linguistic perspective the colonialist assumptions which are still prevalent in IBM knowledge production as evidenced by the treatment of translation in the field.

This thesis investigates lexical simplification as a translation universal and how it is accounted for in the English-to-French legal translation of Latinisms. Within descriptive and functional approaches to translation, this thesis reveals that Latinisms are reproduced when they are accepted and not lexicalized in the target language or substituted by functional and semantic equivalents of the target language or system. It is posited that the lexical simplification of ST Latinisms as rendered by the English-to-French legal translator is dictated by system-specific, convention-specific, function-specific rather than translationspecific features. Of all corpus texts, source-text English uses the most Latinisms, but the French translators, unlike the non-translated French producers, tend to use Latinisms to a higher extent. Lexical simplification is hypothesized as viable when languages of similar sociolinguistic and lexical power and equal status render differently the lexical entities of the source text in simplified target text (compared to its non-translation similar text).

The present study deals with the work and practice of three Scandinavian translators, namely Kjell Olaf Jensen (Norwegian), Marianne Öjerskog (Swedish) and Agnete Dorph Stjernfelt (Danish). The main question of the thesis is what strategies the translators use when translating culture-specific elements from French and English. Theoretically the thesis positions itself within the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies and draws upon system theories as well as Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology of culture. The method consists of a source text – target text analysis, using a somewhat modified version of Pedersen’s (2007) method identifying seven translation strategies, namely (1) retention, (2) specification, (3) direct translation, (4) generalization, (5) substitution, (6) omission and (7) official equivalent. In this thesis the three former and the official equivalent are categorized as “adequate”, whereas generalization, substitution and omission are categorized as “acceptable” using Toury’s (2012) terminology. Six different types of culture-specific elements are investigated, namely (1) titles, address and professional titles, (2) currencies, (3) weights and measures, (4) literature and music, (5) education, and (6) names. In addition to this analysis, interviews with the three translators were carried out. Results show that there are both similarities and dissimilarities in the translators’ choices of translation strategies. It also turns out that the strategies used to a great extent depend on the culture-specific element in question and hardly ever on the source language. Results also suggest that the higher the translators’ amount of accumulated total capital, the more likely it is that they adopt a heterodoxic translation strategy. Jensen and Stjernfelt are more often positioned at one of the two extremes of the adequacy–acceptability axis than is the case for Öjerskog. Moreover, results from the interviews and the text analyses show that there are a number of norms that govern the translators’ practices. The translatorial practice is to manoeuver in a field governed by norms in order to produce the best possible target texts – target texts that are true to the original and conform to domestic literary standards.